IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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■u  Uii   ■2.2 


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Hiotogra{M3 

Sdences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  »TMIT 

WMSTM, NY.  I4SM 

(  71* )  •73-4503 


fi 


:^ 


% 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  l\Microraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


\ 


\ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


0 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicul^e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
[\9\\i  avec  d'autres  documents 


I    "Y  Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distoition 

L£]    along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 


D 


Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  taxte, 
mais,  lorsqua  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmtes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


r~T/  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
I      I    Pages  detached/ 
r~l/  Showthrough/ 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


The 
to  til 


The 
posa 
of  th 
filmi 


Orig 
begi 
the! 
sion 
othe 
first 
sion 
or  ill 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  M  filmies  A  nouveau  de  faqon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
shall 
TINl 
whic 

Map 
diffe 
entir 
begii 
right 
requ 
metl 


□ 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaircs  supplAmantairas; 


Wrinkled  pages  may  film  slightly  out  of  focus.  There  are  some  creases  in  the  middle  of  pages. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

La  Bibliothique  de  la  Ville  de  IMontrial 


L'exemplaire  fiimA  fut  reproduit  grice  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

La  Bibliothdque  de  la  Ville  de  Montreal 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  y  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fiimts  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  fiimA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithodc. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

f. 


«&  • 


t^ii9rf.] 


gtssrsesaM 


HISTORY 


OF  rnn 


'/ 


UNITED  Si* AtESi, 

r  FROM  TttltR 

mfmt  SETTLEMENT  AS  COLONlEA. 

TO  TM 

^  4*0I|§  OF  THE  WAR  WITH  GREAT  BRItAtIt 


TO  wRicB  n  A»i»m 


^UESTieNa 

MUPTBD  TO  Tta  VaS  OP  SCBOOIiS. 


iljt  \L«A  332()9 


•depu  Ub«rtote»quiAtlim  bravi  OnVA* 


PUBLISHED  BY  COLLINS  AND  HANNAIT* 
No.  tSO  IMri-Street. 

1817. 
/  ^  J.  BwrfiTf  PHnlett 


*    * 


\ 


»■— ,  ,.  ,- 


,i^- 


hSS22S2SL?J  J!?:  'Si*"^**!^  »f  Amerlc,  iiharleB  IWifey,  of  the  said  f 
ii^Xmil^l^r:S''''^''  •Hook  the  right  Whereof  l>iclaii|i».k.' 

«h?l!liy^i!^rS'ffl2K  wiS:  "^  ^  ««"^^^  -  ^°'-'«'  ^  ^«  • 

*'  Chi^tu,  taeradUMIe  oMnioraia  est,  adepts  libertate,  quMitnm  brevi  crcvj 

In  coolbml^  to  the  Act  ofahftOengmi  oC  the  Qnlted  Ststee,  emitted  "  An 
the.endottr«geMeiit  of  Learning,  byeecuring  the  coptes  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  B< 
the  authon  and  pioprletora  of  each  copi«f ,  during  the  thne  therein  nwnttoiiwl.* 
alio  to  an  Act,  entitled  '^  An  Act,  Mpplementanr  to  an  Act,  enOtlod  an  Act  for 
tnuragaueftt  of  Learning,  by  ■teunnf  the  co^dei  of-lfape,  Charts,  and  Books 
•utborajtad  proprietoFS~or  such  copies,  daring  the  timmberein  mentinned,  and 
ingnlw  linelHi  tbereof  to  the  arte  of  deaigningi  engraving,  and  etching  hUitori< 

lAMKB  DILL,  Clerk  of  tlUS^itkihm  Diatrief  of  JTem-Ym-k, 


t..:. 


\:n 


-«• 


'*>> 


•  At  a  mating  of  tlie  American  Academj  ofLanguaj^e  tildBeU«s 
I^ettres,  held  at  te  Citj-HaO,  in  tibe  city  of-New-York,  October  SO,  - 
1800,— Hob.  Bruckholst  Livingston,  Fjist  "Viee-PresideBt,  in  the 
chair ;  Rev.  John  B.  Romeyn,  D.  D.  CleriE,— tiie  IbllowiBg  preamble 
«pd  resolution,  offered  by  W.  8.  Caidell,  Esq.  sisconded  by  the  Rev. 
Doctor  Wainwright,  were  mianimaiMly  adopted : 

As  the  proper  education  of  youth  is,  in  all  eomnmnities  dosely 
connected  with  national  prosperity  and  honor;  and  as  it  is  parliealarlj 
important  in  the  United  States,  that  the  rising  gennation  shonUI 
podaess  a  correct  knowledge  of  their  own  covubcy,  and  a  patiiotie 
attachment  to  ita  welfare ; — 

Retohedy  that  a  premiuro  of  not  less  than  fimr  hnn^rad  doDaif, 
and  a  gold  medal  worth  fif^  di^lars,  be  given  to  Che  auQior,  being  an 
American  citixen,  who,  within  two  years,  rihiall  prodoee  dM  best 
written  history  pf  the  United  States,  and  which,  with  sttch  hislny, 
shall  contain  a  siiita^le  qqposition  of  the  situation,  character,^  i^  W" 
tenib,  ailisolute  and  relative,  of  tiie  American  Repniblie:  ^atorijiMeil 
tat  a  clasa-bool^in  ^admits  and  schools.  This  waik,  fii,  to^  ei* 
and.  apjnroved  by  a  comnuttee  of  the  tnstitutioo,  hi  fe^sroMpe 
interest  of  iCi  matter,  the  justness  of  its  facts  ai^  piinaplMy  flw 
iqf  and  degMiee  diHts  style,  and  its  adapHjllQii^  i^ 
!  purpose.  «9^, 

^y  Older  of  |he  Aeadcmv, 
]  \^y      JO^X,  Me  LKOD,  Re^Si^ 


The  undersii^ied,  being  appokted  a  comfenittoe  wMh  full  powers 
to  examine  the  several  works  submitted,  and  award  the  mediil:  Imd 
premium  in  pursuance  of  the  above  resolution,  having  pemaed  Imt 
books  offered  by  different  authors,i)eeording  to  the  cMdftiOM  requir- 
ed, have  selected  one  as  being  the  best  of  the  four;  and  dtor  nfentog 
it  to  its  author  for  such  minor  corrections  as  might  render  it  mora 
acceptable  to  the  pqUic,  do  now  finally  a^lvdga  siid  inadal  nad  pif;- 
mium  to  b»  due  to  tibe  Wiiter  of  the  work  lecentiy  printed,  emitted^ 
<<A  History  of  the  United  States,  from  AMiiii 
Bettlement  as  Coloniea,  to  the  cbsd  of  the  War  whttt 
Or^at  Britain,  in  18U. 

^'ClvhM,  IncradlMIe  BemorMu  Mt,  adtpta  Hbtrttie,  qiMnturo  bnvl  er«v«d*..**  • 
aiMmtL 

Wm.  P.  ViH  Nass,  i 
AuatL,  Mc  Leod,  [  CommitttM* 
^  Jjkcos  Morton,        V 


t^^ 


m^" 


,4. 


mmmmim 


IJ  ' 

CONTENTS. 


'.     vli 


ii^ 


* 


'-     ."  .    .    -    .    .    .    -■".    i  ^i 

sitof^'^^^'  I  ■'■-  I  r  r  "  I  I  -,5 

E^o#e  fiilaiid     -      •      •      ^     \.      -     ^      .     .      ^     .  62 

i«^iiim      .........    ..'.-■  M 

New-J^rse^       -     .-     -     -     -     -     -     -     -      -     -  78 

iWwKiii?  .,  ^'    -    ^    "•"    "    •    •"•*    -"^ - 

|?<idv^artKiia        -     -     -     -     -     f     -     -     -     - 

8<N^M^ioUiiii        '  '  %     -     -     -   m-     -     -     -  94 

9«i(ri^»     /      fc     --..---..     .  99 

HP'i^PfBhW^of  |756-6a        -     -'         •     -     -     .     ^  lOa 

lUralitifm    ^  -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -  lis 

iMiroi^ti(H!i     ^    -    -  ,-    -f ^ -f    -    -    -    -    -  130 

]|ijEp«ditioii ag»M)tf^ Canada    -,,^^^^           *     *     m     -     -  149 

f  inipiiif»^  |77«        ^ri,ri    -     -    -.  -     -,  t     -  158 

(tapiO^iof  1777       ;•     -     -     •     ,"^,    -     -     -     -  167 

C«in|NN0|oM7V9          7  ,  -     -     -     -  4j     -     -     -  176 

jCatR>M0  «f  1779          -     -     *     f   »-     «     -     -^^   -  191 

J^ffjpiH^cir  1780          -..*•--      -      -  186 

J^l^pi^  of  1781/a^  tenniiiation  of  the  >^ar  -  -  -  193 
AcloptioB  of  me  Constitution,  and  Washington*!  Administration  SOS 
Mr.  Adams's,  Mr.  4«fferson*8,  and  ptut  of  Mr.  Madison's  Ad- 

minisfara^bn — Declanition  ofVTw    '.--..  930 

Campaign  of  ISilS            *      -      -      •      -      -      -      -    Vr  i235 

CampaiSgnrof  iai3           -      -      •* •  941 

Campaign  of  1814 — Coniclusion  of  the  War      -      -      -      -.  252 

Appendix           .--..- |6i» 


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trioi 
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6tudi« 

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cessjbl 

states 
of%n< 


PREFACfl. 


n|— 


THE  following  woi^  was  begun  m^njr^.  years  auM^e  :  ^^^ 
pearance,  soon  after,  of  sevf^ral  books,  on  a  plan  iieaply  siinlbCy 
and  the  want  of  sutBcient  leisure,  Induced  ihe  Au^of  ,tp  R^- 
quish  his  design.  Perceiviof^roni.  the  SMbsequeiil  |i|^r  of 
a  premium  for  the  best  written  Work  of  thje  kind,  ^at  anoOi^  W93 
wanted,  he  resumed  and  completed  his  undertaking*  ~  -     ^ 

It  was  his  purpose  to  presed^  a  correct  arnHnteresting  nM|^- 
tive  of  all  the  important  eventS/iiTthe  history  1^  his  'co|mti^ :  to 
eidiibit,  in  a  strong  light,  the  principles  of  pelUlcal  and  rfiligio^ 
freedom  which  our  forefathem  profesudd,  ana  for  which  ^thf^)^ 
fongfat  and  conquered^  to  record  the  numerous  ei^ampl^^for* 
titude,  courage,  andji^triotism,.  which  have  renderra  them  ilifUK 
triou|9 ;  and  to  produce,  not  sa  much  by  mpra^  reflection^,  is  by 
the  teAor  of  the  narrative,  virtuous  an^  j^atriotif"  u^ressionfi. 
upon  the  mind  of  the  reader..    It  was  his  aim  to  render  the.boc 


worthy  to  be  read,  not  only,|9  the-  academic  spd  sch00||l^^ 
couiitry,  but  by  that  veiy  numerous  portion  '<f4  p»  fellow  cltbd^. 
who  Have  seldom  die  opportumty  to  peruse  pfior^  voiuminpi^* 
productions;,  and  by  those  who  mi^ht  wish,  to  review  ikt^, 
studies,  and  fix  in  thehr  memory  the  snocessionof  events  :^,iukI 
it  was  also  his  aim  to  Itxhibit  a  style  which  should  b6  convbci 
audpure;  should  be  free  from  ambitious  ornament,  ah^^lirbm 
those  faults  with  which  the  writers  of  this  country  have  been 
too  justly  charged.  He  by  no  means  supposes  thjBt  he  has  4» 
accomplished  all  he  aimed  at.  ^^ 

It  was  thought  indispensable  tunt  a  history,  faiteiidc^  ^Jf  ac- 
cessible to  all,  should  contain  some  account  of  the  dmftent 
states  of  the  union ;  in  order  that  many  prejudices,  the  oftprlig 
of  .ignorance,  might  be  removed ;  and  that  the  injurious 


■Pti* 


vf 


PREFACE. 


Vhich  must  flow  from  m  acquidntance  with  the  htotory  of  a 
smgle  state  onlj,  migh^  be  avoided.  It  was  the  correct  remark 
of  an  able  writer,  t|Mit  ^  ^^^sjtory  of  coIodUss  generally  afTonls 
but  two  interesting  eras,  tlttf  of  theibB^ement,  and  that  of  their 
inde]^endence.  To  both  of  these  the  author  has  more  particu- 
larly directed  hii»attenti6n^ 

Let  those  who  imagine  that  no  book  can  do  good  that  js  not  a 
great  book,  consider  that  e7^ry  American  should  be  acquainted 
mUk  the  libtoiry  of  his  ibuiiby,  and  that  a  voluminous  history 
Itould  &ot  1^  redd  by  otie  tWeiitilbfli  part  of  the  population ;  that, 
oil  itt^iBt  mlpidli,  the  same  or  even  stroh$[er^  impressions  would  be 
Biadlllgf  k  wo^  well  wi*ilite^  tniih^  plan  of  this,  than  by  a  min- 
ute, and  of  couyse  often  tedious,  detiail  of  every  event ;  that  the 
perusal  qf^  such  a  work,  in  eititj^ttfe;  must  eiECite  rather  than 
ghltiljr  curiiM^ ;  ^at  much,  y^vj  much  good  woidd  be  done, 
iiiofdi  tf  lindwledge  of  llio  impc^rtant  events  bft  eonununieated, 
laid  i<l|t^  Im^iissions  be  giv^,  io  those  #hb  Would  otherwise 
Mniiiti  entirely  igndrasft :  and  tted,  in  fact^  th&  book  contains 
mM^^to  n^y  an  octavo  of  high  pdce.   ^ 

Biit  ^Iklklie  Wk  in^rtant  tihat  no  Akherioikn  citizen  should  be 
igaoiraiit  of  ^e  princq[>al  events  in  the  hi^t6<y  of  his  conntiy, 
h  is  tiio  &f(iqfienfflble  ^ut^  of  all,  who  can  enjoy  the  oppdrtn- 
i#f^10tfBid  and  to  study  ttie  brger  and  more  pu^cular  histories 
iH^'liave  been^lKiblisbed.  Hiere  lilittle  dang^  &at  this  small 
AOl  favoted  class  mhSL  neglect  tlUs  duty.  The  danger  is  greisit- 
^,  tlail^  nmch  th^  most  niiimerous  portion  dlf  the  population— 
tiiat  portion  in  wlio9e  ha/nls  are  the  destinies  of  the  republic — 
wo«^  cead  i|ipihing  on  the  subject  A^ou^  ex^nsiye  works  only 
iw  pubUibed. 


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HISTOKl 


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UNITED    ST 


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intr»Bit<5tion. 


»  *# 


THE-  continent  ^of  America  ii^probaUyunknoimto  -bie 
ancients.     If  once  known)  as  some  hai^e  supposed,  taoh^Car- ! 
tiis^inians,  the  Scandinavians,  and  the  Welsh,,  all  know^dge  of 
it  wa» afterwards  lost'    The  discovery  of  thi^xtensive  region,, 
coi^itudi^  neaijjlfne  half  of  the  habitable  globe,  was  the  acci- 
dental result 'df  ^P  attempts,  made  in  the  fifteenth  centiify,  to 
find  a  pas3age,^K  sea,  from  the  ports  of  Einwpe  to  the  East 
Indies,  whose  paHous  commodities  were  then  transported,  over 
land,  by  a  loi%,  dangerous,  and  expensive  route. 

2.  This  paasage  was  universally  sought  by  sailing  southy'along 
<iXe  western  coasts  of  Europe  and  Afiica,  in  the  hope  of  find- 
ing the  teimlnation  of  ^  continent,  when  th'e  Indies,  it  was 
supposed,  might' be  attained,bytaMi|||Kt  first  an  easterly  and 
then  a  northerly  course.  The  discoveiy  of  ttie  Cape  of  Good 
Hojpe,  in  1487,  encouraged  expectation,  and  gave  incr^Hi^  ac- 
tivity to  tlie  sp^  of  adventure.     ^ 

8.  Among  the  nafi^tors  43f  that  age,  Chi^istopher  Q<|i]mbus, 
a  native  of  &e  repi^pc  of  Genoa,  was  distinguishe^lf]!^  expeii- 
ence  and  skill  In  his  profession,  for  extensive  knot^e^e,  and 
for  a  bold  and  original,  genius.  The  shape  of  the  eu^then 
known  to  be  round,  and  the  fact  that  pi^cesof  car^red  #N)d,  a 

dii^x^t  lh)m 
winds, 
ed  to  , 


canoe,  and  two  humah  bodies,  of  a  conapl 
that  of  Europeans,  had  been  driven,  bi 
upon  the  shores  of  islands  contiguous  to 
his  observing  mind  the  project  of  seeking 
stuling  directly  west. 


f 


'rimim^i^i"*.'   .W' 


6 


INTRODultlO^. 


4.  ttnable  to  defraj  tbf^  emenaea  of  ^n  expedition,  he  tujught 
fiffll  the  assistance  of  liis  nvHtive  mtj^^    His  countrymen,  accus^ 

I    to9»ed  only  to  crui^ng^  in  fntilM|8ete,  alon^the  sliores  of  the* 

I    continent,  treated  the.plKJiiecC  as  i^i^erical,  ancl  declined  furnish-^ 
ingaid.    A  pressing  application  to  the  king  of  Portugal,  in 

I    whose  damimons  he  had  resided,  met  likewise  with  ridfeiile  and; 

I    rejection.    Persevering  in  his  purpose,  heathen  s^nt  his  brother, 

j    BartibQ|#iiS^,  tiR|b|^aBd^ 
htattitr  to^pai^  Ittfeh  was( 

jttyybdla,  irom  whom  BPiji^cited  assistance. 

^^  5.  For  a  lon^  time  i|e  iwcited  in  vain.    At  length  the  queen, 

kj^rsuaded  1^  his  represenUiionA,  became  his  frieiul  and  patron. 

By  Jber^redion^three  smkll  vesjiels  were  fitted  ou^  and.  he  waa 

attttitrised  to  sap  wHh  th^sslyUpgo  his  projected  voyage  of  dis- 


to  apply  to  Heitfy  Yll»  Jpi  went 
isi  then  governed  by  FerdiWud.  and 


o«lt 


On  the  third  of  A%unP142,  he  departed  from  Palos, 

directing  lHa  comrse  towards  the  Canary  islands. 

j^Aq»ped  thfB^  to  refit,  and*  on  the  sixth  of  September, 

'  tored  into  «eas  which  no  vessel  had  yet  entered, 

to,  dhrtci^  him,  no  gnide  but  his  comnass)  and  with- 

:edk||M>f  the  tide^  or  currents  whi<ab-  ndght  inter^ 

.       ,  __se^^He  moved  n^pidly  beibi^thli  trade  wind, 

idil^yfiloim  iBvaiiabfy  from  the  east  to  thdnit  between  the 
tronie^  j|idl#pBBi^fOncealiflg  from  hit  ignonK  and  timid  m^ws- 
tl^  pnKgpir4it'llMe/^^^  be  al«y||||d  at  the  speed. 

wHhl^Ni  fli^  redded  from  homie.        /   ^If 

7. .  Mi0vA  tha  fourteenth  of  September,  he  was  IBslMit  nearly' 
six  luilbibied  miles  from  the  most  westerly  of  ^  Canaries,  and 
hm  4|£  QiagfietJip  needle  was  ptMerred  to  ^ai^  from  its^dire^ 
tlli|i'l#  IN^  ststfj^MOii^Bnei^ards  the  west;  an  ap- 

whlc^y  «}l£o«ipP9Alir  fam|l^,  had  never  before  been 


f»us  and  his  companions  were  ali^rmedw  They  were 
1,  aj^  far  from  the  tracks  of  other  n^,Vlgdtori^  All 
and  them  was  unkUpwn,  jp9d  their  onff  guide 
86111^  t6%ii9  Io^;er  entitled  to  tiieir  conWince.  Butaltbough 
akmtd,  CoiuBibus  lipdt  not  his  presence  of  miiid:  He  assigned 
a  ri^upft  for  the  variation,  which,  Without  satbfying  himsdf, 
8  JeSSlth^  mi&ipgp  of  hik  qompanion^.  '  , 

9,  But  fe^liite w.  *>'  <luiiet  and  subordination  Was  short. 
I^*^^^^titillHw!®^^^^^  among  tlie  i^noratiir  and  wavering, 
^» jriH^V^^^^^^^^'^^^  penrad^  the  whole  squadron. 
*1%a^^^NP^^  their  sovereign  for  listening  to  the  schem^  of 
a  dnid^^idveiilurer.  Theindications  of  land  had  ail  proved 
fitttioiiwi'     They  would  be  amused  and  deceived  no  longer. 


INTRCmtCTIOK. 


9 


V 


They  amed  that  CoIumbiiB  alioiikl  be  IQ^reed  to  reHiwpiifih  i^ 
undeituiiigw^idl^iMiiiedtoproBilM  nblliiQg  but  destruietiQii  $ 
and  801^  of  liie  mm  dairii^  talked  o^llMMg  him  into  ^ 
sea,  ^  a  yiaionaiy  ^rojeistor,  whose  death  woura^^uiae  bo  regre^ 
«nd  mdlioe  iHi  io^ohy.  x^ 

10.  jbiidsl  these  d^cuHies,Colimibii8.d]8pk|dh|tf^^ 
of  chsiicter  wl^d)  proved  the  gi^eatn^  «rfhia.iim 
ipi^ar  fitness  for  the  ardmous  duties  of  his  simii.  1 
ivnth  a  steady  and  cheeiifid  ipountemmtey^taiSf  siA 
he  had  done.  Sometimes  he  soothed  his  companioiiii^y4ih!itft||>f^ 
out  to  them  a  prospect  of  riebM-  and  of  ftamt^^miA  ite  olteh#  a 
graiuitir  to  him  vmo  shoidd  firat  discoTor  tend.  SMAelhiiesM 
assumed  a  tone  of  antfaoiJty>  thieifteakig  them  With  lie  Ten^ 
gean<^  of  their  sovereign,  Mlkeve^lasting  inHnif ,  shdidd  Ifaej 
€ompd^  lum  to  abandon  the  uwfettaicing.  # 

11.  These  enconragemefltSi  and  thr«its  iprevented  c^gftm^mA 
forcible  resistance  to  ms  authoril}^*  MeanvTldle  tlie  s^adaon 
proceed^  oAward ;  thritt^ottliens  of^bnd  had  becQn|e0»|Beirt^ 
l^id  eonvinbed  him  that  It  ca«M  not  be  iSlr  distant:  Biithli4»«# 
vreris  unconvl^oed,  and  their  disoonteiAincmsed^  'Asseniblin^ 
tuniuHiuiUBly  On  deck,  they  demanded  to  b^^ilBondkieiied  back  to 
Spaitt.  i  'As  a^last  ekpecBenti  he  proposed  diayuyfaould  oon« 
tinue  on  ^^  eoocse  tliree  i&ja  longer,  and  ilfVH||btime^>laa4 
shoiddriiotvi^^U^overedy'he  would  then  eomplpMfth  their 
demands    a|i^.  .  ^  >'  :.^  ■  #r'- >.:;-" ' 

^  l^i  They  eonsentec^.  Befbre  the  thae  ex|£rfefd,  Cdumbus, 
on  the  11th  of  October,  at  nidnlglit,  eawa4ight^gymdmMig  at 
%  distance.  ^  A  light  l^p^lriit!^  was  the/jmul  ejtdasMition, 
'  Icfa  kxBitasat^  reastoAiil^^^  ap^ 

ch  of  mdrnlnff,  a^^i^ilb  8to0d  gaiging  inten%  ^  te  «Kip^, 
where  land,  E  was  expected,  would  be  diseoivered.    -  '  f^fwi 
obn,'  on  bfiid  the  Fhita,  t|ie  most  forwaid  viniel^  lra|^ 
cry  bl^  Land !  land  I"  which^was^  rspntisd,  •^mST 
the cfewi^of  the  otter  iijuiili^^ 
one  eaetrtme  to  the  olh^  they,  who  a  lew  dvfvbefore  had 
and  hiSttltecHhiBihr  commaadei*^  now  t^egardedidm  asoae 
iott  the  IN^  M«  endowed  with  knovded^^eiul  f^enetantion 
aboMi^^eenuiinilotofmoitils.  « 

14i  At  sunrise,  Cohimbus,  In  a  rieh  andnspleiidid  dvess,  lasdt  - 
ed^  ai^,  with  a  drawn  swoi^  In  his  han^  aad  din^^ring  the 
^^i^^idard,  took  possession  of  the  islaiid  for  tbs  crown  ot 
I^HpIl  Us  follewem  knecKk^  On  ^e  shore  and  Miiiitf  ^e 
gl*otm4  with  tears  of  joy.    The  natives,  idio  had  issemlM  ht 


•■I 


I'i 


INTRODUCTION. 


great  innnbers  on  the  first  wppenirance  of  the  ships,  stood  around 
the  Spaniards,  gazing  in  speechless  astonishment 

15.  <<  The  Europeaas  were  hardly  less  amazed  at  ^e  scene 
before  them.  Every  herb,  ahd  shrub,  and  tree  was  different 
from  those  which  flourished  in  Europe.  The  inhabitants  ap- 
peal^ in  the  simple  innocence  of  nature,  entirely  naked.  Their 
mack  hair,  long  and  uncurled,  floated  upon  their  ^oulderj  or 
was  bfwnd  in  tresses  around  their  heads.  Though  nol  tall,  thm 
wer*  troll  shaped  and  active.  They,  were  shy  at  firsts  tfarou^ 
fear',  but  soon  became  familiar  with  die  Spaniards ;  from  whom, 
with  transports  of  joy,  the^  received  various  trinkets,  for  which 
in  return  mey  gave  such  provisions  as  they  had,  and  some  cotton 
yam,  the  only  commodity  of  value  they  could  produce." 

16.  To  thU  island  Columbus  jgm^  the  name  of  San  Salvador. 
The  liittives  called  h  Guanaham,  and  by  &at  name  it  is  now 
known^  It  is  one  of  the  Bahama  iAea,  and  is  above  three  thou- 
sand  miles  from  Gomera,  the  most  western  of  the  Canaries^ 
From  the  poverty  and  ignorance  of  the  inhabitants,  Cotumbu* 
was  convinced  that  he  had  not  yet  sirrived  at  the  rich  country 
which  was  the  object  of  his  search.  Leaving  Guanahani,  he 
discovered  and  visited  several  other  islands,  and  at  length  arrived 
at  one  caU^USayti,  by  the  natives,  and  "hy  him,  Hispaniola. 
HfMpe  be  xf/KKk  a  few  weeks,  and  then  returned  to  Spain. 

17.  The  news  of  his  wonderful  discovery  filled  the  kingdom 
wkh  astonkAuiMmt  and  joy.  His  reception  at  court  was  accom« 
panied  by  flattering  and  splendid  ceremonies  ordain^  for  the 
occaakm ;  and  he  was  honored  by  many  proofs  of  royil  ftvon 
He  made  three  subsequent  voyagea^Jpd^  hi  1496,  discovered 
the  contipent  of  ^erica,  at  the  moyik  of  the  Oronoeo,  a  riv«r 
of  the  thhd  or  fourth  magnitude  in  t&t  ^ew  Worid,  but  far  iOtr- 
passiog  the  largest  in  the  014 

^     18.  The  honor,  however,  of  first  discoteving  the  cm^ent^ 
must,  without  dimhiishing  the  merit  of  Cokunbus^  be  S^Mo 
John  Cabel  and  his  son  Sebastian.    They  were  YeneoKl): 
biflh,  but,  soon  after  the  result  of  the  ftrst  voyage  of  Cdumbi 

-  %VBS  known,  were  sent,  by  tW  king  oC  Englaod,  on  an  eamedki< 
of  discovery,  in  the  same  dOPMtion*    In  June,  1497,  they  i 
rived  at  the  island  of  Newfoundland,  in  North  America,«nd, 
proceeding  westward,  80<in  after  reached  the  continent.     It 
being  their  object  also  to  find  a  direct  passage  to  thi^  East 
Indies,  they  first  sailed  northwardly  in  search  of  it,  as  farjgjie^ 
67th  degree  of  latitude ;  then,  returning,  cruised  along  UrfBilllr 
to  East  Florida ;  and  thence  sailed  to  England  without  qwin^ 


# 


# 


^ 


^yM»« 


INTRODUCTION. 


M 


Ynade  any  settlement  Upon  the  discoveries  made  in  tldtTojago' 
the  En^sh  founded  «heir  chiim  to  the  eastern  portion  of  Noirth 
America. 

19.  In  l49d,  Alonzo  d^  Ojeda,  a  companion  of  Cohunbus  in 
his  first  expedition,  sailing  under  the  patronage  of  several  For- 
tuguesQ  merchants,  discovered  the  cdntinent  at  Paria,  in  the  fifth 


iMgues^  mercnans,  aiscoverea  me  conunem  ai  rana,  m  we  nnn 
degree  of  north  latitude.    Americus  Tespucius,  a  Florentine 
gentleman  who  accompanied  him,  published,  on  his  return,  an 
B'^edunt  of  the  voyage  and  a  denonption  of  the  country  which 
ey  had  visited ;  and  from  him  it  derives  Ae  name  it  bears. 
20.  In  1504,  several  adventurous  navigators,  from  different 
rts  of  France,  came,  in  small  vessels,  to  fish  on  the  banks  of 

eWfoUndland.       Itl  1 59^.  Jnhn  V^rraK-xann.    n   FlnriiHIInA.    in 


parts 


parts  ot  J^lrance,  came,  m  small  vessels,  to  fish  on  the  banks  of 
Newfoundland.  In  1524,  John  Verrazzano,  a  Floretltfaie,  in 
i^he  employment  of  the  king  of  France,  sailed  aloii^f  the  coast  of 
America,  from  Florida  to  the  50th  degree  of  north  latitude. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  entered  the  harbor  of  New  York.  He 
*«ade,  the  next  year,  another  «'«7«ge,  froja  which  he 


never 


"ade,  the  next  year,  another  «'«7iige,  froja  which  h 
.etumed,  nw  ta  ic  known  by  what  disaster  he  perished. 

2i.  Durhig  the  next  for^  years,  frequent  voyages  were  made 
to  the  cna^  of  K^  America.  Cf  seme,  the  object  was  fish- 
lug ;  of  others,  trade  with  the  natives.  In  1540.  the  French 
m^wi  attempt  to  plant  a  colony  in  Canada,  which  was  unsuc* 

h!a5^^'a^iS!!f^  **"**  illustrious  statesman,  Jasper  Coligni,  the 

SS"rS(;?e?S^^«J^^H^^^^^^^^^^  3enttE:mthi. 

a?  PSi  ^^  ^^'  men,^and  returned  to  Franc^      '  *^"' 

romm  JJirbrUttdTX'^  a^^^f^r^^^^*  ^-»  *Heir 
l>eP«  out  severtdweeCT^o^J^'S^r/****^^  K«^g 
of  their  number,  who  con^nt^J^S.  i  *®^  P«>viiioni,  oni 
comrades,  was  Idlled  lid  Jiten  A  f^  ^*  '  '''f''  ^  savi  bis 
jvere  taken  up  by  an  EngSh  v;ssd  In^   "^-i2*'^;?«*  ^^y 

•"^cred  by  the  Sp  JS  ^  "''*'  *""*  '»«>cherou.ly 


P 


|i 


M 


I 


rr 


•I 


. : 


f'i! 


i      I* 


Mil 


r  i 


12 


INTRODUCTION. 


rous  lands"  as  he  might  discover  and  occupy,  fitted  out  a  squad- 
dron  of  five  ships,  and  sailed  for  America^  On  arriving  before . 
St.  John,  in  Newfoundland,  he  found  thirty  six  vessels  fidiing  in 
the  harbor.  He  landed  and  took  possession  of  the  country-  in 
the  name  of  his  sovereign.  On  his  return  to  lj<ngland,  he  suf* 
feredshmwreck  and  perished. 

25.  'Hie  next  year,  sir  Walter  Ra(^h,  distinguished  in  the  , 
history  of  England  as  a  gallant  knight  and  as  the  favorite  of  the  ; 
qneen,  obtained  a  Knewsd  of  the  patent  granted  to  sir  Humj^||rey, 

"who  was  bis  half  llrother,  and  despatpbed  to  America  two  sbiptf 
comnnuided  by  captams  Amidas  and  Barlow.  They  first  landed 
on  an  island  ui  the  inlet  to  Pamplico  sound,  then  proceeded  to 
the  late  of  Roanoke  at  the  mouth  of  Albermarle  sound,  in  North 
^iarolina,  and  at  both  places  were  treated  with  great  respect  by 
the  natives.   . 

26.  Having  fxmghted  theu^ships  with  furs,  sassafras,  and  ce- 
dar, they  retttme4,to  EngtakkO,  where  they  published  marvellouo 
accounts  of  the  beauty  of  the  country,  Uie  ibrittHj  •£  the  soil,  the 
mildness  of  the  climate,  and  the  innocence  of  the  natives.  The 
queen  was  so  charmed  with  the  description  that,  as  a  memorial 
Oiat  the  country  had  been  discovered  durmg  the  reign  ot  a  virgin 
queen,  she  called  it  Virginia.  r^    .   ■,      a^o*  «r 

27.  The  next  year,  Raleigh  sent  from  England  a  fleet  of 
seven  vessels,  commanded  by  Sir  Richard  G^^J*";^  ^^/^^^^  j 
rving  upwaids  of  one  hundred  persons,  destmed  to  begin  a  set. 
fWntl     Thev  were  left  under  Ralph  Lane,  on  RoMioke 
l^Td?    tKcccss  of  the  Spanianb^i  fin^^^ 
America,  ted  these  adventurers  to  employ  th^^^ 

nrovislorts  for  the  settlement.    /  »P"'"*    ^^    j^  1587,  three 

byth.»vi«e'.    After 'r«f»b»^f'^^Xl  .ad  •"'•"^ 
^Ip,  "^turned  to  Ilndand,  tam^^n  Engtand  •»«> 


INTRODUCTION. 


ta 


has  never  been  ascettained.      Thus  endect  the  exertions  of 
Raleigh  to  plant  a  colony  in  America. 

29.  These  succenire  misfortunes  wit)  ^w  for  several  years 
the  attention  of  the  En^^h  from  ttb  distant  regions.  In 
1602,  Barlliolomew  Gosnold  made  a  v^^yage  to  America.  In^ 
stead  of  taking  the  circuitous,  but  usual  route,  by  the, West  India 
Islands,  he  steered  directly  west  from  England,  shortening  the 
voyage  at  least  one  third,  and  arrived,  in  May,  on  die  coast  of 
Massachusetts.  He  discovered  a  head  land^  aikl  taking  a  great 
quantity  of  codfish  near  it,  called  it  Cape  Cod.  Proceeding 
8Qutlm«rdly,  he  passed  Gay  Head,  entered  Buzasard's  l»ay,  and 
tipon  an  island  within  it  erected  a  small  fort,  the  ruins  of  whkh 
were  visible  so  late  as  1797.  After  trading  a  while  with  the 
Indians  he  returned  home. 

30.  The  report  made  by  Gosnold  revived  the  spirit  of  adven- 
ture. In  1603  and  1605,  two  voyages  were  made  in  the  same 
direction,  and  Penobscot  bay,  Massachusetts  bay  and  the  rivers 
between  them  were  discovered.  The  accounts  given  by  the  last 
navigators  confirmed  the  report  of  Gosnold,  and  led  to  a  more 
extensive  schil^  of  colonization  than  had  yet  been  attempted. 

31.  Of  this  scheme,  Mr.  Richard  Hakluyt  was  the  most  ac- 
tive promoter.  By  his  persuasion  an  association  of  gentlemen, 
in  diflferent  parts  of  the  kingdom,  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
sending  colonies  to  America.  Upon  their  application  to  king 
Jeimcs,  he,  by  letters  patent,  dated  in  1606,  divided  the  country 
of  Virginia,  then  considered  as  extending  from  the  southern 
boundary  of  North  Carolina  to  the  northern  boundaiT  of  Maine, 
Into  two  districts,  and  constituted  two  companies  for  planting 
f  olonles.  within  them. 

32.  The  southern  district  he  granted  to  sir  Thomas  Gates 
and  his  associates,  chiefly  resident  in  London,  and  therefore 

•  styled  tlie  London  company.  The  northern  district  he  grantetl 
to  Thomas  Hanhani  and  his  associates,  who  were  styled  the  Ply- 
mouth company.  The  two  districts  were  called  South  and 
North  Virginia.  The  members  of  these  companies  were  prin- 
cipally merchants;  their  objects  wei-e  the  extension  of  commerce 
and  the  discovery  of  mines  of  the  pracious  metals,  which  were 
su]iposcd  to  abound  in  North  as  well  as  in  South  America. 

33.  For  the  supreme  government  of  the  colonies,  a  grand 
rouncil  was  instituted,  the  members  of  wluch  were  to  resMJe  in 
England,  and  to  be  appointed  by  the  king.  The  cubordinate 
jiirisdiction  was  committed  to  a  council  in  each  colony,  the  mem- 
*;cifl  uf  which  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  grand  council  in  £ug- 
liuid,  and  to  be  governed  by  its  instructions.     To  the  emigrants 

'  B 


'■4.  d 


■i.M 


t  - 


i  4 


-h 


't'SI 


ill 


u 


INTRODUCTION 


and  thieir  descendants  were  secured  the  enjoyment, of  all  tlie 
rights  of  denizens  or  citizens,  in  the  same  manner  and  to  the 
same  lUEtent  as  if  they  had  remained  or  been  bom  in  England, 

34.  Before  the  date,  however,  of  these  letters  patent,  the  king 
of  France  gnmted  to  the  Sieur  De  Monts  all  the  territory  from 
the  4(Hh  to  the  46th  degree  of  north  latitude,  or  from  New  Jer- 
sey to  Nova  Scotia,  then  called  Acadie.  By  virtue  of  this  grapt 
a  settlement  was  mdde  in  1604,  on  Uie  soutli  eastern  side,  of  the 
bay  of  Fundy,  aqd  tailed  Port  Royal.  In  1608,  Samuel 
Champlain,  the  agent*«f  De  Monts,  lakl  the  foundation  of  Que- 
bec, tii^  capital  of  Canada.  Froin  these  possesions  of  the 
French,  the  colonies  of  New  England  and  New  York  were, 
for  more  than  a  oentury,  frcMjuently  and  craelly  ann^^yjid. 


I  I 


1 1 


■■♦4., 


X- 


I 


% 


■"* 


CHAPTER  1. 


HISTORY  OF  VIRGINIA. 


n    ;l 


THE  London  company,  soon  after  its  incorporation  in  1600, 
despatched  to  America  .ttiree  ships,  having  on  board  one  hun^* 
dred  and  five  persons  destined  to  begin  a  settlenient  in  South 
Yii^ginia.  Cnrisfopher  Newport  commanded  the  squadron. 
He  was  accompiUL'ed  by  captain  Gosnold  and  other  distinguished 
individuals ;  some  allurod  by  curiosity,  said  some  by  the  prospect 
of  gadn,  to  visit  a  country  said  to  be  inhabited  by  a  new  race  of 
beings,  and  to  abound  in  silver  and  gold. 

2.  A  sealed  box  was  delivered  to  Newport,  with  directions 
that  it  should  not  be  opened  until  twenty-four  hours  after  the 
emigrants  had  lauded  in  America.  During  the  voyage,  viAent 
dissensions  arose  among  the  principal  personages  on  board  the 
squadroA^  Of  most  of  them,  John  Smith,  one  of  tihe  adventu- 
rers, incurred  the  distrust  and  hatred.  His  superior  talents,  and 
the  feme  he  had  acquired  by  his  exploits  In  war,  excited  their 
envy,  'and  probably  caused  him  to  claim  ftir  hialself  greater 
deimnbb  than  thev  were' willing  or  bound  to  ylekL 

3.  In  his  youth,  he  had  been  a  merchant's  apprNitice.  At  the 
aff e  of  fifteen,  he  quitted  his  master  and  travelled  in  France,  the 
Netheriand|,  Esypt,  and  Germany.  Having  joined  ^e  army  of 
th^  emperor  of  Austria,  who  was  men  at  war  with  the  Turks,  he 
received,  as  a  reward  for  a  successfiil  stratagem,  the  command 
of  a  troop  of  horse. 

4.  In  three  personal  combats  with  Turkish  champions,  he 
came  off  victorious,  at  each  thne  killing  his  adversary.  In  a 
battle  which  sutraequently  took  phce,  he  was  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner.  After  his  recovery,  he  was  sent  as  a  slave  to  fon- 
Htonthiople.  He  had  fallen  into  the  l^ands  of  a  cruel  master';  but 
his  mistress,  captivated  by  his  fine  appearance  and  heroic 
character,  and  commiserating  his  fate,  sent  him,  in  the  absence 
of  her  husband,  to  her  brother,  who  dwelt  near  the  sea  of  Asoph. 
He,  disregarding  her  directions,  assigned  to  Smith  degrading  ana 
laborious  lades,  and  beat  him  without  mercy  whenever  ho  iUUed 
to  perform  them. 

6.  Seizhig  a  favorable  opportunity,  he  killed  his  new  master 
and  fled  into  Russia.  After  visiting  Germany,  France,  Hpain, 
and  Morocco,  he  returned  to  England,  became  acquainted  with 
OosnoM,  and  was  eaflly  perwuaded  to  ernba*'k  in  an  expeditioji 


I' 

I 


16 


VIRGIIOA. 


V 

r  S|e 


5<-' 


to  a  country  he  bad  not  yet  visited,  in  search  of  new  lyeues  and 
new  adventures.  While  yet  at  tea,  he  was  accused  oHtn  utten? 
tion  to  murder  the  council,  usurp  the  government,  and  make 
himself  king  of  Virginia  ;  and  upon  this  absurd  accusation  was 
put  in  confinement. 

6.  ^'he  place  of  their  destination  was  the  disastrous  position 
at  Roanoke.  A  storm  fortunately  di*ove  them  to  the  mouth  of 
Chesapeake  bay,  which  (hey  entered  on  the  26th  of  April*  1607 

>  Discovering  a  large  and  beautiful  river,  they  guve  it  the  nam0 
of  James  River,  ascended  it,  and  on  its  banks  had  several  iitter» 
views  With  the  nsitiv«6* 

7.  In  one  of  these  a  chief  came  forward,  holding  in  one  hand 
hi^  bow  and  arrows,  in  the  other  a  pipe  of  tobacco,  and  demand** 

,  ed  the  cause  of  their  doming.     They  made  signs  of  peace,  and 
were  received  as  friends.     Paspiha,  another  chief,  when  inform-^ 
ed  of  their  wish  to  settle  in  the  country,  offered  them  as  much 
land  as  they  wanted,  and  sent  them  a  deer  for  their  entertaui 
meittL 

8.  On  the  18th  of  May,  they  debarked  at  a  place  which  they 
cadled  Jamestown.  On  opening  the  sealed  bo2C,'  it  was  found  t(» 
contabk  the  names  of  th^  council  and  inst|uct)onsA>r' their  guid- 
ance. In  the  list  were  the  names  of  QosaoM*  Smith^Win^ld, 
and  Newport  Wingfield  was  elected  president,  and  a  vote  waa 
i>assod  excliaUn^  Sfmith  from  his  seat  at  the  board.  He  was> 
however,  rmia^  from  confinement. 

9.  The  whole  country  vtbs  then  a  wilderness,  in  which  a  few 
IndianB  roitaisd  in  pursuit  of  their  enemies^  or  of  wild  beasts  for 
foodt  In  color  they  were  dariier  than  the  C}^iiropeaii  but  not  so 
black  as  the  negro.  They  possessed  all  the  vices  and  virtues'of 
tlie  savage  state;  were  cunning  in  stratagem,  ferocious  in  battle, 
cruel  to  their  conquered  enemies,  kii^l  and  hofipitable  to  their 
friends.  They  had  no  written  language ;  they  were  unacquainted 
ivith  the  use  of  iron  and  the  other  metals.;  their  weapons  of  war 
were  a  bow  and  arrowSf  a  stone  hatchet,  which  they  called  a 
tomahawk,  and  a  club.  They  lived  principally  by  hunting,  but 
sometitnet  oultivated  small  patches  ofilfdian  corn.         , 

10.  From  such  neicfabori  the  emigrants  could  exp^^iut  little 
aid  or  comlbit.  Tet  uiey  took  no  oare  to  provide  foj^pBir  futur« 
lubsistence  or  preservation.  They  planted  nothii^HB^  first  year. 
The  provisions  brought  from  England  were  Bo^^n^coniomed.  In 
four  mon^,  famine  and  the  diseases  of  a  hot  and  damptcUmate 
swept  awmy  fifty  of  tbehr  number. 

11.  These  dreadful  distresses  led  them  to  reflect  upon,  their 
situation  and  conduct.  Having  become  sensible  of  their  iiynstice 
to  Bmitili,  they,  at  his  request,  had  ^^ranted  him  a  trial,  which  re- 


VIRGINIA. 


17 


u 


avkeA  in  au  honorable  acquittal.  -His  personal  talents  and  activity 
now  Enforced,  in  adversity,  the  same  regard  and  deference  which, 
m  prosperous  times,  are  yielded  only  to  rested  authority  and  offi- 
cial station. 

1^.  By  his  advice,  a  fort  was^erected,  to  protect  them  from  the 
attacks  of  the  Indians.  To  procure  provisions  and  explore  the 
couhtry,  he  made  frequent  and  distant  excursions  into  thewilder^^ 
ifiess.  In  one  of  these,  he  seized  an  Indian  idol,  made  witli  8kin>f 
stuffed  With  moss,  for  the  redemption  of  which  as  much  com  was 
brought  him  «3  he  required.  Sometimes  he  j!»rocured  supplies  by 
caresses,  sometimes  by  purchase,  and  %vhen  these  means  railed  of 
success,  he  scrupled  not  to  resort  to  stratagem  and  violence. 

13.  But  in  the  midst  of  his  activity  and  usefulness,  he-wf^s, 
while  exploring  the  source  of  the  river  Chickahomiiiy,  surprised 
and  attacked  by  a  ps^y  of  Indians.  He  defended  hunself  bravely 
until  his  companions  were  killed,  when  he  turned  to  ilec.  Run- 
ning at  hazard,  he  sunk  to  his  neck  in  a  swamp  and  was  t^ken 
prisoner. 

14.  The  exulting  savages  conducted  him  ifi  tritimph,  through 
several  towns,  tolheir  king,  Powhatan.  At  the  end  of  six  week», 
their  chiefs  assembled  to  dcl%erate  on  iiis  late.  They  decided 
that  he  diould  die.  He-was  led  foHh  to  eX!ect)|ion ;  his  head  was 
placed  upon  a  stone,  and 'an  Indian  stood  noir  wUli  a  club,  the 
instrument  of  death.  At  this  instant,  Pocahoitii,  .iM^^oun^nd 
^vorite  daughter  of  the  Idng,  appeared,  and  nUihfng  between  the 
executioner  aiid  the  priaoncr,  folded  his  head  in  her  arms  and 
entreated  her  f^er  to  spare  his  life.  Powhatan  relented,  direei> 
ed  Smith  to  be  conducted  to  his  wigwanli  or  hut,  and  soon  af^f- 
w^ards  sent  him,  escorted  by  twelve  guides,  to  Jamestown. 

^5.  On  his  arrival  there,  he  found  the  number  of  settlerti  re- 
duced to  thirty  eight,  and  most  of  these  had  detemiined  to  aban- 
don the  country.  By  persuasions  and  threats,  he'  induced  a  ma- 
jority to  relinquish  their  design.  The  reriainder,  more  resolute, 
went  on  board  a  small  vessel  in  the  river.  Against  these  he  in- 
stantly directed  the  guns  df  the  fort,  when,  to  avoid  the  danger 
of  being  suiik,  they  hastened  back  to  their  cpm|^nion9| 

18.  Sustaining  now  a  high  reputation  among  the  Indians^  he 
obtained  from  them  oceasional  supplies  of  provisions,  which  pre- 
served the  colony  from  famine.  Tlte  princess  Pocahontas  also,* 
remembering  him  whose  life  she  had  saved,  frequently  sent  lu!n 
such  articles  as  were  most  needed.  The  settlers  were  thus  ena-  ' 
>bled  to  subsist  until  Captain  Newport,  who  had  resumed  to  Eng- 
land, again  arrived  at  Jamestown,  with  a  quantity  of  provisions, 
and  one  himdred  and  twenty  persons,  who  came  to  ronide  in  the 
colony.  ^  ** 

t  Ba 


18 


' 


^ 


VlROIJ<L4. 


'  IT*  AH  danger  being  m  appeai*ance  over,  the  emignuitak  no 
longer  submitted  to  the  authority,  nor  listened  to  the  ad^fce,  pf 
SnnSlh*  Disorder  and  confusion  followed ;  and  about  this  tinie, 
that  raging  passion  for  gold,  which  first  impelled  Europeans  to 
resort  to  mis  country,  was  again  excited.  In  a  stream  north  of 
Jamestown,  a  glittering  earth  was  discovered  which  was^supposed 
to  be  gold  dust.  '<  Inunediately,''  says  Stith,  in  his  history, 
■'^^*  jtherjB  was  no  thought,  no  discourse,  no  hope,  and  no  work,  but 
to.dig  gold,  wash  gold,  refine  gold,  and  load^dd.''  And  notwith- 
standing the  remonstrances  of  Smith,  a  ship  was  freighted  with 
tills  worthless  commodity  and  sent  to  England. 

18.  Finding  he  could  not  be  useful  at  Jamestown,  and  unwil- 
ling to  be  idle,  Smith  set  out  upon  an  expedition  to  explore  the 
coasts  of  the  Chesapeake.  With  great  labor  and  fatigue,  he  ex- 
amined every  inlet,  river,  and  bay,  as  far  as  the  moulh  of  tlie 
Ra^paliannock ;  whence,  his  provisions  being ^xliaus^ed,  he  re- 
tuiYied  hom^    . 

19.  He  found  the  people  turbulent  and  discontented.  They 
charged  the  president  with. squandering  the  public  property,  and 
ijamosli^  upon  them  unnecessary  fatigue,  by  compelling  them  to 
build  for  himself  a  house  of  pleasure  in  the  woods.  Ho  was  de- 
posed; Srai^wu  chosen  to  succeed  him;  he  refused  to«c(;ept 
U>e  ^eerNijiHtipc  person  was  appointed. 

'  >#ipply  of  provisions,  he  agaua  depaiied 
dr  the  Chesapeake.    He  visited  all  the 
l^iRinl^iiil^Oll^  ;  lie  traded  with  isK>me  tribes ;  he  fought 

ivit|y»tl£ipf  and  left,  among  all,  the  highest  admiration  of  the 
bei^cence  or  valor  of  the  English.  Returning  afler  »n  absence 
of  SIX  weeki,  he  was  again  choswi,  president.  Yielding  to  the 
general  wis^,  he  consented  to  accept  the  office.  Under  his  ad-, 
ministration,  habits  of  industry  and  subordination  were  formed, 
and  peace  and  plenty  smiled  upon  the  colony. 

21.  In  16)09,  the  I^ondon  company,  having  obtained  a  new 
charter  conferiiog  greater  powers  and  privileges  than  the  former, 
de^alched  to  Vii^ginia  nine  ships,  carrying  five  hundred  emi- 
grants; flttl^Qevtpin  officers  appointed  to  supersede  the  existing, 
govemmeiu  The  isdiip,  in  which  there  ofiicers  embarked,  was 
driven  ashore  on  the  island  of  Bermudas.  The  sct^rs,  who 
c&ine,^iit  the  otiiers,  were  licentious,  profligate^  and  disorderly. 

*  Assuming  the  power  of  disposing  of  the  government^  tliey  con- 

,  faired  it  sometimes  on  one^  and  sometimes  on  another.  \ 

j^  22.  Ill  this  confusion,  Smitli  hesitated  but  a  short  time  in  de- 

cidiog  what  course  to  pursue.    He  determined  that  his  authority 

wai  not  suspended  until  the  arrival  of  the  persons  appointed  to 

\  supersede  hmi.  and  resumed,  with  a  strohg  hand,  the  reins  of 


„:<»■..  it.- 


*  ftRGINU. 


iir' 


government.    He  boldly  impHsoned  the  leaders  of  the  sedidbof 
and  sMipred  for  a  time  regular^lj  and  obedfenceb 

23/xfae  Indians,  jealous  -Ji  the  increasing  power  of  tfm 
strangers  who  had  invaded  their  countiy,  concerted  ai  |^  to 
destroy  them.  Pocahontas,  the  constant  fifiend  of  Yiifliiia, 
hastened,  in  a  dark  and  dreary  night,  to  Jamesfbwn,  and  informed 
Smith  of  his  danger.  Measures  of  precaution  were  instantly 
taken.  The  Indisms,  perceiving  that  their  dlfipisn  was  discovered, 
ogam  brought  presents  of  peace  to  the  English. 

24.  Soon  after.  Smith,  having  receivlid  by  accident  a  severe 
wound,  returned  to  England  to  procure  the  aid  of  a  surgeon. 
Bisastroiis  consequences  follo#ed.  The  Indiip,  learning  that 
the  man  whom  they  dreaded  most  had  left  the  colony,  attacked 
it  vnih  united  forces.  A  dreadful  famine  ensued.  To  ^ch  ex- 
tremity were  the  settlers  reduced,  that  they  devoured  the  i^inf 
of  the  horses,  the  bodies  of  the  Indians  whom  they  had  killed, 
and  at  last  those  of  tlieir  own  companions,  who  had  sunk  undfit 
accumulated  miseries.  These  tremendous  sufferings  were  recol- ' 
lected  long  afterwards  with  horror,  and  the  period  was  remem- 
bered and  dlstii^uished  by  the  name  of  thd  ''starving  time." 

25.  In  six  months,  the  colony,  from  five  hundred  persons,  was 
reduced  to  sixty;  and  these  were  exceedingly  feeble  and  dejected. 
In  this  situati(^  they  were  visited  by  those  who  were  shipwrecked 
at  Bermuaas.  All  immediately  determmcd  to  return  to  England. 
For  this  purpose,  the  remnant  of  the  colony  embarked  on  board 
the  ships  just  arrived,  and  sailed  down  the  river.  Fortunately 
they  were  met  by  Lord  Delaware,  who  had  been  appointed  go- 
vernor of  Virginia,  and  who,  having  brought  with  him  a  supply 
of  provisions,  persuaded  them  to  return  to  Jamestown. 

26.  This  nd^leman,  by  the  mildness  of  his  tehnper  andhis  as- 
siduity in  business,  restored  order  and  ccmtentment;  and  the 
Indians  were  again  taught  to  respect  and  fear  the  J&nglish.  After 
a  short  administration^  he  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Thomas  Dale, 
by  whom,  on  the  recurrence  of  disorderly  conduct,  martial  law 
was  proclaimed  and  rigidly  enforced.  In  the  same  year,  [161 1 ,] 
Sir  Thomas  Gates  was  appointed  governor.  He  brou^bt  irith 
him  to  Yirgbia  a  reinforcement  of  settlers,  by  whom  new  towns 
were  founded.  And  anotlier  charter  was  granted  by  the  king, 
conferring  additional  privileges.  v 

27.  In  1612,  captain  Arg^  having  learned,  whUe  on  a  trading 
voyage  to  the  Potomac,  that  Pocahontas  was  in  the  nei^borhood, 
visited  and  persuaded  her  to  go  on  board  his  vessel.  He  treated 
her  respectfully,  but  detained  and  carried  her  to  JiiMliWn. 
He  presumed  that  the  possession  of  Pocahontas  would  pi|r 'lbs 
En^ish  an  mcendency  over  Powhatan,  who  was  knolri  t|p  l|ei 


^i^J,.;:"- 


m 


%'^ 


'i  '* 


20 


vmaiNiA. 


if  s&ong  attachment  to  his  daughter.  In  this,  hoivever,  he  wa9 
disappointed.  Powhatan,  noble  Uy  nature,  felt  indignant  ae  this 
instance  of  ti^eacUery  ih  the  English.  He  offered  a  ransom  for 
hi9  daughter,  but  refused  to  consent  to  any  terms  of  peace  untii 
she  t^BS  restored. 

38.  During  her  stay  at  Jamestown,  h^r  beauty^  hef  srtlefis 
8implici1,y,  and  those  gt*aces  of  manner  which  ever  accompany 
dignity  of  muMl  and  itthocence  of  heart,  won  the  afTettions  of  Mf» 
Kolfe,  a  young  and  respectable  planter.  He  succeeded  in  pro 
ducing  a  reciprocal  atta<dunent.  They  were  married  with  the 
consent  of  Powhatan.  The  consequence  of  tbi3  marriage  was- 
peace  with  her  fs^ier,  and  with  all  the  tribes  who  stood  in  awe 
-  of  his  power. 

2d.  l^oUe  and  his  princess  made  a  voyage  to  England,  where 
she  was  received  by  the  kmg  and  queen  ^ith  the  attention  4ia» 
to  h^r  rank.  For  her  virtues,  and  her  disinterested  services,  she 
wad  universally  beloved  and  respected.  She  died  when  abdut  to 
return  to  America,  leaving  one  son,  from  whom  are  descended 
some  of  the  most  respectable  families  in  Virginia.  i 

30.  In  1613,  captain  Argal  was  sent,  with  a  naval  force,  tty^ 
drive  Uie  French  from  the  settlements  they  had  begun  in  Acadia, 
ivhich  were  considered  to  be  within  the  limits  of  North  VSi^inia. 
He  accomplished  the  object  of  the  expedition,  au^d,  when  re- 
turning, visited  a  Dutch  trading  establishment  on  Hudson's 
river,  which  was  also  witliin  the  same  limits.  1  he  governor,  too 
feeble  to  resist,  acjjpowledged  himself  subject  to  the  king  of 

31.  Tb^VK^P^  instructions  g^ven  at  the  time  of  the  first 
emigration  to  Jamestow-o,  directed  that  all  the  land  should  be 
owned  lA  common,  and  Uiat  the  produce  of  ike  labor  of  all  should 
be  deposited  in  the  public  stores.  In  such  circumstances,  no  or^ 
would  labor  with  the  same  steadiness  and  animation  as  if  he,  and 
he  alone,  was  to  possess  and  enjoy  the  fruit  of  his  industiy.  A 
different  regulation  was  now  adopted.  To  each  inhabitant,  three 
acres  of  land  were  atisigned  in  full  property,  and  he  was  permitted 

.to  employ,  in  the  cultivation  of  it,  a  certam  portion  of  his  time. 
The  effects  of  this  alteration  were  immediately  visible,  and  de- 
monstrated so  clearly  its  wisdom,  that  soon  after  anot||er  assign- 
ment of  fifty  acres  was  made ;  and  the  pkn  of  working  in  a 
common  field,  to  fill  the  public  stores,  was  entirely  abandoned. 

32.  Since  the  year  1611,  the  colony  had  been  governed  by 
martial  law,  which  was  administered,  by  deputy  governor  Ami, 
with  so  ittttth  rigdr  as  to  excite  universal  discontent.  The 
council  fn  England,  listening  to  the  complaints  of  the  Yir^nhuis, 
appouited  Mr.  Teainfly  governor,  and  instructed  him  to  inquire  c 


VlRGmiA. 


21 


into  and  redress  theif  wrongs.  He  arrived  in  April,  1619,  and^ 
immediately,  to  ^e  great  joy  of  the  inhabitants,  called  ageneral 
assembly  of  the  colony.  It  met  at  Jamestown,  on  the  19th  of 
June,  and  was  composed  of  delegates  from  the  boroughs,  then 
amoundng  to  seven.  They,  the  governor,  and  the  council,  sat 
and  delibei-ated  in  the  same  apairtment,  and  acted  as  one  body. 

33.  Emigrants  contiauf|d  topfirrive  Irequently  from  England, 
but  nearly  sul  were  men,  who  came  for  the*|p||iipose  of  obtaining 
wealth,  and  intended  eventually  to  return,  mth  such  views, 
they  wei^  evidently  less  useful  to  the  colony  than  if  they  should 
be  induced  to  regard  it  as  their  home,  and  as  the  abode  of  theii* 
posterity.  To  produce  this  desirable  attachment  to  the  country, 
ninety  girls,  young  and  uncorrupt,  were  sent  over  in  the  year 
16^6,  and  sixty  more  in  the  subsequent  year,  and  inomediately 
sold  to  the  young  planters  as  wives.  The  price  was,  at  first,  one 
hundi'ed,and  afterwards,  one  hundred  and  m^  pounds  of  tobacco, 
then  selUng  at  three  shillings  the  pound :  and  it  was  ordained, 
that  debts,  contracted  for  wives,  should  be  paid  in  preference  to 
all  others. 

34.  Abo|ut  the  same  time,  another  measure,  of  a  different 
character,  was  adopted.  The  compimy  were  ordered  by  Uie 
king  to  transport  to  Yiiigiaia  one  hundred  icUe  and  dissolute  per<* 
sons,  then  ip  custody  for  their  offences.  They  were  distributed 
through  the  coloay,  and  employed  as  laborers. 

85.  A  Pu^h  vessel  also  brought  into  James  nver  twenty 
Africans,  who  were  immediately  purchased  as  slaves.  This  was 
the  couunencement,  in  tbe  Englisn  American  colonies,  of  a  traffic 
abhorrent  to  humanity,  disg^raceful  to  civilization,  imd  fixing  the 
foulest  stain  upon  the  character  of  the  age  and  people. 

36.  The  colony  was  now  in  the  full  tide  of  prosperity.  Its 
numbers  had  greatly  increased,  and  its  settlements  were  widely 
extended.  At  peace  with  the  Indisns,  it  reposed  in  perfect  se- 
curity, and  enjoyed  without  alloy  all  the  happiness  which  its 
fortunate  situation  and  favorable  prospects  afforded.  It  was 
(loomed  to  experience  a  reverse  of  fortune,  sudden,  distresswg, 
and  terrible. 

37.  Powhatan,  the  friend  of  the  Kngli^  was  dead.  ih>ecan 
canough,  a  chief  ^ndiowed  with  all  those  quaUUes  which  give 
rank  and  reputation  to  an  Indian  warrior,  had  succeeded  Ijom  in 
his  influence  and  power,  but  he  was  the  secret  and  InnlBcablo 
enemy  of  the  whites.  By  his  art  and  eloquence,  he  ludted  sdl 
the  neighboring  tribes  in  Ui6  horrible  design  of  destroypg  ct^ery 
man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  English  settlements. 

38.^  The  plan  was  concerted  and  matured,  with  all  the  aecracy 
and  difvimulation  whiclrcharacterize  the  savages.    WJMle  intn^  , 


f-. 


'S 


VI 


"■«  -Jil 


if 


i 


i?i 


*!■■ 


^2 


TIR€INIA. 


-en  their'plot, they  vigltM  the  settlements,  lodged  in  the'  houses^ 
.bdtight  arms  of  the  Hbglish,  and  even  borrowed  their  boats  to 
enable  them  to  accomplish  their  barbarous  purpose. 

3^;  On  the  evening  before  the  fatal  day,  they  brought  them 
presents  of  game ;  andthe  next  morning  came  freely  among  them, 
behaving  as  iisual.  Suddenly^^recise^  at  mid«day ,  tbe  blow  fell, 
at  tlie  dame  instant,  upon  the  unsuspecting  settlers;  and  three 
huiidred  and  forty-e&ven  men,  women,  and  chUdren,  were  victims 
io  savage  treachery  and  cruelty.  The  massacrewould  have  been 
more  extensive  had  not  a  domesticated  Indian,  residing  in  one  of 
tlie  villages,  revealed  the  plot  to  his  master,  whom  he  hftd  been 
solicited  to  murder.  Information  was  instantly  given  to  some  of 
the  nearest  settlements,  and  just  in  time  to  save  them  frofn  the 
calan^ty  which  fell  upon  the  others. 

40;  The  horrid  spectacle  before  them  roused  the  English  from 
repbse  to  vengeance.  A  vindictive  and  exterminating  war  suc- 
ceeded. The  whites  were  victorious,  destroying  many  of  their 
enemies,  and  obligii^  the  remainder  to  retire  fiif  into  the  vrilder- 
nes^.  But  their  own  number  melted  away  before  the  miseries 
ofivar;  their  settlements  were  risduced  from  eighty  td  eight,  ahd 
famine  again  visited  them  with  its  afflicting  scourge,  fa  1624, 
oiit  of  rat^  thousand  persons,  who  had  been  sent  from  England, 
but  eighl^n  hundred  existed  in  the  colony. 

41.  These  continual  misfortunes  attracted  the  attention  of  king 
James.  He  revoked  the  charter  which  he  had  granted,  and 
committed  the  management  of  all  the  affairs  of  the  colony  to  a 
governor  and  twelve  counselloi's,  who  were  to  be  appointed  by 
tile  king  and  to  be  guided  by  his  iqstructions.  Of  these  instruc- 
tions, those  coniieming  tobacco,  the  principal  article  exported 
fi*om  the  colony,  may  be  taken  as>  a  sample.  It  was  ordained 
that  thoae  who  raised  it  should  not  themselves  be  permitted  to 
dispose  c^  it,  but  should  export  it  to  England,  and  deliver  it  to 
certain  designated  agents ;  and  they  alone  were  authorized  to 
selliti  - 

42.  Under  such  arbitrary  regulations,  th6  people  lived  and 
sufteredyE  until  the  year  1636,  when  sir  John  Harvey  held  the 
office  of  governor.  He  was  haughty,  rapacious,  unfeeling,  and 
fitted,  by  his  dispositiony^to  exercise  power  in  the  true  spirit  of 
his  iniAructions.  inflamed  to  madness  by  his  oppressions,  the 
Yurginisliil,  in  a  fit  of  popular  rage,  seized  and  sent  him  a  pri- 
soner to  England.  At  the  same  time,  they  despatched  two  de- 
putes charged  to  repre^nt  the  grievsmces  of  ihe  colony  and  the 
governor's  mlsconductftC^^  * 

43.  Charles  th^  first,  who  was  then  king,  indignant  at  the  vio- 
lent proceeding,  received  the  deputies  stcfnly,  and  sent  baek  thb 


-'mtfrrf"'- 


VIRGINIA. 


119 


goveraoi')  invested  with  all  his  ibrmer  powers.  Ue  was,  how- 
ever, in  1639,  sucteeded  by  Sir  William  Smceley,  wh^  was  in- 
structed'again  to  allow  the  Yirginiai^  to  elect  representetives. 
Such  was  their  gratili\i4«  to  ^  ^"%  ^^^  ^^  favor,  that  during 
the  civil  wars  betweei^tt|md  his  parliament,  they  were  faithlU 
(0  tbie  royal  caute,  and  cont  .ued  Isdthful  even  after  he  was  de- 
throned and  his  son  driven  into  exile. 

44.  The  parliament,  irritated  by  this  conduct  of  the  Tirginiaiig, 
86nt  sir  George  Ayscue,  m  1652,  Vith  a  powerful  fleet,  to  reduce 
them  to  submission.  Berkdey,  with 'more  spirit  than  prudence, 
opposed  this  force ;  but  after  maldng  a  gallant  resistance,  he  was 
obHged  to  yield.  Ue  obtained  the  most  favorable  terms  for  the 
cddny,  but  ask^  no  stipulations  in  his  own  favor.  -  Withdraw- 
ing to  a  retired  situation,  he  lived  beloved  and  respected  by  the 
people. 

45.  For  nine  years  afterwards,  governors  appointed  by  Crom- 
well, continued  to  preside  over  the  colony.  But  the  predilection 
for  royalty,  which  the  li^iabitants  had  displayed,  was  remember- 
ed, and  they  were  less  £i.vored  than  those  of  Kew-£n|^buu^,  who, 
like  the  predommant  j>arty  in  Great.  Britain,  were  repiibliws  in 
pdititos,  and  puritans  in  religion.  Arbi^^  .ry  restdctiona  upon  the 
commerce  of  Virginia  chedced  its  prosperity,  lind  produced  dis>- 
coiitent.  At  length,  the  sudden  death  of  governor  If  aUhevfs 
afforded,  to  the  adherents  of  the  royal  cause,  a  favorable  oppor- 
tunity, which  they  gladly  seized,  to  proclaun  C^pdes  the  second, 
and  to  invite  Berkeley  to  resume  the  authority  of  governor.  He 
consented,  recpuring  only  their  solemn  promise  to  hazard  their 
lives  and  fortunes  m  supporting  the  cause  Uiey  bad  espoused. 

46.  At  il^is  period,  no  intelligence  had  been  received  of  the 
death  of  Cromwell.  Fortunately  for  the  colony,  that ,  event 
happened  soon  aft:er;.  the  king  whom  they  had-  proclaimed  was 
restored  to  the  throne ;  and  Virginia  for  a  long  time  boastecl, 
that  she  was  tlie  last  of  the  British  dommions  tlmt  submitted  to 
Cromwell,  and  the  first  that  returned  to  her  allegiance. 

47.  Charles  the  second  confirmed  sir  William  Berkeley  in  the 
office  of  governor ;  but,  with  characteristic  ingratitude,  lie  nieg- 
lected  the  interests  of  the  colony,  and  even  imposed  additional 
restrictions  upon  its  commerce.  He  also  gianted  to  h^iaVorites 
large  tracts  of  land  which  belonged  to  the  colony.  ^hes^,.|n- 
juries,  inflicted  by  a  hand  which  ought  to  ha v^  bestowed  &^irs, 
wounded  the  feelings  oftiie  Virginians,  and  produced,  miunnurs 
and  complaiQ,;s.  No  relief  being  granted,  an  open  aji^  turbulent 
insurrection  was  the  consequence. 

48.  At  the  head  of  the  insurgents,  was  Nathaniel  Bac^  He 
was  a  lawyer,  educated  in  Londpn,  and  was  appointed  a  tt»mber 


i 

d  -a 


^ 


u 


VIRGINIA. 


t 


'  ^i'*' 


hi 


of  the  council,  a  s|M>it  time  after  bis  emigration  to  Virginia. 
He  wais  young,  bold,  ambitious ;  his  person  engaging,  and  his 
elocution  commanding.  He  harangued  the  citizens  upon  their 
giievances ;  inflamed  their  resentment  against  their  mlers;  de- 
daimed  partieiilarly  against  the  languor  wHh  which  the  war,  then 
existing  with  the  Indians,  had  been  conducted  ;  and  such  was 
the  efkct  of  his  representations,  that  he  was  elected  general  by 
the  people. 

49.  He  applied  to  the  governor  for  a  commission  confirming 
this  election,  and  offered  instantly  to  march,  at  the  head  of  the 
citizens,  against  the  savages.  Sir  William  indignantly  refused, 
and  issued  a  proclamation  commanding  the  insurgen .;  to  dispenie. 
Bacon  had  advanced  too  far  to  recede  with  honor  or  safe<;y.  Ho 
hastened,  at  the  head  of  six  hundred  armed  followers,  to  James- 
town, surrounded  ^he  house  where  the  governor  and  council 
wore  assembled,  and  repeated  his  demand* 

50.  The  coimcil,  intimidated  by-  the  threats  of  the  enraged 
multitude,  hastily  prepared  a  commission,  and,  by  their  entreaties, 
prevailed  on  the  governor  to  sign  it.     Bacon  and  his  troops,  then 
began  their  march  against  the  Indians.     But  the  councU,  when 
relieved  from  their  i'Mi:^,  declared  the  commission  void,  and 
proclaimed  him  a  rebel.     Enraged  at  this  conduct,  he  instantly  i 
returned;  with  all  his  forces,  to  Jamestown.     The  governor  flerJ, 
the  council  dispersed,  and  he  found  himself  in  possession  of  I 
supreme  power.    To  give  it  some  show  of  legality,  he  called  | 
together  me  most  considerable  gentlemen  in  tiie  colony,  who  | 
bound  themselves  by  oath  to  support  his  authority. 

61.  Some  districts  remsdned  faithful  to  Berkelpj,  who  col-, 
lected  forces,  and  made  inroads  into  tiicse  sections  wncre  Bacon's 
authority  was  recognised.     The  latter  retaliuted,  and  for  some  | 
months,  a  civil  war,  with  all  its  peculiar  horrors,  raged  in  Vir- 
ginia.   Jamestown  was  burned,  and  some  of  the  fiuest  and  best] 
cultivated  districts  were  laid  waste*  I 

52.  King  Charles,  informed  of  the  situation  of  affairs,  de- 
spatched a  body  of  troops  to  the  assistance  of  Berkeley.  Bacoji 
and  his  followers,  unintimidated  by  their  approach,  determinod 
to  oppose  them;  but  when  prepared  to  take  the  field,  this  darinif 
and  successful  leader,  havirg  exercised  the  supreme  power  fur 
seven  months,  sickened  and  died  ;  and  no  person  being  found  I 
among  tlie  insurgents  qualified  to  supply  his  place,  as  the  generail 
of  an  army  or  as  a  popular  leader^  they  laid  down  tlieir  arms  andj 
dispersed. 

53.  Governor  Berkeley  again  assumed  the  supreme  authorit/J 
and  finding  the  rebels  in  his  power,  pui'sucd  them  with  unsparing' 
rigor.     MaJjy  were  trind  !»y  cmwi'i  mnrtial,  and  exrcutcd.     Tl)«| 


..% 


MABdACHUSETTS. 


U 


mfiembly  interfered,  pray^  him  to  stop  the  work  of  death,  and 
enacted  laws  which  gradual!/  restored  tranquiilitj.  Soon  after, 
Sir  William  retained  to  Ehgland,  and  his  authoHty  devolved  on 
colonel  Jeffreys,  the  lieutenant-governor*  Under  his  administra- 
tion, peace  was  concluded  With  the  Indians ;  and  notwitlist'xfiding 
the  tyrannical  regulations  of  the  king,  and  the  oppressive  re- 
strictions upon  commerce,  the  colony  increased  in  wealth  and 
population.  In  the  year  165^,  the  numher  of  inliabitauts  ex- 
ceeded 60,000. 

6  4.  Between  this  period  and  the  commencement  of  the  French 
war  of  1766,  an  account  of  which  will  be  found  in  a  subsequent 
chapter,  but  few  events  occurred  in  the  colojiy  of  sufficient  im- 
portance to  find  a  place  in  iiistory.  Its  position,  )remote  from 
tlie  settlements  of  the  French  in  Canada,  and  of  the  Spaniards  in 
Florida,  was  favourable  to  its  quiet.  New-England  and  New- 
Ycjrk,  on  the  one  hand,  Greorgia  and  the  Carolinas  on  the  other, 
protected  it  from  savage  incursions.  Its  affairs  were  adniiuiateiMjd 
by  governors  appointed  by  the  kin*^,  and  representatives  chosen 
by  the  people. 

55.  The  laudable  eflbrts  of  fliese  representatives,  to  arrest  tlie 
prc^gress  of  slavery  in  the  colony,  ought  not  to  be  pa^ed  over  ill 
sihiuce.  Convinced  of  its  inhumanity,  and  foreseeing  the  dread- 
ful evils  which  it  must  produce,  they  often  passed  laws  prohibiting 
the  importation  of  slaves ;  but  those  who  were  higher  in  witlio- 
nty,  yielding  to  the  wishes  of  merchants  engaged  in  the  abomina- 
ble traffic,  persisted,  with  crimmal  ob«tinacy,  in  withholding  their 
assent.  EngUmd,  not  America,  is  responsible  for  the  wret<!hed- 
ness,  which  her  kings  and  her  officorJj  were  often  impoituned, 
but  refused,  to  avert. 


CHAPTER  II. 


MASSACHUSETTS 

OV  the  two  companies  incorpoi*aled  by  king  James,  an  account 
ef  the  proceedings  and  dissolution  of  one,  and  a  history  of  the 
colony  ft  founded,  have  been  given  ui  tlie  preceding  chapter.  To 
t]i«»  other,  or  1*1)  niouth  company,  was  unsigned  a  portioil  of  th« 


I  I 


(S 


.), 


26 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


!    ''! 


i      IJ 


American  continent  lying  farther  to  the  north,  and  at  that  time 
called  North  Virginia.  " 

2.  The  latter,  in  1606,  the  year  in  which  both  were  incorpo- 
rated, despatched  A  ship  to  make  discoveries  within  the  limits  of 
its  grant.  Before  the  voyage  wds  completed,  she  was  captured 
by  me  Spaniards.  Another  ship,  aflenvards  sent  for  the  same 
purpose,  returned  with  such  a  favorable  account  of  the  territory 
that  the  company  was  encouraged  to  proceed  in  the  lindeiiaking. 

3.  The  next  year,  forty-five  men  were  sent  over  and  left  at  thfe 
mouth  of  the  river  Kennebec.  In  1608,  dispirited  by  the  hard- 
ships they  had  endured,  they  returned  to  England  in  ships  which 
had  brought  them  provisions  and  succors,  The  company,  disap- 
pointed and  dissatisfied,  desbted  for  a  while  from  dl  attempts  to 
efiect  a  settlement. 

4.  In  1614,  John  Smith,  the  ssune  who  acted  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  settlement  of  Vii^^ia,  made  a  voyage  to  tliis  noithern 
country,  touching  first  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec.  Sailing; 
thence,  in  an  open  boat,  he  surveyed  the  coast  to  the  southern 
boundary  of  Massachusetts  bay.  The  northern  promontorj-  he 
named  Tragabigzanda,  in  honor  of  the  Turkish  lady  to  whom  he 
had  formerly  been  a  slave.  The  three  small  islands,  lying  near 
the  head  of  the  promontory,  he  called  the  Three  Turks*  Heads, 
in  memory  of  his  victory  over  the  three  Turkish  champions. 
Both  appellations  have  been  changed  for  others.  On  his  return 
to  England,  he  presented  to  prince  Charles  a  map  of  the  country, 
and  gave  him  such  a  glowing  description  of  its  beauty  and  excel- 
lence, that  he,  in  the  warmth  of  his  admiration,  declared  it  should 
bear  the  name  of  New-England. 

5.  Smith  afterwards  made  an  attempt  to  transport  a  colony 
thither,  which  was  unsuccessful ;  and  New-England  might  long 
liave  remained  the  abode  of  wild  beasts  and  savages  only,  had  not 
motives,  more  powerful  than  the  love  of  gain  or  of  perilous,  ad- 
ventures, impelled  men,  differing  from  all  others  who  had  been 
the  founders  of  colonies,  to  select  it  as  the  place  of  their  residence. 

6.  In  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  cfentury,  James  the  first 
asserted  and  maintained  a  despotic  ppwer  over  tlie  consciences 
of  his  English  subject.  All  who  presumed  to  dissent  from  tlie 
creed  which  he  had  adopted  were  pei'secuted  with  extreme  rigor. 
In  tliat  age,  the  maxim  was  avowed  by  ecclesiastics  of  all  sects  hh 
well  as  politicians,  that  uniformity  in  religion  was  essential  to  tlir; 
repose  of  society,  and  that  it  was  tlierefore  the  right  and  duty  of 
evenr  eovo  elgn  to  preserve  it  in  his  dominions,  by  the  exercitje 
of  all  his  powers  of  restraint  and  punishment. 

7.  But  tree  inquiry  had  lately  received  such  an  impulse  from 
the  success  of  Luiliei:  and  the  otlier  reformers,  that  the  c?vil 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


27 


authority  was  unable  to  arrest  or  control!  it.  Various  sects  arospj 
dissenting  from  the  established  religion,  and  all  distinguished  by 
their  democratic  tenets  respecting  church  government.  Perse- 
cuted at  home,  a  small  number,  belonging  to  the  sect  which  were 
aftenvards  called  Independents^  ren^oved  to  Leyden,  in  Holland, 
where  they  formed  a  distinct  society  under  the  care  of  their  pas- 
tor, the  Rev.  John  Robinson.  B^  their  rigid  virtues  and  exem- 
[ilary  deportment,  they  acquired  the  respect  of  the  magistrates 
iind  citizens. 

8.  After  residing  several  years  in  that  city,  various  considera- 
liuns  induced  them  to  resolve  to  leave  it.  In  161 Q^  tliey  applied 
to  the  London,  or  South  Virginia,  coi^pany,  for  a.  grioit  of  land 
in  America ;  and  to  ensure  success,  tiiey  observed,  "that  they 
v.eiHi  ^yel\  w  eaned  from  the  delicate  milk  of  the  mottier  country, 
a;  id  iniJi'cd  to  the  difficulties  of  a  strange  land  ;  tliat  they  were 
knit  tGgctlier  by  a  strict  and  sacred  bond,  by  vulue  of  which  they 
held  tliemsclvcs  bound  to  tal^e  care  of  the  good  of  each  other  and 
of  the  wiiole ;  that  it  was  not  with  them  as  with  other  men,  whom 
saiuU  things  could  discourage,  or  small  discontents  cause  to  wish 
Ujcmseh'es  home  again." 

0.  A  gi'ant  was  obtahied,  and  in  September,  1620,  a  part  of 
^hcm  set  sail  for  Hudson's  river ;  but  the  master  of  the  ship, 
bribed,  it  is  said,  by  the  Dutch,  who  claimed  the  sole  right  of 
trading  in  that  quarter,  caiTied  them  farther  north,  and  the  first 
land  tliey  discovered  was  Cape  Cod.  This,  they  were  aware, 
was  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Ijondon  con>pany,  but  it  was  now 
November,  and  too  late  in  the  season  to  put  again  to  sea.  They 
tiiereibre  determined  to  land  at  the  first  place  they  could  find 
RuiUible  for  a  settlement. 

10.  Before  leaving  the  ship,  the  heads  of  famihes  and  freemen, 
forty-one  in  number,  signed  a  solemn  covenant,  combining  them- 
selves into  a  body  poUtic  for  the  purpose  of  making  equal  laws 
i'ov  the  general' good.  They  ordained  that  a  governor  and  as- 
si.stants  sliould  be  annually  chosen,  but  the  sovereign  power  re- 
niuiiied  in  the  whole  body  of  freemen.  John  Carver  was  elected 
governor.  • 

11.  On  the  1 1th  of  December,  [O.  S.]  they  landed  on  a  deso- 
l.tte  coast.      Sterile  sands  and  gloomy  forests  were  the  only  ob- 

I  jects  that  met  their  view.  The  severity  of  the  cold,  greater  than 
I  tliey  had  ever  experienced,  admonished  them  to  seek  protection 
I  s)!(ninst  it ;  and  their  first  employment  was  the  erection  of  huts 
liti  the  most  convenient  and  sheltered  situations.  In  these  miscr- 
{al)!e  abodes  they  passed  the  winter,  tliose  at  least  who  survived  it. 
By  the  succeeding  spring,  one  half  of  their  number  had  perished^ 


1^ 


il 


.. 


■  ■     I 


-  L 
■^1 


28 


MASSACHUSETl'S. 


Ill 


\ 


exhausted  by  continual  suffering,. and  by  the  privatioa  of  e^ery 
worldly  comfort  which  they  had  been  accustomed  to  enjoy. 

12.  Their  settlement  was  found  to  be  within  the  limits  of  the 
Plymouth,  company  from  which  tliey  solicited  and  obtaiik>}d  a 
grant  of  land ;  but  they  were  never  incorporated  by  the  king. 
They  called  the  place  New-Plymouth.  They  often  receiv^il 
small  additions  to  their  nuniber,  which,  in  1630,  amounted  to 
three  hundred. 

13.  In  the  mean  tune,  the  same  causes  that  drove  Mr.  Robin 
sou  and  his  congregation  from  England  liad  continued  to  operate. 
A  class  of  dissenters,  denominated  puritans  from  the  austerit}*  of 
their  manners,  and  from  their  claims  to  superior  purity  in  worship 
and  di6cipline,liad  become  numerous ;  and  as,  by  their  new  mode 
of  worsh^  they  violated  tlie  laws  of  the  land,  they  were  prose- 
cuted as  crimmals.  Their  faith  was  confirmed  and  their  zeal  in 
creased  by  their  sufferings;  and  having  learned  that  complete  re- 
ligious freedom  was  enjoyed  at  New-Plymouth,  in  America,  thej 
naturally  directed  their  thoughts  to  that  country,  as  a  secure  asy- 
lum from  persecution.  „ 

14.  In  1627,  an  association  of  puntans,  residing  at  Dorchester 
and  the  vicinity,  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  plantuig  a  colony 
in  New-England,  to  which  they  and  tlieu*  brethren  might  repair, 
and,  in  seclusion  and  safety,  worship  God  accm*ding  to  the  dic- 
tates of  conscience.  They  obtained  from  tlie  Plymouth  compa- 
ny* ^  grant  of  the  territory,  which  now  constitutes  a  part  of  tho 
state  of  Massachusetts,  and  sent  over,  under  the  direction  ol 
John  Endicott,  a  small  number  of  people,  to  begin  a  plantation. 
These,  in  September,  landed  at  a  place  called,  by  the  Indians, 
Naumkeak,  and,  by  themselves,  S^em. 

15.  The  liext  year,  they  obtained  a  charter  from  the  crown,  by 
which  the  usual  powers  of  a  corporation  were  conferred  upon  the 
grantees,  by  the  name  of  the  "  Governor  and  Company  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  in  New-England."  It  ordained,  that  the  officers 
of  the  company  should  be  a  Governor,  a  deputy  Governor,  and 
eighteen  assistants,  to  be  named,  in  the  finrt  instance,  by  the  crown, 
and  allerwards  elected  by  the  corporation.  Four  stated  meetings 
of  all  tlie  members  were  to  be  held  annually,  under  the  denomi- 
nation of  the  General  Court,  at  whicii  they  were  authorised  to 
admit  freemen  or  members,  and  to  make  such  ordinances  or  Vxwa, 
not  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  England,  as  they  might  deem  expe- 
dient. The  colonists,  and  their  descendants,  were  declared  to 
be  entitled  to  all  the  rights  of  natural  born  English  subjects. 

16.  At  a  General  Court,  held  at  London,  in  1629,  the  officers 
prescribed  by  the  charter,  were  elected,  aud  severul  ordinance* 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


M 


tvere  adopted  for  the  government  of  the  company.  Three 
hundred  people  were  sent  crver,  of  whom  one  hundred,  dissatisfied 
with  the  situation  of  Salem,  removed  to  Charlestown.  Religion 
was  the  first  object  of  their  care  in  the  country  they  had  adopted. 
A  religious  covenant  was  agreed  upon,  and  a  confession  of  faith 
drawn  up,  to  which  their  assent  was  given.  Pastors  were  chosen, 
and  were,  from  necessity,  installed  into  their  sacred  offices  by 
the  imposition  of  the  hands  of  the  brethren. 

17.  The  ensuing  winter  was  a  period  of  uncommon  suffering 
and  sickness.  The  cold  was  intense ;  the  houses  were  unfinished ; 
the  provisions  were  insufficient  and  unwholesome.  Before 
spring,  nearly  half  their  number  perished,  "lamenting  that  they 
could  not  live  to  see  theorising  glories  of  the  faithful." 

18.  These  calamities  had  some  effect  in  deterrlsg  others 
from  joining  them ;  but  the  consideration  that  the  general  courts 
were  held,  the  officers  elected,  and  the  laws  enacted,  in  London, 
had  still  greater  influence.  It  did  not  comport  vdth  the  vie^vs 
and  feelings  of  those  who  disdained  to  submit  to  authority  in 
matters  of  faith,  to  consent  to  remove  to  the  new  world,  and 
lliere  be  governed  by  laws  which  tliey  could  have  no  part  in 
enacting.  Representations  to  this  effect  were  made  to  the  com- 
pany, who  resolved  that  the  government  and  patent  should  be 
removed  to  Massachusetts.  ^  .^ 

19.  This  wise  resolution  gave  such  encouragement  to  emigra* 
tion,  that,  in  1630,  more  than  fifteen  hundred  persons  came  over, 
and  founded  Boston  and  sevei*al  adjacent  towns.  Of  these  per- 
sons, all  were  respectable,  and  many  were  from  illustrious  and 
xioble  families.  Having  been  accustomed  to  a  life  of  ease  and 
enjoyment,  their  sufferings,  the  fii*st  year,  were  great,  and  proved 
fatarto  many  ;  among  others,  to  the  lady  Arabella,  who,  to  use 
the  words  of  an  early  historian  of  the  country,  "  came  from  a 
paradise  of  plenty  and  pleasure,  in  the  family  of  a  noble  earl,  into 
a  wilderness  of  wants ;  and  although  celebrated  for  her  many 
viiiues,  yet  was  not  able  to  encounter  the  adversity  she  was  sur- 
rounded with ;  and,  in  about  a  month  after  her  arrival,  she  ended 
her  days  at  Salem,  where  she  first  landed.'*  Mr.  Johnson,  her 
husband,  overcome  with  grief,  survived  her  but  a  short  time. 

20.  Before  December,  two  hundred  perished.  On  the  24th 
of  that  month,  the  cold  became  intense.  Such  a  Christmas  eve 
they  had  never  before  known.  Yet  the  inclemency  of  the 
weather  continued  to  increase.  They  were  almost  destitute  of 
provisions,  and  many  were  obliged  to  subsut  on  clams,  musclep, 
and  other  shell  fish,  with  uuts  and  acorns  inscead  of  bread. 
Many  more  died;  but  in  this  extremity,  that  ardor  of  conviction 
which  impelled  them  to  emigrate,  remained  in  full  force,  and 


•Ml 


),'i 


30 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


lii 


I  I 


l^i   'SI 


they  met,  with  a  firm,  unshaken  spirit,  the  calamities  wliich  as 
sailed  them. 

21.  One  great  object  of  the  puritans,  in  retirini|^  to  the  unoc 
eupied  regions  of  New-England,  was  the  establishment  of  ui 
religious  commomrealth,  sis  nearly  upon  the  model  of  that  of  tiie 
Jews  as  the  dii^rence  of  circumstances  would  admit.  To  ac« 
complish  this  object,  they  deemed  it  necessar}'^,  and  at  a  general 
court,  held  in  IG31,  they  oixlained,  that  none  but  tiiose  who  had 
made  a  profession  of  religion,  and  had  become  members  of  soma 
church,  should  be  admitted  members  of  the  corporation,  or  enjoy 
the  privilege  of  voting. 

22.  This  law  has  been  too  severely  censured  by  those  t^io 
have  \\ve<\  in  more  liberal  and  enlightened  times.  It  contradicted 
none »  ,0  lupofessions  of  the  puritans.  It  was  in  strict  accortlance 
wi%  toe  avowed  motives  of  their  emigration.  It  exhibi^  less 
iiitol^rance  than  was  then  displayed  by  every  other  nation.  It 
violated  the  rights  of  no  one,  for  no  one  could  claim  a  right  to 
come  into  the  territory  which  they  had  purchased.  And  it  was 
doubtless  essential,  such  was  then  the  temper  of  men's  minds,  to 
the  repose  of  their  little  society. 

23.  The  colonists  had  frequently  been  alarmed,  but  never  yet 
attacked,  by  the  Indians.  These  were  not,  in  fact,  in  a  condition 
to  do  much  injury.  A  few  years  before  tlie  arrival  of  the  Eng- 
lish, a  contagious  distemper  swept  away  a  great  number,  almost 
cxteiminating  seveml  tribes.  In  1633,  the  small  pox  dest^jm^i 
many  who  had  survived  the  pestilence ;  and  the  terdtory,  cpK- 
guous  to  the  first  settlements  of  the  English,  seemed  to  have  been 
providentially  made  vacant  for  ^heir  reception.  As  an  attack 
from  this  quarter  was,  however,  possible,  and  as  the  French, 
who  Had  a  trading  establishment  at  Acadia,  had  discovered  some 
symptoms  of  hostility,  it  was  thought  advisable  to  erect  fortiiicar 
tions  at  Boston,  and  other  places,  and  to  open  a  corresponderidl 
with  their  neighbours  at  New-Plymouth. 

24.  So  far  fi*om  tlie  capital  had  the  settlements  extended,  that 
it  was  found  extremely  inconvenient  for  all  the  freemen  to  as- 
semble and  transact  the  necessary  public  business.  In  1634,  the 
mode  of  lej^islation  was  altered,  by  the  genei'aj  consent  of  the 
towns,  lliey  delegated  to  twenty-four  representatives  the 
authority  granted,  by  the  chaiter,  to  the  whole  body  of  freemen. 
Tlus  important  alteration  was  adopted  the  more  readily,  as  the 
emigrants  had  been  familiar,  in  their  native  country,  with  the 
reprefl'iintative  system.  The  appellation  of  General  Court,  which 
hatd  lieea  applkd  to  all  tbe  freemen  when  assembled,  was  now 
trr.nsferr«d  to  their  repM|litaliTei. 

25.  In  the  same  year^ll^i'  William^  the  minister  of  Sakniy 


^j^" 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


31 


having  occasioned  disturbances,  hy  advancing  tenets  considered 
not  only  heretical  but  seditious,  and  being  found  i{:rec!aimable, 
was  ordered  to  leave  the  colony.  He  retired  to  Rehobotb,  whlcli 
was  then  within  the  jurisdiction  qf  Plymouth. 

26.  In  1685,  Massachusetts  received  from  England  a  large 
number  of  inhabitants,  and  among  them  came  two'who  after^vaids 
noted  conspicuous  parts  in  the  affsurs  of  their  native  counti'y. 
One  was  Hugh  Peterl^,  who  was  subsequently  a  chaplain  of 
Oliver  Cromwell ;  the  other  was  Mr.  Vane,  atlerwaitls  Sir 
1  lenry  Vane.  The  latter  was-  but  twenty-five  yeaw  of  age ;  bi;t 
b\'  ills  show  of  great  humility,  his  grave  and  solemn  deportment, 
and  his  ardent  professions  of  attachment  to  liberty,  be  stole  the 
hearts  of  the  puritans,  and,  the  year  after  his  arrival,  was  made 
governor  of  the  colony.  ' 

27.  His  popularity,  however,  was  ti*ansient.  During  his  ad- 
ininistration,  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  a  woman  who  was 
distinguished  for  her  eloquence,  and  had  imbibed  the  eu4huslasni 
of  the  age,  instituted  weelsly  meetings  for  pereons  "of  her  own 
sex,  in  which  she  commented  on  the  sermons  of  the  preceding 
Sunday,  and  advanced  certain  mystical  and  extravagant  doctrines. 
These  spread  rapidly  among  the  people,  and  many  bec-ame 
convTrts. 

28.  Governor  Vane,  with  Mr.  Cotton  and  Mr.  Wheelwright, 
two  distinguished  clergymen,  embraced  them  with  ardor ;  hut 
lieutenant  governor  Winthrop,  and  a  majority  of  tJie  churches, 
deemed  them  heretical  and  seditious.  Great  excitement  wa9 
jproduced  among  the  people ;  many  conferences  were  held ;  public 
Iksts  were  appointed ;  a  general  synod  was  summoned ;  and  afler 
much  intemperate  discussion,  her  opinions  were  determined  to 
he  erroneous,  and  she  and  some  of  her  adherents  were  banished 
from  the  colony. 

29.  Not  being  again  chosen  governor.  Vane  returned  in  dis- 
gust to  England,  engaged  in  the  civil  wars,  which  soon  after 
afTlicted  that  country,  sustained  high  offices  in  the  republfcan 
nai'ty,  and,  after  the  restoration  of  Charles  H,  was  accused  of 
nigh  treason,  convicted  and  executed.  Peters  pursued  a  similar 
career,  and  met  with  the  same  fate. 

30.  In  such  high  repute,  at  this  time,  were  the  settlements  in 
Massachusetts,  that  other  Englishmen,  still  more  conspicuous, 
had  determined  to  leave  their  native  land,  that  they  might  enjoy, 
in  a  desert,  the  civU  and  religions  liberty  wlileh  wis  deflMLlbem 
at  hoDuk.  Among  these  were  Mn  Hambden,  Sir  Arthur  Hseeklj^ 
and  Oliver  Cromwell,  whom  king  Charles,  by  express  oider,  4e» 
tained,  when  on  titie  point  of  embarking.  LHUe  did  he  inngia^ 
that,  by  this  act  of  antitniry  power,  he  kev>t  within  bis  kiitffdo  *" 


'■*t 


.  I 


M  ■ 


m 


m 


m 


dd 


MASSACniTSETTS. 


tliose  restless  vQtaries  of  fn^edom,  who  were  destined  to  overturn 
his  throne,  n^l  brin^  hia  heiid  to  the  block. 

31.  By  tli«  settlement  of  Massachusetts,  the  attention  of  emi- 
grants was  diveited  from  tlie  colony  of  Plymouth,  where  the  soil 
was  less  fertile.  It  nevertheless  continued  to  increase,  although 
slowly,  in  population.  In  1633,  the  government  of  that  colony 
built  a  trading  house,  near  Haitford,  which  was  the  first  building 
erected  within  the  boundaries  of  Connecticut.  Soon  after,  many 
persons  repaired  thither  from  Massachusetts.  In  1636,  Roger 
Williams  laid  the  foundation  of  Rhode  Island.  Subsequently, 
Kcw-Ham()shire  and  New-lluven  were  founded,  which  increas- 
ed to  five  the  number  (?!'  c(4ome«  in  New-England. 

32.  The  rapiii  proj^^resf^  of  the  English  settlements,  excited  the 
jealousy  of  the  natives.  They  had  welcomed,  without  fear,  the 
emigfrants  who  first  lande<l,  not  anticipating  their  future  encroach- 
ments. The  experience  of  a  few  years  convinced  them  tliat  they 
must  cither  exterminate  tijet?e  invaders  of  tlicir  country,  or  he 
themselves  exterminated. 

33.  Within  the  boundaries  of  Rhode  Inlvmd  and  Connecticut, 
lived  two  warlike  tribes,  the  Vequods  and  Narragansets.  Tlie 
tj^er  were  "hostile,  the  latter  friendly,  to  the  whites.  Between 
the  two  tribes  an  inveterate  enmity  existed  ;  but  the  more  saga- 
cious and  politic  Fequods  proposed  that  all  animosities  should  lie 
forgotten,  and  their  united  strength  directed  against  their  inva*. 
derSj  before  tliey  had  become  too  strong  to  be  resisted.  At  first 
the  Narragansets  wavered,  but  their  hatred  of  the  Pequods  over- 
powered the  suggestions  of  policy.  They  disclosed  the  proposal 
to  the  English,  aiid  invited  them  to  join  in  a  war  against  their 
common  enemy. 

.34.  The  colonies  wen^  roused  to  a  sense  of  their  danger.  „  In 
1637,  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  an<i  Connecticut,  agreed  to  unite 
their  forces,  and  atteaipt  the  entiixj  destruction  of  the  Pequods. 
Captain  Mason,  with  eighty  men,  principally  from  Connecticut, 
ami  three  hundrtnl  friendly  Indians,  was  immediately  sent  into 
thf^  country  of  the  enemy.  Early  in  the  morning  of  the  26th  of 
May,  he  attacked  one  of  the  principal  villages,  which  had  been 
surrounded  with  pallisadeM.  The  resistance  Wlis  brave  and  ob- 
stinate, and  thie  issue  of  the  battle  for  some  t^e  doubttid ;  but 
the  whites,  forcing  tlieir  way  into  the  enclosui^,  set  fire  to  the 

,  wigwams,  and  then,  retreating  a  short  distance,  surrounded  the 

f  i4|rn.  Many  of  the  Indians  perished  in  the  flaraies ;  others  were 
fm>t,  ki  their  attempts  to  flee.  Of  five  or  six  hundred,  within  the 
enclosure,  but  few  escaped.     The  English  troops,  of  whom  two 

.were  killed  and  sixteen  wounded,  returne^j^iriiimph  to  Hartford. 

^    85.  Ill  June,  another  body  of  troops,  prmcipally  from  l^lassa^ 


lv. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


»3 


tm 


chusetts,  mapch«jd  into  the  enemy's  country,  surrounUed  a  swamp, 
into  which  a  party  of  them  had  retired,  and, took  eighty  captive. 
Some  escaping,  they  were  pursued  to  another  £*.\anip,  situated 
near  New-Ilaven,  wliere  the  whole  strength  of  the  ti'ibe  was 
collected.  This  was,  in  like  manner,  surrounded ;  a  sharp  con- 
test eiu)ued ;  but  the  w|utes  were  again  victorious.  TTwo  hundred 
Pequods  were  killed  or  made  prisoners.  The  rcijmbdor  fled 
to  the  country  of  the  Mohawks.  The  brilliant  success  of  tJie 
English,  in  this  first  and  short  war  with  the  natives,  gave  the  neigli- 
boring  tribes  such  an  exalted  idea  of  their  prowess,  tliat,  tot  near- 
ly  forty  years,  they  were  neitlier  attacked  nor  molested. 

36.  Ten  years  had  now  elapsed  since  the  first  settlement  was 
niU(k^  at  Salem.  It  has  lieen  computed  tliut,  within  tliat  time, 
taeiity-one  thousand  persons  arrived  in  Ma^ssachusetts.  Tlie 
disseiiters  in  England  having  obtaiu'sd  the  iiscendcucy  hi  the  go- 
vernment, all  motives  for  emigration  ceased  ;  and  it  is  supposed 
that,  for  many  yeai-s  aftenvards,  more  peraons  returned  to  Eng- 
land, than  came  from  England  to  the  colonle.i. 

37.  Such,  however,  were  the  character  and  vh-tues  of  the  emi- 
grants; such  tiie  power  over  difficulties  which  their  resolute 
minds,  and  bodies  hardened  by  labor,  had  imparted  to  them,  that 
they  continued  to  increase,  with  astonishing  rapidity,  in  wealth 
and  numbers.  And  a  vote  of  the  house  of  <'ommon3,  stating  that 
**  the  plantations  in  New-England  had  iiad  good  nnd  prosperous 
success,  without  any  public  charge  to  the  state,"  h  quoted,  by  a 
historian  of  those  tuneu,  as  an  lionurabie  testitnouy  of  the  high 
merit  of  the  colonists. 

38.  Circumstances  and  events  had  alrea«Iy  impressed  a<;harac- 
ter  upon  tliem,  which,  though  Hoilened  in  its  ^vurHt  features  by 
the  progress  of  refinemer.t,  still  distinguiilies  their  descendants. 
Persecution  made  t£em  bigots;  piety  iiiade  tiiem  moral ;  poverty 
made  then^  frugal ;  incessant  toil  made  theni  hatxly^ond  robust ;  . 
dreary  solitudes  made  tliem  gloomy  and  superstitious ;  their  nu- 
merous clei^y  and  well  educated  leaders,  made  them  venerate 
literature  and  the  sciences. 

39.  Four  of  the  New-England  colanios,  Ma^3;ichusetts,  Con^^, 
necticut,  Plynioutli,  ai\\l *Nevv-Havon,  apjuehcmling  danger  fronA 
the  lad  tans,  from  tiie  Dut^h,  at  New- Vork,  aj\{l  from  the  French, 
al  Acadia,  fonned,  in  1H43,  a  firm  aii  I  p(!  .lotual  lojrjfiu%  oflTensivi^* 
and  defcMiaive.  By  the  articliis  of  thLi  leuijue,  ejurh  colony  was  to 
appoint  two  commis^iioners,  wi»o  vv«>re  to  a« i.^Muble,  by  rotation, 
in  the  respective  coh)nies,  and  were  ompowei'oJ  to  enact  ordh* 
nances  of  general  concern ;  and,  in  case  of  invtitslon,  eacli  colony 
was  bound,  upon  the  application  of  three  magistrates  of  the  in- 
vikJed  colory,  to  furnish  astipulated  proportion  oj  m?n  ana  money. 


vl 

1 

1"  : 

i 

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H 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


* 


mi 


49.  Strengthened  by  this  league,  the  colonies  were  respected 
hj  their  civilized  and  savage  neighbors.  With  the  French;  un- 
der D'AuJn^y,  Massachusetts  had  a  long  and  troublesome  dis- 
j>ute ;  which  was  adjusted,  in  1544,  by  a  treaty  made  by  governor 
Kndicott,  and  aftervyards  ratified  by  the  commissioners. 

41.  When  representatives  were  first  chosen,  they  sat  an^  voted 
in  the  same  chamber  with  the  assistants.  In  1635^  when  Mr. 
Hooker  applied  for  permission  to  form  a  settlement  on  Connecti- 
cut river,  a  majority  of  the  assistants  voted  against  granting  per 
mission;  but  a  majority  of  the  whole  assembly  in  favor  of  it. 
The  representatives  contended  that  a  majority  of  the  assistants 
Was  not  necessary,  and  that  the  vote  had  passed  in  the  affirma- 
tive. The  assistants  claimed  to  be  a  distinct  branch  of  the  legig- 
Hlature,  and  contended  that  it  had  passed  in  the  negative. 

42.  No  provision^aving  been  made  for  a  case  of  this  kind,  an 
'  adjournment,  for  a  week,  took  place ;  a  public  fast  was  appoint- 
ed, and  the  divine  direction  implored  in  all  the  congregations. 
When  the  assembly  again  met,  a  sermon  was  preached,  by  Mr. 
Cotton,  whicli  induced  the  representatives  to  yields  to  the  claim 
of  the  assistants.  In  1644,  tlie  dispute  was  renewed,  and  tlie 
assistants  were  again  victorious.  The  representatives  then  pro- 
posed that  the  two  classes  should  sit  apart,  and  form  distinct  bo* 
dies,  and  in  this  proposition  the  assistatits  concurred. 

43.  The'  contest  between  the  king  and  parliament,  at  length 
resulted  in  open  war ;  and  the  New-England  colonies,  actuated 
by  the  same  feeling  as  the  puritans  in  England,  embraced,  with 
ardor,  the  cause  of  the  latter.  The  parliament  rewarded  this 
attachment,  by  exempting  them  from  all  taxes ;  and  when  the  su- 

f)reme  authority  devolved  upon  Cromwell,  as  protector  of  the 
iberties  of  England,  they  found  in  him  a  friend  no  less  sincere 
and  zealous. 

44.  After  the  conqnest  of  Ireland,  he  invited  them  to  return 
and  settle  in  that  countiy ;  and,  subsequently,  having  conquered 
Jamaica,  he  endeavored  to  persuade  them  to  remove  to  that  fer- 
tile island,  and  more  genial  climate.  But  his  arguments  and  so- 
licitations were  unavailing.  They  enjoyedl^ in  their  present  abode, 
complete  religious  freedom,  and  th^^plci^ilege  they  were  unwil- 
ling to  hazard  in  pui*suit  of  a,dvantages  less  essential  to  their 
happiness. 

45.  In  1641,  the  settlements  in  New-Hampshire  were  incor- 
porated with  Massachusetts.  And,  in  1652,  the  inhabitants  of 
the  province  of  Mainf  were,  at  their  own  request,  taken  under 
{ler  protection.  This  province  had  been  granted  to  Sif  Ferdi<v 
nand  Gorges,  who,  in  1639,  first  established  a  government  over 
it     In  1640,  a  general  court  was  hf»ld  at  Saco.    Upon  the  death 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


d5 


01  die  proprietor,  in  1649,  most  of  the  officei'S  whom  he  h^d 
appointed,  deserted  it,  and  the  people  found  it  necesssary  to  re« 
sort  elsewliere  for  protection* 

46.  In  1656,  several  Quakers  arrived  in  the  fcolony.  In  this 
^e  oif  enthusiasts,  these  sectarians  surpassed  all  others  in  enthu- 
siasm. Their  behavior  was  rude,  contemptuous,  and  disoixlerlj'. 
They  reviled  magistrates  and  ministers,  and,  entering  churches 
on  the  Sabbath,  disturbed  the  solemnities  of  public  worehip.  Fpr 
these  offences  they  were  first  imprisoned,  arid  then  banished.  A 
law  was  passed  prohibiting  Quakers  from  coming  into  the  colony, 
imposing  the  penalty  of  banishment  upon  the  first  offence,  and  of 
death  upon  such  as  should  retm^n  afler  banishment.  Four,  who 
were  so  infatuated  as  to  return  and  obtrude  themselves  upon  t\}6 
notice  of  the  government,  suffered  the  death  which  they  appeared 
to  seek.  This  cruel  and  impolitic  law  \vas  soon  afterwards  re- 
pealed. 

47.  Cromwell,  who  had  governed  England  with  greater  ability 
and  higher  merit  than  most  of  her  kings,  died  in  1658,  and  aflci* 
an  intervTi^  of  two  years,  Charles  the  second,  a  prince  diestitute 
of  honor  =?♦  ad.  virtue,  was  recalled  from  exile  and  placed  upon  the 
throne.  He  was  reluctantly  acknowledged  by  the  colonies  of 
New-England.  They  had  been  the  favorites  of  the  parliament, 
and  the  protector,  and  apprehended,  with  good  reason,  the  loss  of 
their  civil  and  religious  privileges. 

48.  A  short  time  afler,  Whsdiey  and  Goffe,  two  of  the  judges 
who  had  sentenced  Charles  the  first  to  he  beheaded,  hating  fled 
before  the  return  of  his  successor,  arrived  in  IVew-England*' 
Their  first  place  of  residence  was  Cambridge ;  but  they  often  ap- 
peal^ publicly  in  Boston,  particularly  on  Sundays  and  other  da}'S 
of  religious  solemnities.  They  had  sustained  high  rank  in  Crom- 
well's army,  were  men  of  uncommon  talents,  and,  by  their  digni- 
fied mannei's  and  grave  deportment,  commanded  univ^al  respect, 

49.  As  soon  as  it  was  known  that  they  w6re  excepted  from  the 
general  pardon,  the  governor  suggested  to  the  coiut  of  assistants 
the  expediency  of  arresting  them.  A  majority  opposed  it,  and 
many  members  of  the  general  court  gave  them  assurances  of 
protectior?.  Considering  themselves,  howevfer,  unsafe  at  Cam- 
bi'idge,  they  removed  to  New-Haven,  where  they  were  received 
with  great  respect  by  the  clergy  and  magistrates. 

50.  After  a  short  residence  there,  enjoying,  in  private,  the  so- 
ciety of  their  friends,  the  governor  of  Massachusetts  received  a 
mandate  to  arrest  them.  A  waiTant  was  immediately  issued,  au- 
thorising two  zealous  royalists  to  search  for,  and  seize  them, 
nhei'ever  found,  in  New-England.  They  hastened  to  the  colony 
of  New-Haven,  exliibited  the  w?urrant  to  the  afovernor,  who  i-e- 


1 


f 


ll 


I'.'  I 

s.. 


I'M'  ^-i 

!  i' 


36 


MASSACHUSETTS 


lii 


sided  at  Guilford,  and  irequested  him  to  furnish  antliorit3r  and  as- 
iblfitftnte  to  pursue  them.  Desirous  of  favoring  the  exiles,  he 
affected  to  deliberate  until  the  next  morning,  and  then  utter\)  de- 
dined  acting  oiliciall^,  without  tlie  advice  of  his  council. 

51.  In  the  mean  time,  they  were  apprized  of  their  danger, 
and  retired  to  a  new  place  of  concealment.  The  pursuers,  oa 
wriving  at  New-Havch,  searched  every  suspected  house,  except 
the  one  where  the  judges  i^ere  concealed.  This  they  beii^an  to 
search,  but  were  induced,  by  the  address  of  the  mistress  of  it,  to 
desist.  When  the  pursuers  had  departed,  the  judges,  retiring 
into  tlie  woods,  fixed  their  abode  in  a  cave. 

62.  Having  there  heard  that  their  friends  were  threatened 
with  punishment,  for  having  afforded  them  protection,  they  co.rne 
from  their  hiding  place  for  the  purpose  of  delivering  themselves 
up ;  but  their  friends,  actuated  by  feeling's  equally  noble  aud 
generous,  persuaded  them  to  relinquish  their  intention.  Soon 
after,  they  removed  to  Milford,  where  they  remained  about  two 
years. 

53.  Upon  the  aiirival  of  other  persons,  instructed  to  appro 
h«nd  them,  they  repaired  privately  to  Hadley,  in  Massachusetts, 
where  they  resided  fifleen  or  sixteen  years,  but  few  persons  bein^' 
acquainted  with  the  place  of  their  concealment.  There  is,  in 
that  neighborhood,  a  tradition,  that  many  years  afterwards  two 
graves  were  discovered  in  the  minister's  cellar;  and  in  these,  it 
was  supposed,  they  had  been  interred.  At  New-Haven,  t^vo  i 
graves  are  shown,  said  to  be  those  of  the  two  judges.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  their  remains  were  removed  to  this  place  from  | 
Ilatlley. 

54.  A  singular  incident  which  occurred  at  the  latter  place,  in  I 
1675,  shows  that  one  of  these  illustrious  exiles  had  not  forgotteu 
the  avocaUons  of  his  youth.     The  people,  at  tlie  time  of  public 
worship,  were  alarmed  by  an  attack  fi'om  the  Indians,  and 
thrown  into  the  utmost  confusion.     Suddenly,  a  gi^vc,  elderly 

{person  appeared,  differing  in  his  mien  and  dress  from  all  around 
lim.     He  put  himself  at  their  head,  rallied,  encouraged,  and  led 
them  against  the  enemy,  who  were  repulsed  and  completely  del 
feated.    As  sudtlenly,  the  deliverer  of  Hadley  disappeared.   'Tk'| 
people  werelobt  in  amazement,  and  many  verily  believed  that  an 
angel  spnt  from  heaven  had  led  them  to  victory. 

66.  Their  treatment  of  the  king's  judges,  and  in  trutli  all  tlieirl 
conduct,  evinced  the  republican  spirit  of  the  colonists.  By  ikI 
royal  government  of  England,  they  could  riot,  therefore,  be  re •[ 
garded  with  favor.  In  1663,  it  was  enacted,  that  no  Europeuul 
commodity  should  be  imported  into  the  colonies,  unless  shippodf 
directly  from  Englsifd,  and  in  British  vessels.     By  this  regulaj 


--!*<..-■<    .'J^-- 


"'  '•^'^IMMpiaJMfMnaH 


3tASSAGHIJS£TTS. 


m 


uers,  oa 


tion^  in  eottnexion  «7iih  otihera  tliat  had  beei^  prenndasly  made, 
all  ^  trade  of  the  ooloides  ifan  aecui^  to  the  mother  country. 
Jh«f  erertiii^tted  reluetandy  to  uiese  reBtrictioiis,  and  often  made 
them  the  sabjeet  of  complaint.  But  England,  belie>mg  that 
they  augmented  her  wealth  and  power,  obsthiately  refiiaed  to  re 
peal  them. 

56.  In  1664,  the  Idng  despatched  four  commissloneni  to  visit 
the  several  colonies  in  New-Kngland,  to  examine  into  their 
condition,  to  hear  and  decide  complamts,  and  to  make  to  him  a 
report  of  their  proeecdmgs  and  observations.  This  measurewas 
dictated  by  no  friendly  motive,  and  was  considered  by  the  colo- 
nies as  a  violation  of  their  charters.  < 

57.  The  first  session  of  the  commissioners  was  at  Flymouth,^ 
where  but  little  business  was  transacted ;  the  next  in  Rhode- 
Island,  where  they  heard  complaints  from  the  Indians,  and  all 
who  were  discontented,  and  made  divers  determinations  respecting 
titles  to  land,  which  were  but  little  regarded.  In  Massachusetts, 
the  general  court  complied  with  such'of  their  requisitions  as  they 
thought  proper ;  but,  professing  sincere  loyalty  to  his  majesty, 
declined  acknowledging  their  authority,  and  protested  against  the 
exercise  of  it  within  their  limits. 

58.  In  consequence  of  this  manly  assertion  of  their  chartered 
fights,  an  angry  correspondence  took  place  between  them,  at  the 
close  of  which  the  commissioners  petulantly  told  the  general 
court,  ♦*that  they  would  lose  no  more  of  their  labors  upon  them,** 
but  would  represent  their  conduct  to  his  majesty. 

5^.  From  Boston,  the  commissioners  proceeded  to  New 
Hampshire,  where  they  exercised  several  acts  of  government, 
and  offered  to  release  the  inhabitants  from  the  ji^sdiction  of 
Massachusetts.  This  oiler  was  almost  unanimously  rejected. 
In  Maine,  they  excited  more  disturbance.  They  encouraged  the 
people  to  declare  themselves  independent,  and  found  many  dis- 
posed to  listen  to  their  suggestions ;  but  Massachusetts,  by  a 
prompt  and  vigorous  exertion  of  power,  constrained  the  disa£> 
iected  to  submit  to  hei*  authority. 

60.  Connecticut  appears  to  have  been  the  favorite  of  the  com- 
missionersi  She  treated  them  with  respect,  and  complied  with 
thehr  requisitions.  In  return,  they  made  such  a  representation 
of  her  meWta  to  the  king,  as  to  draw  from  him  a  letter  of  thanks. 
"  Aithough,*' says  he,  "your  carriage  doth  of  itself  most  justly 
deserve  our  praise  and  approbation,  yet  it  seems  to  be  set  off  with 
more  lustre  by  the  contrary  behavior  of  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts." 

^l,  Ai  ^e  end  of  fifty  jrears  from  the  arrival  of  the  emigraLtB 
ff  riymotitbjtbe  New-England  colonies  were  supposed  to  contain 


I. 

f.  . 
'.''■II 


-*-!! 


3S 


MASSACritJSETTS, 


,i 


I:  I 


one  hundred  and  twenty  townS)  and  astnany  thousand  inhabitantflr. 
The  acts  of  parliai)nent  not  being  rigidly  enforced,  their  trade 
had  become  extensive  and  profitable.  The  habits  of  industry 
and  economy,  which  had  been  formed  in  less  happy  times  conti- 
nued to  pre^I,  and  gave  a  competency  to  those  who  had  nothing, 
and  wealth  to  tliose  who  had  a  competency.  The  wilderness 
receded  before  adventurous  and  hardy  laborers,  and  its  savage 
iahii^itimti  found  their' game  dispersed,  and  their  favorite  haunts 
invaded. 

62.  This  was  the  natural  consequence  of  the  sales  of  land, 
which  were,  at  all  times,  readily  made  to  the  whites.  But  this 
consequence  the  Indians  did  not  forasee ;  and  when  they  felt  it 
in  all  its  force,  the  strongest  passions  were  awalcened  which  cai| 
animate  civilized  or  savage  man,  tlie  love  of  countiy  and  of  in, 
dependence. 

63.  A  leader  only  was  wanting  to  concentrate  and  direct  their 
exertions,  and  Philip,  of  Pokanoket,  sachem  of  a  tribe  living 
within  the  boundaries  of  Plymouth  and  Rhode-Island,  assumed 
that  honorable,  but  dangerous,  station.  His  father  was  the 
friend,  but  he  had  ever  been  the  enemy,  of  tlie  whites ;  and  this 
enmity;  arishig  from  causes  of  national  concern,  had  been  embit- 
tered to  vindictive  hatred  by  their  conduct  towards  his  elder 
brother.  This  brother,  being  suspected  of  plotting  against  them, 
was  seized  by  a  detachment  of  soldiers,  and  confined  ;  and  the 
indignity  so  wrought  upon  his  proud  spirit,  as  to  produce  a  fever 
that  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

64.  Philip  inherited  the  authority  and  proud  sphrit  of  bis 
brother.  He  exerted  all  the  arts  of  intrigue,  and  powers  of 
persuasion,  of  which  he  was  master,  to  induce  the  Indians,  in  all 
parts  of  New-England,  to  unite  their  efforts  for  tlie  destruction 
of  the  whites.    He  succeeded  in  forming  a  confederacy,  able  to 

#  aend  into  action  between  three  and  four  thousand  warriors. 

65.  The  English  were  apprized  of  the  plots  of  the  Indians,  and 
made  preparations  to  meet  their  hostilities.  They  hoped,  how- 
ever, tliat  the  threatened  storm  would  pass  by,  as  others  had,  and 
that  peace  would  be  preserved.  But  Uie  insolence  of  Philip,  and 
the  number  of  his  adherents,  increased  daily ;  and,  in  June, 
1675,  some  of  them  entered  the  town  of  Swanzey,  in  Plymoutli, 
where,  after  slaughtering  the  cattle,  and  plundering  the  houses, 
they  fired  upon  the  inhabitants,  killing  and  wounding  several. 

o6.  The  troops  of  that  colony  marched  immediately  to  Swan- 
zey, and  were  soon  joined  by  a  detachment  from  Massachusetts. 
The  Indians  fled,  and  marked  the  course  of  their  flight  by 
burning  the  buildings,  and  fixing  on  poles,  by  the  way  side,  the 
hnndft,  srntps,  andhcadtof  ,the  whiten  whom  they  had  kiUe4 


f 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


The  troops  pursued,  but  unable  to  overtake  them,  returned  to 
Swanzey,  ,    .  ' 

67.  The  whole  country  was  alarmed,  and  the  number  of  troops 
augmented.  By  tliis  array  of  force,  Philip  was  induced  to  quit 
his  residence  at  Mount  Ilope,  and  take  po^t  near  a  swamp  at 
Pocasset,  now  Tiverton.  At  that  place,  tlip  English  attacked 
Mm,  but  were  repulsed.  Sixteen  whites  were  killed,  and  the 
liuiians,  by  this  success,  were  made  bolder. 

68.  At  this  time,  most  of  the  settlements  were  surroimded  by 
thick  foreats,  and  the  Indians  lived  intermixed  with  the  whites. 
The  former  were  acquainted,  of  coui-se,  with  the  dwellings  of 
the  latter,  with  their  roads,  and  places  of  resoit;  could  watch  their 
motions,  and  fall  upon  them  in  their  defenceless  and  unguarded 
moments.  Many  were  shot  dead  as  they  opened  their  doors  in 
the  morning;  many  while  at  work  in  their  fields,  and  others  while 
travelling  to  visit  their  neighbours,  or  to  places  of  worship.  At 
all  times,  at  all  places,  in  all  employments,  were  their  lives  in 
jeopardy ;  and  no  one  could  tell  but  that,  in  the  next  moment,  he 
should  receive  his  death  shot  from  his  barn,  the  thicket,  or  the 
way  side.  ^ 

69.  Whenever  the  enemy  assembled  in  force,  detachments 
were  sent  against  them  ;  if  weaker  than  these,  they  would  re- 
treat; if  stronger,  assault  and  conquer  tiieni.  Defenceless  vil- 
lages ivere  suddenly  attacked,  the  houses  burned,  and  the  men, 
women,  and  children  killed,  or  can'ied  into  captivity.  Theii* 
ruin  was  the  work  of  a  moment;  and  when  accomplished,  its  au- 
thors vanisheci. 

70.  The  colonies,  losing  individuals,  families  and  villages, 
foimd  their  numbers  sensibly  diminished ;  their  strength  impaired ; 
and  began  to  apprehend  even  total  extinction.  Nothing  but  a 
vigorous  effort  could  save  them.  The  commissioners  met,  and 
determined  to  despatch  an  army  of  a  thousand  men,  to  attack  tlie 
principal  position  of  the  enemy.  Josiah  Winslow,  ffovemor  of 
Plymouth,  Was  appointed  commander-in-chief;  and  a  solemn 
fast,  to  invoke  the  divine  aid«  was  proclaimed  throughout  New- 
Kngland.  '  .?  • 

71.  On  the  18th  of  December,  tJie  different  bodies  of  troops 
formed  a  junction  at  a  place  in  the  countiy  of  the  Narragahsets, 
about  fifteen  miles  from  the  enemy,  Tlie  weather  was  extreme- 
ly cold,  but  the  men,  from  necessity,  passed  the  night,  uncovered, 
in  the  fields.  At  dawn  of  day,  they  began  their  march,  wading 
ttirough  the  deep  snow,  and  at  one  o'clock,  arrived  near  the  ene- 
my's post,  which  was  upon  a  rising  ground,  in  the  midst  of  a 
s^nip.  It  was  surrounded  by  palisades,  and  un  the  puteSde  of 
thestt  was  a  fence  of  brush,  a  md  in  width.  .      ^i.  - 


/    '■• 


I 


■vvi 


y.l 


1 

; 

i                  "\ 

w 

! 
-    \ 

w 

'  i 

p 

V 

A 

1 

i 

y 

m 

1 

1 

msSACHUSETTS. 


\ 


^f^.  Here  was  fought  die  most  desperate  battle  recorded  in  the 
early  annals  of  the  country..  It  continued  three  hours.  The 
English  obtained  a  decisive  victory.  One  thousand  Indian  war 
riors  tvere  Idlled ;  three  hundred  more,  and  as  many  women  a^u 
children  were  made  prisoners.  But  dearly  Was  the  victory  pur- 
chased. Six  brave  captains,  and  ei'j^hty  men,  were  killed,  and 
Tie  hundred  and  fifty  were  wounded. 

73.  From  this  blow,  the  confederated  Indians  never  recovered ; 
but  they  still  remained  sufficiently  strong  to  harass  the  settlements 
by  continual  inroads.  In  retaliation,  the  English  sent  several 
detachments  into  their  territorits,  nearly  all  of  which  were  suc- 
cessful. Captain  Church,  of  Plymouth,  and  Captain  Dennison, 
of  Connecticut,  were  conspicuous  for  their  bravery  and  gt^od 
fortune. 

74.  In  the  midst  of  these  reverses,  Philip  remained  firm  and 
unshakeit.  His  warriors  were  cut  off;  his  chief  men,  his  wife 
and  family,  were  killed  or  taken  prisoners ;  and  at  tiiese  succes- 
sive misfortunes,  he  is  represented  to  have  wept  with  a  bitterness 
which  proved  him  to  possess  the  noblest  of  human  virtues  and  affec- 
tions ;  but  he  disdained  to  listen  to  any  offers  of  peace.  He  even  shot 
one  of  his  men,  who  proposed  submission.  At  length,  afler  being 
hiuited  from  swamp  to  swamp,  he  was  himself  shot,  by  the  brother 
of  the  Indian  he  had  killed.  After  his  death,  the  remnant  of  hisjfol- 
lowers  either  submitted  to  the  English,  or  united  With  distant  tribes. 

76.  Never  was  peace  more  welcome,  for  never  had  war  been 
more  distressing.  The  whole  population  was  in  mourning  for 
relatives  slain.  Nearly  a  thousand  houses  had  been  burned,  and 
goods  and  cattle  of  great  value,  bad  been  plundered  or  destroyed. 
The  colonies  had  contracted  a  heavy  debt,  which,  theh*  resources 

\  having  been  so  much  diminished,  they  found  an  almost  insup- 
|iortable  burden.  But,  in  their  deepest  distress,  they  forbore  to 
apply  to  the  motlier  country  for  assistance ;  and  this  omission  ex- 
cited surprise  and  jealousy.  <*  You  act,*'  said  a  privy  counsellor, 
**  as  though  you  were  independent  of  our  master's  crown ;  and 
though  poor,  yet  you  are  proud." 

7(h  In  1680,  New-Hampshire,  at  Xhe  solicitation  of  John 
Mason,  to  whose  ancestor  a  part  of  the  territory  had  been  grant- 
ed, was  constituted  a  separate  colony.  Massachusetts,  appre- 
hending the  loss  of  Maine  also,  purchased  of  the  heirs  of  Goi^s, 
their  claim  to  the  soil  and  jurisdiction,  for  twelve  hundA*ed  ami 
fifty  pounds. 

77.  The  disregard  of  the  acts  of  trade  had  given  ffrent  offeniM^ 
to  tlie  mother  country,  and  the  Governors  of  New-England  were 
peremptorily  required  to  enforce  them.  But  being  enacted  by  a 
yariiament  in  which  the  colonii^s  were  not  represented,  they  were 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


regarded  as  violations  of  their  rights,  and  continued  to  be  evaded 
with  impunity.  Edward  Randolph  was  therefore  sent  over, 
commissioned  as  inspector  of  the  customs  in  Ne^ /-England. 
He  was  also  the  bearer  of  a  letter  from  the  king,  requiring  that 
agents  should  be  sent  to  the  couit  of  London,  fully  ^npowered 
to  act  for  the  colonic;}. 

78.  It  was  well  understood  to  be  the  intention  otf  the  king  to 
procure,  from  the  agents,  a  surrender  of  the  chartei^Ar  to  aoQul 
them  by  a  suit  in  his  courts,  that  he  might  himself  ^MtMyoMe^rs 
over  the  colonies,  who  would  be  subservient  to  his  vievft.  The 
inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  felt  that  to  be  deprived  of  their 
charter,  which  secured  to  them  the  right  of  self-government, 
would  be  the  greatest  of  calamities  ;  and  their  agents  were  in- 
structed, in  no  emergency,  to  surrender  it.  This  being  known 
to  the  king,  a  prosecution  was  instituted  agaihdt  the  corporation, 
and,  in  16S4,  a  subservient  couii;  decreed  Siat  the  charter  should 
be  cancelled. 

79.  All  impediments  to  the  exercise  of  the  royal  will  being  thus 
removed,  king  James  established  a  temporary  government  over 
the  colony,  first  appointing  Joseph  Dudley,  and,  in  1686,  Sir 
Edmund  Andross,  governor.  This  latter  appointment  caused 
the  most  gloomy  forebodings.  Sir  Edmund  had  been  governor 
of  New- York,  and  it  was  known  that  his  conduct  there  had  been 
ai'bitrary  and  tyrannical. 

80.  Having  secured  a  majority  in  the  council,  he  assumed  con- 
trol over  the  press,  appointing  Randolph  licenser.  He  establish- 
ed new  and  opprepiive  regulations  concerning  taxes,  public  wor- 
ship, marriages,  and  the  settlement  of  estates.  He,  and,  by  his 
permission,  his  subordinate  officers,  extorted  enormous  fees  for 
their  sei*vices.  He  declared  that,  the  charter  being  cancelled, 
the  old  titles  to  land  were  of  no  validity,  and  compelled  the  i^htk- 
bitants,  in  order  to  avoid  suits  before  judges  dependent  ou  Mm 
will,  to  take  out  new  patents,,  for  which  large  sums  were  de- 
manded. 

81.  The  hatred  of  the  people  was  excited  In  proportion  to  their 
Furtenngs.  In  tlie  beginning  of  1689,  a  rumor  reached  Bostoiv 
that  William,  prince  of  Orange,  had  invaded  England,  with  the 
intention  of  dethroning  the  king.  Animated  by  the  hope  of  dc* 
livernnct,  the  people  rushed  spontaneously  to  arms,  took  posses* 
sion  f>( the  fort,  seized  Andross,  Raidolph,  and  other  obnoxious 
pers(^t^.3,  an<l  placed  them  in  confinement.  A  council  of  sbiiitj' 
consisting  of  their  former  magistrates,  was  then  organizui.  to 
administer  the  government  until  authentic  intelligence  shoulJ  b^ 
leceived  from  England. 

S3.  In  a  few  weeks  a  sliin  arrived,  bringing  the  glad  tMl  ^ 

r)2 


''} 


H^fti 


i 


'  i 


I 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


that  William  and  Mary  were  firmly  seated  on  the  throne,  They 
were  immediately  proclaimed,  in  all  the  colonies,  with  unusual 
rejoicings.  The  people  of  Massachusetts  applied  for  the  restora- 
tion of  their  old,  or  the  grant  of  a  new  charter.  A  definite- an- 
swer was  deferred,  but  the  council  was  authorized  to  administer 
the  government,  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  ol,d  charter 
until  further^rections  should  be  given.  Andross,  J^andolph, 
and  otheyii^i^re  ordered  home  for  trial. 
^^SSL-'li^ffls  unsettled  state  of  the  country,  the  French  in  Canada 
and  NoifV  Scotia,  instigated  the  northern  and  eastern  Indians  to 
commence  hostilities  against  the  English  settlements..  Dover 
and  Salmon  Falls,  in  New-Hampshire,  Casco,  in  Maine,  and 
Schenectady,  in  New- York,  were  attacked  by  different  parties 
of  French  and  Indians,  and  the  most  shocking  barbarities  peq)e- 
trated  upqn  the  mhabitants. 

84.  Regarding  Canada  as  the  principal  source  of  their  miseries, 
New-England  and  New- York  formed  the  bold  project  of  reducing 
it  to  subjection.  By  great  exertion,  they  raised  an  amiy,  whicli, 
tinder  the  command  of  General  Winthrop,  was  sent  against 
Montreal,  and  equipped  a  fleet,  which,  commanded  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Phipps,  was  destined  to  attack  Quebec. 

85.  Both  returned  unsuccessful,  disappointing  the  sanguine 
hopes  of  the  people,  and  burdening  them  with  a  debt  which  tbey 
had  not  the  means  of  discharging.  To  pay  off  her  troops,  Mas- 
sachusetts put  in  circulation  bills  of  credit,  or  ps^er  money,  an 
expedient  which  was  afterwards  often  resorted  to,  and,  though  it 
artbrded  relief  at  the  moment,  produced,  in  its  consequences,  ex- 
tensive and  complicated  mischief. 

86.  In  the  mean  time,  a  new  charter  had  been  granted  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, which  added  Plymoutli,  Maine,  and  Nova  Scotia,  to 
herterritory.  The  only  privilege  it  allowed  to  tlie  people  wnj«, 
the  choice  of  representatives.  These  were  to  elect  a  council, 
and  both  bodies  were  to  constitute  the  legislative  power.  It  re- 
served to  the  king  the  right  of  appomting  the  governor  and  lieu- 
tenant governor.  To  the  governor  it  gave  the  power  of  rejecting 
laws,  of  negativing  the  choice  of  counsellors,  of  appointing  all 
military  and  judicial  officers,  of  adjourning  and  even  of  dissolving 
tlie  assembly  at  pleasure.  Laws,  although  approved  by  him, 
might  be  abrogated  by  the  king,  witliin  tiiree  years  after  their 
enactment.  . 

87.  The  king,  to  render  the  new  charter  more  acceptable,  ap- 
pointed Sir  William  Phipps,  a  native  of  the  province,  governor, 
and  in  169S,  he  arrived  at  Boston.  The  new  government  went 
into  operation  without  any  opposition  from  the  inhabitants ;  and 
almost  the  first  act  of  Sir  William  Phipps  arjd  his  council,  wa* 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


(tie  institution  of  a  court  to  try  the  unfortunate  victims  of  popular 
delusion,  accused  of  witchcraft,  at  Salem. 

88.  The  belief  in  this  supposed  crime,  had  been  so  prevalent 
in  England,  that  parliament  had  enacted  a  law  punishing  it  with 
death.  Under  this  law,  multitudes  had  been  tried  and  executed 
in  that  country,  and  two  or  three  in  Massachusetts,  some  of 
whoni  adknowledged  they  were  guilty.  Accounts  of  these  trials 
and  confessions,  and  particularly  of  some  trials  before  Sir  Mat- 
thew Hale,  a  judge  revered  in  the  colonies,  had  been  published 
and  distributed  throughout  the  country.  They  were  read,  in  a 
time  of  deep  distress  and  gloom,  by  a  people  naturally  sedate,  and 
accustomed  to  regard  with  awe  the  surpnsing  and  unaccountable 
incidents  and  appearances  which,  in  this  new  world,  were  oHen 
presented  to  their  contemplation. 

89.  In  February,  1692,  a  daughter  and  a  niece  of  Mr,  Paris, 
the  minister  of  Salem,  were  afflicted  with  disorders  affecting  their 
bodies  in  the  most  singular  manner.  The  physicians,  unsdble  to 
accoi  nt  for  their  contortions,  pronounced  them  bewitdied ;  and 
the  children,  hearing  of  this,  declared  that  an  Indian  woman, 
who  lived  in  the  house,  was  the  cause  of  their  torments.  Mr. 
Paris  concurred  with  the  physicians.  Several  private  fasts  were 
kept  at  his  house,  and  the  gloom  was  increased  by  a  solenrn  fast 
throughout  the  colony. 

90.  The  Indian  woman  confessed  herself  guilty.  The  children 
were  visited,  noticed,  and  pitied.  This  encouraged  them  to  per- 
severe, and  other  children,  either  from  sympathy  or  the  desire 
of  similar  attentions,  exhibited  similar  contortions.  A  distracted 
old  woman,  and  one  who  had  been  a  long  time  confined  to  her 
bed,  were  added  to  the  list  of  the  accused ;  and,  in  the  progress 
of  the  infatuation,  women  of  mature  age  united  with  the  children 
in  their  accusations. 

91 .  The  accused  were  multiplied  in  proportion  to  the  accusers. 
Children  accused  their  parents,  and  parents  their  children.  A 
word  from  those  who  were  supposed  to  be  afflicted,  occasioned 
the  arrest  of  the  devoteTl  victim ;  and  so  firmly  convinced  were 
the  magistrates,  that  the  prince  of  darkness  was  in  the  midst  of 
them,  using  human  instruments  to  accomplish  his  purposes,  that 
the  slightest  testimony  was  deemed  sufficient  to  justify  a  commit- 
ment for  trial. 

92.  Tile  court,  specially  instituted  for  this  purpose,  held  a 
session  in  June,  and  afterwards  several  others  by  adjournment 
Many  were  tried,  and  received  sentence  of  death.  A  tew  pleaded 
guilty.  Several  were  convicted  upon  testimony,  which,  st  other 
times,  would  not  have  induced  siippicion  of  an  ordinary  cilme, 


,ii .; 


1^ 


tASSACHUSETrs. 


and  some  upon  testimony  retracted  afler  conviction.  Nineteen 
ivere  executed,  and  many  yet  remained  to  be  tried, 
;^  93.  At  this  stage  of  the  proceedings,  the  legislature  established, 
by  law,  a  permanent  court,  by  which  the  other  was  superseded, 
and  Bxed  a  distant  day  for  its  first  session  at  Salem.  In  the  mean 
time,  the  accusations  multiplied,  and  additional  jails  were  recjuired 
to  hold  the  accused.  The  impostors,  hardened  by  imp;jRtty  and 
success,  ascended  from  decrepid  old  women,  to  respectable 
characters,  and  at  length,  in  their  ravings,  named  minbters  of 
tlie  gospel,  and  even  the  wife  of  the  governor.) 

94.  The  community  were  thrown  into  consternation.  Each 
felt  alarm  for  himself,  his  family,  and  his  friends.  The  shock 
roused  them  to  reflection.  They  considered  more  closely  the 
chai'actcr  of  the  accusers ;  the  nature  of  the  alleged  crime  ;  the 
testimony,  often  contradictory  and  never  explicit ;  and  more  than 
all  these,  the  high  standing  of  some  who  were  implicated ;  and 
began  to  doubt  whetlier  tliey  had  not  been  too  credulous  and 
precipitate. 

95.  At  the  next  term,  the  grand  jury  found  indictments  against 
fifty  ;  but,  on  trial,  all  were  acquitted  except  three,  and  them  the 
governor  reprieved.  He  also  directed  that  all  who  ivere  in  prison 
should  be  set  at  liberty.  A  belief,  however,  of  the  truth  of  tlie 
charges,  still  lingered  among  the  people,  and  prevented  any 
prosecution  of  the  impostors.  That  all  were  impostors,  cannot 
be  believed.  Many  must  have  acted  under  the  influence  of  a 
disordered  imagination,  which  the  attendant  circumstances  were 
well  calculated  to  produce. 

96.  Besides  establishing  courts  of  justice,  the  legislature,  at 
its  first  session  under  the  new  ciiurter,  passed  a  law  which  in- 
dicates the  same  independent  spirit  that  afterwards  resisted  the 
usurpations  of  the  BHtish  parliai);ient.  It  provided  that  no  tax 
should  be  imposed  upon  any  of  his  majesty's  subjects,  or  their 
estates,  in  the  province,  but  by  the  act  and  consent  of  the  gover- 
nor, council,  and  representatives  of  the  people,  in  general  court 
Assembled.  It  is  almost  superfluous  to  say,  that  uiis  law  was 
disallowed  by  the  king. 

97.  The  war  with  the  French  and  Indians,  which  began  in 
1 690,  was  not  yef  terminated.  For  seven  years  were  the  frontier 
settlements  harassed  by  the  savages ;  and  the  English  employed 
in  expeditions  against  them.  A  history  of  these  would  consist 
only  of  repeated  accounts  of  Indian  cunning  and  barbarity,  and 
of  English  enterprise  and  fortitude.  Peace  between  England 
and  France,  which  took  place  hi  1697,  was  soon  followed  by 
peafi«  with  the  savnges. 


I 

rSJWMBii  iiTi.  1 1  III  III  muammftull^ 


0       MAS5ACHUS1STTS. 


46 


98.  But  in  a  fe^r  years,  war  again  broke  out  in  Eurqie,  whidi 
was  the  signal  for  iiostilities  in  America.  The  first  blow  fell 
upon  Deeflield.  In  February,  1704,  it  was  surprised  in  the 
night,  about  forty  persons  were  killed,  and  more  than  one 
hundi'ed  made  prisoners,  among  i^hotni^'ere  Mr.  Williams,  the 
minister,  and  his  family.  The  killed  were  scalped,  and  tlie 
prisoners  commanded  to  prepare  for  a  long  mardi  to  Canada. 

99.  On  (iiie  second  day,  Mrs.  Williams  was  so  ejdiausted  with 
fatigue  that  she  could  go  no  fardier.  Her  husband  solicited  per- 
mission to  remain  with  her;  but  the  retreating  savages,  according 
to  their  custom  in  such  cases,  killed  her  and  compelled  him  to 
proceed.  Before  the  termination  of  their  journey,  twenty  mon.) 
became  unable  to  walk,  and  were  in  like  manne^  sacrificed. 
Those  who  survived  the  journey  to  Canada  were  treated  by  the 
French  with  humanity ;  and  after  a  captivity  of  many  years, 
most  of  them  were  redeemed,  and  returned  to  their  friends. 

100.  New- York  having  agreed  with  the  French  and  the 
western  Indians  to  remain  neutral,  these  were  enabled  to  pour 
tlieir  whole  force  imon  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire,  the 
iiilialntants  of  which,  for  ten  years,  enduied  miseries  peculiar  to 
an  Indian  war,  and  more  distressing  than  their  descendants  can 
well  imagine.  The  enemy  were  at  all  times  prowling  about  the 
frontier  settlements,  watching  in  concealment  for  an  opportunity 
to  strike  a  sudden  blow  and  ny  with  safety.  The  women  and 
children  retired  into  the  garrisons ;  the  men  left  their  fields  un- 
cultivated, or  labored  with  arms  at  their  sides,  and  with  sentinels 
at  every  point  whence  an  attack  could  be  apprehended. 

101.  Yet  notwithstanding  tliese  precautions,  the  enemy  were 
ollen  successful,  killmg  sometimes  an  individual  only,  sometimes 
a  whole  family,  sometimes  a  band  of  laborers,  ten  or  twelve  in 
number ;  and  so  swifl  were  they  in  their  movements,  that  but 
few  fell  hito  the  hands  of  the  whites.  It  was  computed,  that  tlie 
mm  of  one  thousand  pounds  was  expended  for  every  Indian 
killed  or  made  captive. 

102.  In  1707,  Massachusetts,  New-Hampshhre,  and  Rhode* 
Island  despatched  an  armament  against  Port  Roydl)  in  Nova- 
Scotia,  which  was  then  in  possession  of  the  French.  It  returned 
witliout  accomplishinff  its  object.  In  1710,  New-England,  as- 
sisted by  a  fleet  fumiwed  by  the  mother  country^  succeeded  ip 
reducing  the  place;  and  its  name,  in  compliment  to  queen  Ann^ 
was  changed  to  Annapolis. 

103.  The  success  of  this  enterprise  encouraged  the  comman* 
dcr,  general  Nicholson,  to  visit  England  and  propose  an  expedi- 
tion against  Canada.  His  proposition  was  adopted,  and  ift  June, 
1711,  admiral  Walker,  with  a  fleet  of  fifteen  ships  o^  ^ar  and 


Si.'-, 


i'A 


m 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


iii 


!     !l 


forty  transports,  bringing  an  army  of  veteran  troops,  arrived  at 
Boston.  Taking.on  board  two  additional  regunents,  he  sailed 
from  that  port  about  the  last  of  July.  At  the  samv3  time,  general 
Nicholson  repaired  to  Albany  to  take  command  of  the  troops 
that  were  ta  proceed  by  land; 

104.  When  the  fleet  had  advanced  ten  leagued  up  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  the  weather  became  tempeituous  and  foggy.  A 
difference  of  opinion  arose  concerning  the  course  to  be  pursued, 
the  English  pilots  recommending  one  cosurse,  and  the  colonial 
another.  The  admiral,  entertaining,  like  all  other  English  offi- 
cers, an  opinion  of  the  abilities  of  the  colonists  corresponding 
with  their  dependent  condition,  adopted  the  advice  of  his  own 
pHot^.  Pursuing  the  course  they  recommended,  nine  transporUi 
were  driven,  about  midnight,  tipou  the  rocks  and  dashed  to 
pieces.  #   • 

105.  From  every  quarter  cries  of  distress  arose,  conveying, 
through  the  darkness,  to  those  who  were  yet  afloat,  intelligence 
of  the  fate  of  their  comrades  and  of  their  own  danger.  The 
shrieks  of  the  drowning  pleaded  powerfully  for  assistance,  but 
fione  could  be  afforded  until  the  morning  dawned,  when  six  or 
seven  hundred,  found  floating  on  the  scattered  wrecks,  were 
rescued  from  death,  more  than  a  thousand  having  sunk  to  rise  no 
more.     Not  a  single  American  was  l6st. 

106.  Weakened  by  this  terrible  disaster,  the  admiral  deter- 
mined to  return  to  England,  where  he  anived  in  the  month  of 
October.  Thither  misfortune  attended  him.  On  tlie  fifleenth, 
his  ship  blew  up  and  four  hundred  seamen  perished.  The  New- 
England  troops  returned  to  their  homes,  and  Nicholson,  having 
learned  the  &te  of  the  fleet,  led  back  his  troops  to  Albany. 
The  next  year  the  colonies  found  no  repose.  In  1713,  France 
and  England  made  peace  at  Utrt^ht,  and,  in  the  same  year, 
peace  was  concluded  with  the  Indians. 

107.  Such  was  tlie  destruction  of  lives  in  this  war,  that  the 
j>opulation  of  New-England  was  sensibly  retarded.  Her  expenses 
were  also  enormous.  Although  the  annual  taxes  paid  by  the  in- 
h9d>itant8,  were  greater  than  in  any  other  portion  of  the  British 
empire,  >et  the  colonies  most  exposed,  were  burdened,  at  tlie 
close  of  the  war,  with  a  heavy  debt,  in  the  shape  of  bills  of 
credit,  or  paper  money,  which  impeded  their  prosperity,  perplex- 
ing individuals  and  the  government  in  all  their  transadtibns. 

108.  In  1716,  Samuel  Shute,  a  colonel  in  the  army  of  the 
celebrated  duke  of  Marlborough,  was  appointed  governor.  On 
his  arrival  in  the  province,  he  found  the  people  divided  into  two 
partfes,  one  in  favor  of  a  public  bank,  which  had  just  been 
established,  t^te  other  of  the  incorporation  of  a  private  bank 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


4t 


He  joined  the  former,  the  latter  of  course  became  hostile ;  ami, 
led  by  a  Mr.  Cooke,  opposed  with  virulence  all  Ifis  measures. 

109.  In  1720,  this  party,  embracing  a  majority  of  the  repre- 
scutatives,  elected  their  leader  speaker.  The  choice  was  com- 
municated t<f  the  governor,  who  interposed  his  negative.  The 
house  persisted  in  their  choice,  denying  his  right  to  mterfere. 
The  controversy  contmued  several  days,  when  the  gov«c...or  dis- 
solved the  assembly,  and  directed  that  a  new  election  should  be 
made  by  the  people. 

110.  The  charter  not  giving,  in  express  terms,  to  the  governor, 
the  power  to  reject  a  speaker,  the  people  resolved  to  support  their 

,  representatives,  and  nem-ly  all  of  them  were  again  elected.  When 
met,  to  avoid  a  second  dissolution,  they  chose  a  Mr.  Lindall 
speaker ;  but  in  a  warm  remonstrance  to  the  governor,  con- 
demned his  conduct,  and  l-e-asserted  their  sole  and  exclusive 
right  to  choose  their  presiding  officer. 

111.  The  session  was  short,  and  but  little  was  done  that  did 
not  display  the  angry  feelmgs  of  the  h  Juse.  Instead  of  six  h^m- 
dred  pounds,  the  usual  grant  to  the  governor  for  half  a  yeiu^a 
salary,  they  appropriated  but  five  hundred,  and,  as  a  mark  of 
their  displeasure,  deferred  that  act  until  near  the  close  of  the 
session. 

112.  At  their  next  meeting,  the  same  feelings  prevailed  tad 
the  same  diminished  sum  was  voted.  The  governor  thea  in- 
formed them,  that  he  had  been  instructed  by  me  king  to  recom- 
mend to ;  the  assembly,  to  establish  for  him  a  pennanent  and 
honorable  salary.  The  housed  aware  of  the  importance  of  re- 
taining the  power  of  granting  such  sums  as  the  governor  might 
merit  by  his  conduct,  replied,  that  the  subject  was  new,  arjd  ex- 
Dressed  a  wish  that  the  court  might  rise.    With  this  request  the 

wernor  complied. 

113.  This  disagreement  continued,  the  ill  temper  of  both  par- 
ties incraasing,  through  several  subsequent  sessions.  The  re- 
presentatives, confident  of  the  support  of  the  people,  refused  to 
establish  a  permaivent  salary  for  the  governor,  and  often  with- 
iield  the  pittance  tliey  gave,  until  he  had  sanctioned  those  mea- 
sures which  they  desir^  should  be  adopted. 

114.  His  residence  in  the  province  being  rendered,  by  this 
dispute,  unpleasant,  he  suddenly  and  privately  quitted  it,  in  De- 
cember, 1722.  Upon  his  arrival  in  England,  he  ezhibitecl 
charges  agamst  the  house,  of  having  made  various  encroachments 
upon  the  king's  prerogative,  which  the  agents  of  the  provhice 
were  instructed  to  answer  and  repel^ 

115.  He  remained  m  England  uMtl  1728,  when  he  resigned 
his  olfice,  and  William  Burnet,  then  governor  of  New-Tork,  was 


i 


i\ 


4 


48 


MASSACHUSETTS.        « 


1 


'  II  I 


'  s 


appointed  his  successor.  In  his  first  speech,  he  informed  the 
house  that  he  had  received  positive  instructions  from  ^e  king  to 
insist  on  a  permanent  salary.  The  representatives,  generous  ot 
their  moneys  but  tenacious  of  their  nghts,  appropriated  three 
hundred  pounds  for  the  expenses  of  his  journey/  and  fourteen 
hundred  pounds  towards  ^  support,  not  specifying  for  what 
time.  The  first  sum  he  accepted;  but  absolutely  declined  re- 
ceiving any  compensation  for  his  services,  except  in  the  mode  of 
a  fixed  salary.  - 

116.  The  delegates  were  equally  decided ;  and  having  trans- 
acted all  their  necessary  business  j  requested  the  governor,  by 
message,  to  adjourn  them.  He  replied,  that  he  could  not  comply « I 
with  their  request,  as,  if  he  did,  he  should  put  it  out  of  their  power 
to  pay  immediate  regard  to  the  king's  instmctions.  A  few  days 
afterwards,  the  request  was  again  made  and  again  denie^ 

117.  Messages,  containing  arguments  and  replies^  wei^^ilen 
'nterchtoged  by  the  parties.  After  two  months  had  been  con- 
sumed in  the  controversy,  ^e  governor,  imagining  the  members 
were  influenced  by  the  citizens  of  Boston,  transferrad  the  geneihxl 
court  to  Salem.  They  were  detained  there  two  months ;  were 
then  allowed  to  return  to  their  homes;  were  again  assembled 
(jtfler  a  short  recess ;  and  having  sat  seventeen  dajrs,  were  again 
adjourned  without  exhibiting  any  symptoms  of  compliance. 

118.  Anew  assembly  was  elected,  and  held  several  sesdons  in 
the  summer  of  1729,  displaying  the  same  spirit  as  the  former. 
In  the  mean  time,,  information  was  transmitted  from  England, 
that  the  king  approved  the  conduct  of  the  governor,  and  Con- 
demned that  of  the  house.  Still  the  members  continued  inflex- 
ible. In  August,  thev  were  removed  to  Cambridge,  which  served 
to  exasperate  rather  than  to  convince  them.  Here,  however,  the 
controversy  was  suspended,'  for  a  time,  by  the  death  of  the  gover- 
nor, which  was  supposed  to  have  been  hastened  by  his  unsuc- 
cessful contest  with  the  house  of  representatives. 

119.  His  successor  was  Mr.  Belcher,  then  agent  in  England. 
As  he  belonged  to  the  popular  party,  his  appointment  gave  rise  to 
tlie  expecilation,  that  the  instruption,  to  obtain  a  permanent  salary, 
was  withdrawn*  But  from  his  first  speech  it  appeared,  that  it 
was  not  only  left  unrescinded,  but  enforced  by  a  tlu^eat  of  phnish< 
meat  in  case  of  refbsal* 

12Qm  The  house,  uni^imidated  by  the  threat,'  reiiiised.  The 
■governor,  during  the  two  first  years  of  his  administration,  made 
several  attempts  to  induce  them  to  comply.  All  failing,  he  en- 
deavored to  obtain  a  relaxiEtfjon  of  his  instmctions.  Permission 
was  at  length  granted  that  life  might  receive  a  Darticolar  sun 
which  was  voted,  and  a  similar  permission  wa?  afterwards  annu 


lied  the 
» king  to 
lerous  o! 
3d  three 
fourteen 
or  what 
[med  re- 
mode  of 


massachusi:tts. 

flUf  given  Thus  ended  a  contest  which  prepared  the  people  of 
Massachusetts  to  embark  in  an  other  in  which  more  important 
rights  were  to  be  defended. 

121.  These  tnrbulentrtimes  were  succeeded  byla  calm  which 
continued  several  years ;  during  which,  however,  the  enemies  of 
governor  Belcher^  bj  incessant  misrepresentalien,  deprived  him 
of  the  favor  of  the  ministry  in  England.  In  1740,  he  was  re- 
moved from  office,  and  Mr.  WilUun  Shirley  ap]^ointed  in  his 
place. 

122.  In  1744,  war  again  broke  out  between  England  and 
France,  and  the  colonies  were  involved  in  its  calamities.  Their 
eommeroe'  and  fisheries  suffered  great  injury  from  privateers, 
6tted  out  at  Louisburg,  a  French  port,  on  cape  Breton.  Its  situ- 
ation gave  it  such  importance,  that  nearly  six  millions  of  doUars 
had  been  expended  on  its  fortifications.  Mr.  Yaughan,  of  New- 
Hampshirey  who  had  ofb^n  visited  that  place  as  a  trader,  con- 
ceived the  project  of  an  expedition  against  it.  He  communicated 
it  to  governor  Shirley,  and,  being  ardent  and  enthusiastic,  con- 
vinced him  thalr  the  enterprise  was  practicable,  and  inspii-ed  him 
l^'ith  his  owii  enthusiasm. 

133.  Having  exacted  of  the  general  court  an  oath  of  secrecy, 
the  governor,  in  January,  1745,  communicate  to  them  the  pro- 
ject Many  heard  it  with  amazement.  So  strong  was  the  place, 
and  so  weak  comparatively  were  the  colonies,  that  the  thought  of 
attacking  it  seemed  rash  and  presumptuous.  From  respect  to 
him,  however,  his  proposal  was  referred  to  a  committee ;  they 
reported  against  it,  the  house  accepted  the  report,  and  the  mem- 
bers dismissed  from  their  minds  all  thoughts  of  the  expedition. 

124.  Duringtbe  secret  deliberations,  the  people  watched  with 
anxiet)' to  ascertain  tbiir  object.  The  disclosure  was  made  by 
an  honest  member,  who  incautiously,  in  his  fkmily  devotions, 
prayed  for  the  divine  blessing  on  the  attempt,  should  it  be  made. 
The  people  were  instantly  stnick  with  the  advantage  of  possessing 
the  place.  When  the  decision  tvas  made  known,  a  petition,  sign- 
ed by  a  large  number  of  merchants,  was  presented  to  the  general 
court,  prajring  tliem  in  amftly  r/ith  the  5:overnor's  proposal. 
The  suJiject  was  again  discussed,  and  a  vote  in  favour  of  the  ex 
pedition  was  passed  by  a  majority  of  one. 

1254  The  questkm  was  now  decided,  and  all  who  were  before 
averse  to  the  eriterpriige,  united  heartily  with  its  supporters  to 
caiTj  it  into  execution.  The  other  New-England  colonies  were 
solicited,  and  agreed  to  furnish  assistance;  and  a  boat  was  des- 
patched to  conuniDdore  Warren,  in  the  West  Indies,  to  invite  hia 
co-operation.  Colonel  F^epperell  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief,  and  Roger  Wolcott,  of  Connecticut,  second  in  command. 

E 


H 


•    e 


50 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


126.  In  twb  months,  an  army  of  more  than  four  ihousand  men 
was  enlisted,  clothed,  victualled,  and  equipped  for  service,  in  the 
four  Nevv-£ngland  colonies,  which  did  notthen  contain  four  hun- 
dred thousand  inhabitants.  On  the  2dd  of  March,  the  despatch 
boat  returned  from  the  West  Indies,  with  advice  that  commodore 
Warren  d^lined  iiitTiishuig  aid.  This  intdHgence  was  kept  se- 
cret The  troops  of  Massachusetts  embarked,  as  though  nothing 
discouraging  had  hsqppened,  and  about  the  middle  of  April,  they, 
as  well  as  those  sent  by  Connecticut  and  New-Hampshire;  ar 
rived'safe  at  Canso.  " 

127.  Commodore  Warren  had  but  just  despatched  his  answer, 
when  he  received  orders  to  repair  to  Boston  with  such  ships  as 
could  be  spared,  and  concert  measures  with  governor  Shirley  for 
his  majesty's  service  in  North  America.  He  ssdled  instantly,  but 
learning,  in  his  course,  that  the  transports  had  left  Boston  for 
Caneo,  he  steerect  directly  for  that  place,  where  he  arrived  on  the 
23d  of  April.  He  added  much  to  meir  naval  strengith,-  and  much 
to  thdt  confidence,  which,  by  promising,  ensures  victory. 

128.  Several  vessels  of  war,  which  had  be^n  sent  to  cruise  be*- 
fore  Louisburg,  had  captured  a  number  of  Frerj^ch  ships,  and  pre- 
vented dny  intelli^nce  of  the  expedition  from  rjeaching  the  ene- 
my. These  vessels  were  daily  within  sight  of  the  place,  but 
were  supposed  to  be  privateers,  and  caused  no  alarm.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the-fl^,  on  the  30th  of  April,  gave  the  French  the 
first  intimation  of  their  danger. 

129.  The  troops  immedbtely  landed,  and  the  next  dav  a  de- 
tachment of  four  hundred,  marching  round  the  hillsy  appro&ched 
within  a  mile  of  the  grand  battery,  setting  fire  to  all  the  houses 
and  stores  on  tlie  way.  Many  of  these  contained  pitoli  and  tar, 
which  produced  a  thick  snnoke,  that  coi^pletely  enveloped  the 
invaders.  The  fears  of  the  French  were  increased  by  their  un- 
certainty. They  imagined  the  whole  army  was  coming  upon 
them,  and,  throwing  their  powder  into  a  wii^li  deserted'^e  bat- 
teiy,  of  which  the  New-England  troops  took  possession  without 
loss.  ,  '  A 

130.  This  was  uncommoj good  fortune;  buqtiiie  most  difficult 
labors  of  the  siege  remaineoto  be  performed.  The  camvon  were 
to  be  drawn  nearly  two  miles,  over  a  deep  morass,  ixH^^  view? 
and  within  gun  g^bt,  of  the  enemy's  principal  fortifications.  For 
fourteen  nights,  the  troop?,  with  straps  over  their  shoiilders,  and 
sinking  to  their  knees  in  mud,  were  employed  in  this  service. 

131.  The  approaches  were  then  begun  in  the  mode  which 
■eem^  most  proper  to  the  shrewd  understandings  of  untaught 
militia.  Those  officers,,  who  W|9re  skilled  \n  the  art  of  war, 
talked  of  si^  xas^  and  epdvleiriAniff  ^  1)ut  the»*^opps  made  the^n- 


UTASSACHUSETTS. 


51 


■elres  merry  with  the  terms,  «nd  proceeded  in  their  own  way. 
By  the  20th  of  May,  they  had  erected  five  batteries,  one  of 
which  mounted  five  forty-two  pounders,  and  did  great  execution. 

132.  Meanwhile  the  fleet,  cruising  in  tlie  harbor,  liad  been 
equally  successful.  It  captured  a  French  ship  of  sixty-four 
guns,  loaded  with  stores  for  the  garrison,  to  whom  the  loss  was 
OS  distressing,  as  to  the  bef^iegers  the  capture  was  fortunate. 
English  ships  of  war  were,  besides,  continually  arriving,  and  ad- 
ded such  strength  to  the  fleet  that  a  combined  attack  upon  the 
town  was  resolved  upon.  The  enemy,  discovering  this  design, 
deemed  it  unwise  to  abide  the  hazard  of  an  assault.  On  Uie 
15th  of  June,  the  French  commander  proposed  a  cessation  of 
hostilities,  and,  on  the  17th,  capitulated. 

133.  Intelligence  of  this  event,  flying  swiftly  through  the 
colonies,,  diflused  great  and  universal  joy.  And  well  might  the 
citizens  of  New-£ngland  be  elated  with  the  glad  tidings. 
Without  even  a  suggestion  from  the  mother  country,  they  had 
projected,  and,  with  hut  little  assistance,  had  achieved,  an  enter- 
prise of  yast  importance  to  her  and  to  them.  Their  commerce 
and  &heried  were  now  secure,  and  their  maritime  cities  relieved 
frcnn  all  fear  of  attack  from  that  quarter.  .; 

134.  France,  fired  with  resentment  at  her  loss,  made  extra- 
ordiaary  exertions  to  retrieve  it,  and  to  inflict  chastisement  on 
New-England.  The  next  summer,  she  despatched  to  the 
American  6bast  a  powerful  fleet,  carrying  a  lai^  number  of 
soldiers.  Ili6  news  of  itl^  approach  spread  terror  throughctdt 
New-England ;  biit  an  uhcommon  succession  of  dnsasters,  whidi 
the  pious  of  that  time  attributed  to  the  speeidl  lfite]|M>siti0n  of 
"Providence,  deprived  it  of  all  power  to  inflict  injury.  After  re- 
maining a  short' time  on  th6  6o^,'it  returned  to^  France,  having 
lost  two  admirsd^,  bokhjof  whom,  it  was  isiipi^sed,  put  an  «nd  to 
their  lives  d\rbu^ch2^^';^'!iavmg  also,  by  ^tempests,  been  re- 
duced to  one  h^fitsfbrce,  and  ^fleeted  libthin^. 

135.  In  1^4$,  peace  was  concluded,  each  party  restoring  all 
itt)  prisoners  and  coi^uestis;; a  striking,  but  not  uncommon, 
illustration  of  the  folly  of  war.  t^uiisburg,  though  conquered  by 
the  colonies,  wais  exchanged,;by  i^reat  Britain,  for  territories 
which  she  had  lost  in  Euro|[>e.  If^-En^and  mni|nured  at  this 
ityusticie ;  but  what  avail  the  murmurs  of  the  weak  7 

136.  From  this  period  to  thie  commencement  of  tbe  next 
French  war,  but  few  important  ^yents  occurred  in  Massachusetts. 
Tire  b^ls  of  credit,  \mich  th^  colony  had  ii^ued  to  defray  its 
en^i^^iis  expenditure,  yere'  redeerhed  by  the  government,  9.t^ 
their  de];(reciated  value.    This  example^  was  f(3lowed,  though 


iM 


:ifi 


pi' 


«2  JTEW-Hii^mPSHIlCE. 

tardily,  by  the  oth^r  govemmenti.    At  the^me  of  tlMir  vtimjp 
tkm,  they  were  worth  no  more^in  some  ooloniefl^  tiian  OBteteii£y 
and  in  others^  one  twentieth,  of  the  Bum  for  which  Uiey  hted  beea 
issued. 


.»;  t. 


CHAPTERS. 

< 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 


WITH  the  history  of  Massachusetts,  the  parent  of  the  New- 
Cni^land  colonies,  that  of  New-Hynpshire;  has  been  necessarOy 
blended*  A  brief  relation  of  some  detached  eventa,  whiai  oc- 
curred in  the  latter  colony,  will  now  be  given.  .       '      ) 

9*  John  Mason,  Ferdinand  Gorges,  and  others,  having  ol» 
tained,  ot  the  Plymouth  or  New-J^ngland  companyp  grants  bf 
aeveral  tracts  of  land,  lying  nprth  of  iMassachusetts,  sent  from 
England,  in  1623,  a  few  |>er&ons  to  hegin  a  settlement.  Part 
landed,  andy  for  a  short  time,  remained  at  _4cittle  Harbor,  on  the 
west  side  of  Pisc^taqua  river,  and  ^ar  its  mouth,  Here  the 
£i^  house  was  built,,  i;trhich  was  called  .Mason  Hall.  The  re- 
mainder, pi^f^pef^UMC  higher  up  the  river,  4^^t|^^^s^t  Coche^o, 
iiWirwardB'Ci#ed>iKjver.  '„,  *   , 

3.  Fishing  and  Irade  being  the  principal  bbjecii  of  these 
emigrants,  &elr  settlements  increased  slowly.  In  1629,  the 
territory  situated  be^een  Merrlmac  and  Piscataqua  rivers,  and 
extending  sixty  ^ites  from  the  sea,  was  granted  to  Mason  alone, 
and  then  fii«t  called  Neijv-Hampshire.  In  1631 » the  first  house 
was  built  at  Portsmouth.  In  1638,  the  Reverend  t^ohn  Wheel- 
wright, who,  in  1629,  but  previous  to  the  date  of  Mason's  patent, 
had  purchased  .tb^  land  or^t  Indians,  laid  the  foundation  of 
Exeter.  The  nei^t  year,  thirty-five  persons,  residing  iii  that 
town,  oombiiiied  and  estaliUshed  civil  government,  mtlihi  a 
year  or  two  aflerwanis,  the  inhahitanls  of  Dover  and  Portsmouth 
followed  their  example,  each  town  remaining  disthici  and  inde- 
pendent. 

4.  In  1641,  these  little  republics,  d'utrusthig  ihelr  ability  to 
'^protect  themselves,  formed  a  coalition  with  MassachuMtts^  and 

long  remained  a  p«rt  of  that  colony.    The  civil  wftn  in  £]\^1M 


NEW4!AMPSHmC. 


53 


diveirtedlbe  attention  of  Miiflon  from  hi^  jra&t,  and  those  who 
migrated  to  the  country  purchased  of  Wheelwright,  the  lairds 
whi^h  they  oceupied.  In  the  war  with  Philqp,  the  settlements 
on  Piscataqua  and  Oyster  rivers,  were  attacked!  by  the  Indiaasy 
and  suffered  severely. 

5.  In  1676(  Robert  Mason,  grandson  and  heir  of  John  Mason, 
appl^  to  the  king  to  obtun  possession  of  the  tervliory  and  rights 
which  had  been  grante4  to  his  ancestor.  Notice  of  Uiis  applica- 
tion was  given  to  Massachusetts,  said  the  parties  were  heard  be- 
fore the  king  in  council.  In  1679,  a  decree  was  passed,  tiiat 
New-Hampshire  should  be  cosseted  a  separate  proyince,  to  be 
ruled  by  a  president  and  council,  who  were  to  be  appointed  by 
the  king,  and  a  house  of  representatives  to  be  chosen  by  the 
people.     No  decision  was  made  afiecting  the  titles  to  landr- 

6.  The  first  assembly,  consisting  of  eleven  members,  met,  in 
1 680,  at  Portsmouth.  At  this  session,  a  code  of  laws  was  adopted, 
of  which  the  first,  in  a  style  Horthy  of  freemen,  declared,  **  that 
no  act,  imposition,  law,  or  ordinance,  should  be  imposed  upon  the 
inhabitants  of  the  province,  but  such  as  should  be  made  by  the 
assembly,  and  approved  by  the  president  and  council."  This 
was  twelve  years  previous  to  the  enactment  of  a  similar  law  in 
Massachusetts. 

7.  In  the  same  year,  Mason,  who  had  been  appointed  a  mem^ 
ber  of  tlie  council,  arrived  in  the  colony.  He  assumed  the  title 
of  lord  proprietor,  claimed  tlie  soil  a^  his  property,  and  threatened 
to  prosecute  all  who  would  not  take  from  him  leases  of  the  lands 
they  occupied.  His  pretensions  were  resisted  by  most  oHhe  in- 
habitants, who  claimed  the  fee-simple  of  the  soil  by  a  more 
ri;(htenus,  if  not  more  lec^al  title. 

8.  The  peace  of  the  colony  was  long  disturbed  by  these  con- 
flictiniBf  claims.  At  the  head  of  those  who  contended  with  Mason, 
stood  Major  Waldron,  of  Dover.  Against  him,  and  manv  others, 
suits  were  Instituted.  No  defence  was  made,  judgmer  .s  were 
ol^tained,  but  so  general  was  the  hobtility  to  Mason,  that  he  never 
dared  to  enforce  them. 

9.  Over  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire,  the  same  gov- 
ernor usually  presided.  Arter  Andross  was  depoeed,  the  in- 
hnhitaiits  of  tlie  latter  colony  dcsirt^d  to  be  incorporated  with  their 
former  brethren.  Their  reqneeit  was  opposed  by  Samuel  Allen, 
who  had  purchased  Mason's  title,  and  uas  refused.  Allen  was 
marie  jrovernor  of  tlie  colony,  and,  by  his  influence,  John  (Jsher, 
hiij  Mcn-in-law,  whs  appointed  lieutenant  governor.  Under  hb 
administration,  the  disputes,  occasioned  by  adverse  claims  to 
laud,  continued  to  rage  with  in(M't3ased  violence.  Other  suits 
were  instituted,  uud  judgments  obtuined  ;  but  the  sheriff  was 


I 


If 


ill 


ti- 


•'t 


g^ 


NmNsummmm 


templed  t6  ^^  Mmffmfumm^.  ,,,        ^^1 

kettielMr^    llie  surprise  of  Dover*  kiXf^u  ymi^fl^tt^ad^  % 
circumstances  of  the  most  shockiiig  barbantf. ..,  7iia|  t^.mt^ies 
bad  beexi  ciNM^iajiiNdl^iiuyw  W 
may  acdoifutt  fflr,  If  w)t  exteiUHite»  kf|i^  ferooi^  t^  pbtaljoppf  jre« 

11.  Having  deMriMiiied  qpeik^lkeir  (rfan  of  attacHn^  the^  ^n^* 
ployed  more  Sian  their  vsoaljift;  lo  luH  the  suspicio|is.>!of  the 
u&abitantSi  So  civil  aad  respcctftil  firas  tbeir  lebavior,  thai 
tbey  dfteh  obtained  pemiisBion  tii  sleep  in  the  {cr^^^  hqusfsa 'm 
flie  town;  Otktht  evening  of  iihe  ^al  night,  they  as^einlijtlecijiit 
the  nei^liotbood,  and  sent  their  women  to  apply  for  knlgingB,  at 
the  bDpeo  devoted  to  destruction;  who  were  not  only  adinit|^d, 
rat  ^rirm  shown  how  they  could  open  the  doors  should  ^y  baye 
occai^lon  to  go  out  in  tlie  night.  .., 

It,  When  all'  was  quiety  the  doors  were  optpned  and  the  signal 
given.  The  Indians  rushed  into  Waldron's  house^  and  hastened 
to  bis  apartment  Awakened  ^y  the  noise,  be  seized  his  swpi  i 
and  drove  Ibem  back,  but  when  returning  for  his  other  ^Ktan, 
was  stunned  with  a  hatchet,  and  fell.  They  then  dragged  him 
into  his  ban,  seated  him  in  an  elbow  chair,  upon  a  long  table, 
and  insultingly  asked  him,  **  who  shall  judge  Indians  now  V* 
A^  feasting  upon  provisions,  which  they  compelled  tb^  rest  of 
the  family  to  procure,  each  one,  with  his  knife,  cut  gashes  across 
bis  brUst,  sayiLg,  *^I  cross  but  my  iuscount."  When,  weakened 
with'the  loss  of  bloodi^  be  was  about  to  fall  from  the  table,  his 
own  sword  was  held  under  him,  which  put  an  end  to  his  misery. 

13.  At  other  houses,  similar  acts  of  cruelty  were  perpetrated. 
In  the  wholes  twenty-three  persons  Were  killed,  tweuty»ntne 
carried  prisoners  to  Canada,  and  mostly  sold  to  the  French. 
Remembering  kindness  as  well  as  u\jury,  they  spared  one 
woman,  who,  thirteen  years  before,  had  conferred  a  favor  on  one 
of  the  party.     Many  houses  were  burned,  much  property  was 

Slundei'C'!,  and  so  expeditious  were  the  Indians,  mat  they  liad 
ed  beyond  reach  beror;  the  neighboring  people  could  be  col- 
lected. 

14.  The  war  thus  commenced  was  prosecuted  with  great 
vigor.  The  French,  by  giving  premiums  for  scalps,  and  by 
purchasix^  the  English  prisoners,  animated  the  Indians  to  exerl 
all  diehr  activity  and  address,  and  the  frontier  inhabitants  endured 
the  most  aggravated  sufferings.  T)m  settlements  on  Oyster  rivvi' 
wer0  again  surprised ;  twenty  houses  were  burned,  and  nearly 
one  btmdred  persons  wei*e  kill*»d  or  made  prisoners.     Other 

0 


Nlf#-RAM]^Hm£. 


56 


tdwns  were  attacked,  many  penons  dain,  and  many  carried  into 
CBfldvity.  The  peace  of  RysWickyln  1697,  dosed  Uie  distressing 
scene.   In  1703.  an  othef  ^rar  ^^m^  which  continued  ten  years. 

15.  In  1719,  above  one  hundred  fwiilies,  mostly  Presbyterians, 
emigrated  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  settled  the  town  of 
Londonderry.  They  '^BMl|A;ftl  itbe  %i^  fpinfl|Qg  wheel,  the 
manufacture  of  linen,  wd  tao  cul^re  of  potatocir.  They  were 
industrious,  har  jy,  and  useful  citizens. 

{M.  From  1723,  tk>  I1f2|9e4he  inhabiteiits,  agais  suffered  the 
i£fLiclions  at  afi  Ittdiab  war-  Following -^e  example  of  tlie 
Frendiy  .tiie  goVefenm^oit  o$sred  fgremiiima  for  scalps,  wl^iich! 
induced  several  volunteer  companies  to  unoert^  ejcpeditkms 
agaiaM  the.enem^.  One  of  these,  commanded  by  ca^^tam  hove^ 
well^  Watji^heatly  distinguiahed,  at  first  by  its  successes,  and  aflero, 
wards  by  itttmbfbrttihes. 

17.  .Doog  after  Ai  transfer  from  Mason  to  Allen,  aome  defect 
in  the  conveyance  was  discovered,  which  rendered  it  void.  In 
1746,  John'Tufton;  Mason,  a  descendant  of  the  original  grange, 
cliiiming  the.lfuye  posdessed  by  hi:i  ancestors,  conveyed  them, 
for  fifteen  Imndred  pounds,  to  tweKe  pereons,  subsequently  called 
the  Masonian  proprietors.  Tl.'  n  silence  opposition,  volun- 
tarily reliaj|ilittied  their  claivd  t  lands  already  occupied  by 
dtfaers. 

18.  They  also  granted  townships  on  the  most  liberal  terms. 
Reserving  certain  portions  Of  the  land  for  themselves,  for  the 
first  settleid  mimsters,  and  for  schools,  they  required  merely  that 
the  grantees  should,  within  a  limited  time,  erect  mills  and  meet- 
ing nouses,  clear  out  roads,  and  settle  ministers  of  the  gospel. 
In  process  of  tune,  nearly  all  the  Masonian  lands,  being  about 
one  fourth  of  the  whole,  were,  in  this  manner,  granted ;  and 
contention  and  law  suits  ceased  to  disturb  the  repose,  and  to 
impede  the  prospei^  of  the  colony. 


'4* 


> 


r 


17 


I 


4 


;  !  i 


■',,'    rif-    •.  r'   1 


chapi<£r  iy. 


CONNECIICIJT. 

IN  1631,  Yisedunt  $ay  and  l^»1>  Lord  Brook,  and  ofh^s, 
obtained  from  the  Plymouth  Oom^^any,  In  Ehgland,  a  grant  bf 
the  territoi^  which  now  conititutee  the  state  of  Gonnecticat;  and 
80  little  was  then  known  of  the  geography  of  the  !!ew  woiid,  that 
the  grant  was  made  to  extend,  iii  longitude,  from  the  AUantlc 
Ocean  to  the  South  Sea.  In  the  same  year,  tlie  Iiulians,  Ihrhig 
on  Connecticut  river,  having  invited  t(;e  colony  of  Plymouth  to 
make  a  settlement  on  their  lands,  govemor  Wmslow^  and  others, 
visited  the  country,  and  selected  a  place  near  die  mouth  of  ^e 
little  river  in  Wir^'-^or^  for  the  erection  of  li  trpJing  house. 

2.  The  Dutch  at  ]Kc^-Tork,  apprized  of  this  {irojject  of  thi 
Erglish,  and  determined  to  anticipate  them,  immediately  des- 
patched a  party,  who  erecced  a  fort  at  Harifoni.  In  September, 
1633,  a  company  from  Pljrmouth,  having  prepared,  llie  frrime  of 
a  house,  put  it  on  board  a  vessel,  and^  passing  the  fort,  conveyed 
it  to  the  place  previously  selected.  In  October,  they  raised, 
covered,  and  fortified  it  with  palisades.  The  Dutch,  considering 
them  mtruderg,  sent,  the  neitt  year,  a  party  of  seventy  men  to 
drive  th«^  from  the  country,  but  fuiding  them  strongly  posted, 
they  relinquished  the  design. 

3.  In  the  autumn  of  1635,  many  of  tlie  inhabitants  of  Dor- 
chester aiid  Watertown,  In  Massachusettrt,  having  heard  of  tlie 
fertile  meadows  on  Connecticut  river,  removed  thither,  and  be- 
gan settlements  at  Weathersfield  and  Windsor.  During  the  next 
winter,  their  sufferings  from  famlie  were  exti'eme.  So  destitute 
weie  they  of  provisions,  that  many,  in  dread  of  starvation,  re* 
tiimed,  in  Pocember,  to  Massachusetts.  In  their  journey  through 
the  dreary  wilderness,  at  this  inclement  season,  they  encountered 
indescribable  hardships. 

4.  In  the  same  autunm,  Mr.  Wlinthrop  arrived  from  England, 
with  instructions  from  the  patentees  to  erect  a  fort  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  and  make  the  requisite  preparation  for  planting  a 
colony.  The  fort  wa.^  I)ut  just  completed  when  a  party,  seut, 
for  the  same  purpn.se,  by  the  Dutch,  at  New-Tork,  aiTived  in 
a  vessel,  but  were  not  permitted  to  land. 

5.  The  next  *<»?*  hig,  those  who  had  hecn  compelled  by  famitM 
to  revisit  Masf^achuactts,  returned  to  Connecticut.    In  June,  th0 


men,  n 
vdHng 

4»ittlein 

<C0W8. 

6.  in 
in  hosti 
London 
-hasbeei 
eipediti 
to  Conn 
in  ite.i 
hravery 
hy  aay  ] 
7,  At 
saohuset 
Hartfon 
that  two 
Joneinii 
Aprfl,  St] 
governor 
other,  th< 
^oa  with 
laws,  an< 
court  Jdo< 
major  iM 
«.  in 
came  ovi 
Inhonoi 
place  da; 
yeaw,  til 
IP  1644, 
the  gene 
the  right 
1n£nffia 


ny. 
first  mad 
chased. 
9.  In 
Cheli 


\W' 


'  / 


t)OlfN!B^0:WK)UT. 


S7 


,fte#«iMaiB  Mr«  Hoiciket,  of  Cambridge,  and  ab«at  one  hundred 
ni^,  woitten,  and  dnldren,  belonging  to  his  congregation,  tra^- 
vd&ng  tfaroBgh  4fae 'inrUderness,  laid  the  foundation  of  Hartford. 
Thej  iMrere  neady  two  weeks  on  their  journey ;  they  drove  their 
4:atUe  iprilii  them,  azid  aubaisted,  by  ^e  way ,  upon  the  ttulk  of  their 


<C0W8* 


.  6.  in  1637,ailthe8ettlenients1]i  New-^Englandwere  invohred 
(in  hoitilikieff with  |he  iPiequods,  a  tribe  of  IzufianB  inhabiting  New- 
London  and  the  coonlry  nn||ipid  it.  Some  account  of  ^is  war 
lias  been^iven  in  the  hkitdry  of  Ma^achus^tts.  Frevioua  to  any 
dqpedition  against  them^  ttiiey  ihad  killed  many  of  the  enlugrants 
to  Connecticut,  faadeajMured  others,  and  tortured  diem  to  death, 
in  die.fAioxt  (War  ivvhieh. followed,  dieir  survivin.^  farethrdn,  for 
hravery  in  battle  aiMlfintitude  m  sufierutg,  v^ere  not  surpassed 
hy  ais^  poitioii  of  the  (BngMi  troops. 

7,  At  first,  (he  emigrafits  acknowledged  die  authority  of  Mai^- 
saohusetts.'  In  January,  l&3l9^  the  freemen,  having  domrened  at 
Hartfavd,^li4optoda«*6nBtltutionfbrd^  Tbeyonlain^ 

diat  two  gbnevai  courte,  oi^  Assemblies,  should  be  lield  annually, 
ione  in  Ajpil^  the  other  in  Sefitfitnber ;  diit  «it  the  court  held  ki 
Aprflf  styled  the  x;owrt  of  eledian^  the  IxciemeB^iouldehoeBe/a 
governor,  aizmagisfcrates^  andadl  ik'  ^ubli^  officers ;  dial  to  the 
other,  the  several  towns  should  send  deputies,  who^'in  conjuiae- 
tioa  with  tbe  gbvemov  arid  magistrates^  were  isuthioHised  tojekiact 
laws,  and  perforin  all :  necessaity  public,  asrvicts.  No  general 
courtKtoUld  1)0  adjourned  or  disaolved,  fiHthout  the  consent  of  a 
inajor  paift  Qif  dw  ntinmbers. 

B.  in  tiW' isiWo  y«er,  George  Fe^wick,  one  of  the  patentees, 
came  over  with  his  faniily,  and  settlied  at  the  mouthof  the  river. 
In  honor  of  Lord  Say  and  Seal,  and  Lord  Brook^  he  called  the 
place  IdayWook.  Othdni  afterwards  joined  him ;  and  for  several 
years,  they  were  <^v«niBd>hy  their  own  magistrates  and  laws. 
IF  1644,  Mr.  Fssnradk,  liriaeven  UuNisaiid  dollars,  ass^ed  to 
the  genei^l  e««irt  of  CoMMcticut,  the  fort  fit  Saybrook,  snd  all 
the  rights  eonfecred  by  the  patent  from  the  Flymoudi  Company 
in  Eiffilaiid.  Tli^  A^ement  fken  became  a  part  of  the  colo- 
ny. The  tAtkti  of  PlymoiAh  colony,  founded  upon  their  having 
first  niade  an  Mtablkduaeii^  at  Wfaidsor,  had  been  previooriy  pur- 
chased. 

9.  In  the  tnean  tim#|^  other  colony  lid  been  planttsd  wlj^fit 
the  IhBlts  of  die  Connecdout  pottat.  In'  Jimo,  1  W%  tiW>lai|^ 
chips  irrtvdl  at  Bodtim,  |hain  England,  h«i4ii^  eb  board  Mr, 
'PtrenpoM,  Mr.  Salon,  and'  Inany  odifni,  wh4ii»^ou8  modvdi 
|llfd1(rttei?6d  Ib^iliigrate to  New.En^land.  BeUg  hiflUy.M. 
ifMolimiaaid  0<itoof  dMm  poiseising  great  weakh,dii  gen^ 


,<"■■  ■ 


M 


58 


CONNECTIGTO 


court  of  Massachusetts^  desirous  of  detaming  tiiem  in  tbfr^doi^, 
offered  them  any  place  they  might  select  fcnr  a  plantation. 

10.  Wiping,  however,  to  institute  a  civil  and  religious  com* 
munity,  conforming  in  all  things  to  their  peculiar  pnnomtes,  thsy 
removed,  the  next  year,  to  Quinnipiac,  viiiich  they  calkd  New* 
Haven.  Soon  after  their  arrival,  at  the  close  of  a  day  of  faSUng  > 
and  prayer,  they  subscribed  what  they  tanned  ^  pla&tiftioii  cove* 
liant,  solemnly  bindmg  tfieniselvesy  .'^  untH  otherwise  ordered,  tb 
be  govei^ied  in  all  things,  of  a  eimf^  well  as  religious  conoertt, 
bv  the  rules  which  the  scripture  heldifiiith  to  them.''  They  nvok 
chased  of  the  natives,  large  tracts  of  land ;  and  laid  out  Snxk  \ 
town  in  squares,  designing  it  for  a  great  and  elegant  city. 

11.  In  1639,  all  the  free  planters,  assembled  in  a  large  bam, 
proceeded  to  lay  the  foundation  of  their  civil  and  relisious  polity!. 
They  resolved  that  none  but  church  members  shounbe  aUowed 
the  privilege  of  voting,  or  be  elected  to  office ;  that  all  the  flree- 
men  should  annually  assemble  and  dect  the  officers  of  the  colo* 
ny ;  and  that  the  word  of  Grod  should  be  the  only  rule  for  orde^ 
ing  the  affairs  of  the  commonwealth.  ISuch  was  the  orifl|U| 
constitution  of  New-Haven;  butasihe  population  in^reased^Ani 
new  towns  were  settled,  different  regidatioas  were' adopted^  and 
the  institutions  and  laws  became  gradually  assimilated  to  those  oil 
Connecticut.  -. .  MrcuA^'  .^f^pi       .   .■■.'_  •,_ 

12.  With  the  Dutch  at  New-lTork,  bo^jcolonies  had  constant! 
and  vexatious^  disputes.  The  former  Als&imed  all  the  territoiy 
as  far  east  as  Connecticut  river ;  the  bfcter  complainod  Uiat  thej 
Dutch  oflen  plundered  tfaeu'  property;  thaiUiey  sold  gufisajvl 
ammunition  to  the  IndSahs,  and  even  encouraged  them  to  make 
war  upon  the  English.  The  fear  of  attack mm  that  quarterJ 
was  one  of  the  reasons  which,  in  1643.  induced  th^  cdbraiies  oil 
New-fingland  to  form  a  confdieration  for  their  mutual  defence.! 

18.  In  1660, 1^  treaty  of  amity  andpactition  was  concluded  itl 
Hartffttl,  between  the  English  and  Uutchithe  latter  rdbaquish^l 
Ing  tibir  claim  to  the  territory  of  Connecticut,  except  the  landfi. 
which thev aotu8% occupied.    Soonafter, Eng^Und and Hollaod 
were  invdlved  in  war  wiu  each  other,  but  thc^  eoloi<ies  in  Am«> 
rica  agreed  to  remain  at  peace*    Notwitfaat«nding  this  agreement, 
the  Ihitch  governor  was  detected  in  conceiting  with  the  Indif- 
a  plot  for  the  total  extlrpatk>n  of  the  En^lsh. 

14.  Connecticut aiti New-Haven wfi^ ekirmed {a meeUng oi 
dMlimmmiiitoners  of  the  united  eoloniel,  Was  called,  and  evidenc 
of  the  plot  laid  brfore  them.    L  minority  was  in  (avor^  war; 
lot  the  colony  of  Maasaehusetti,  bdng  remote  from  the  dakigfTd 
was  averse  to  II.     As  she  was  mnch  strongi^r  thin  either  of  p\ 
others,  it  was,  at  the  suggesiion  of  her  depuHeit  Kesphrecfi "  ^ 


CONNECTICUT. 


59 


IB  OOIO' 

esythef 
dNew* 
r£ulting 
mcove^ 
iered,  tb 

toy  piub  I 
»ut  Uieirl 

^  bani) 
uipo]]ty« 
lauowedl 
the  free-' 
the  colo* 
or  order* 
I  ori^bifllj 
aaodyjuBil 
ipte^and 
othoeeoi 


topBtantl 
ierritoiy 

Ontthaj 
guns  and! 

tomalnl 

sol 
deiience- 


flgeoH  flhon&i  fint  be  sent  to  demand  of  the'  Dutch  governor  an 
ezplanaftioii  of  his  conduct  ^ 

15.  The  agents  obtained  no  .^satisfactory  e:qplanalion.  On 
Uieir  retimi,  an  other  meeth^  of  the  ctmunlsdoneni  was  fadd  at 
BdatOUy  aid^onal  testimony  was  laid  before  them,  and  several 
ministers  of  Massachusetts'were  invited  to  assist  atitheur  delib^rap 
;  tions,  a  practice  not  unusual  at  that  period.         | 

16^  The  opinion  of  these  ministers  being  requii^,  tfiey  ob- 
I  served^  "that  the.  proofs  of  the  execrable  plot,  ^l^i#ng  to  the 
deBtructi(m;of  the  dear  saints  of  God,  were  of  such  wei^t  as  to 
iadoce  diem  to  believe  thereaUty  of  it;  yet  the^  were  not  so 
fuHy  conclusive  as  to  bear  up  their  hearts  with  the  fulness  of 
pa«iuurio|f  which  was  ineiet  in  commending  the  case  to  God  in 
|pn7er,andio  the  people  m  exhortations;  and  that  it  would  be 
Isafest  for  thd  colonies  to  forbear  the  use  of  the  sword." 

17.  B«t  aU  die  commissioners,  except  one,  were  of  opinion 
^recent  aggressions  justified,  and  self  preservation  dictafsd,  an 

_  eai  to  the  sword.  They  were  about  to  declare  war,  when  the 
Bner&l<  court  of  Massachusetts,  in  direct  violation  of  one  of  the 
les  of  the  confederation,  resolved,  '*  that  nd  determination 
'the  coimnissioners,  thoyi^  all  shouHagre^  should  bind  the 
slony  to  engage  in  hoolilitieB.'* 

18.  At  this  declaration,  Connectieut  and  New-Haven  felt 
led  and  indi^tiiiaBt    The  /  considered  the  other  colonies  i$» 

without  the  asristance  of  Massachusetts,  to  contend  wim 

Dutch  and  thehr  Indian  allies.    They  argued,  entreated,  and 

lonstrated,  Dut  she  cbfitinued  in^xible.    They  then  repre- 

their  danger  to  Cromwell,  a^<^  nnplored  his  assistance. 

le,  with  his  usual  promptitude,  sent  a  fleet  for  their  ^protection, 

id  for  the  conquest  of  their  enemies ;  but  peace  in  Europe,  in- 

ligence  of  which  reached  New-England  soon  after  the  arrival 


luded  tlffthe  fleet,  saved  the  Dutch  firom  subjugation,  and  relieved  the 
lonies  from  the  dread  of  massacre. 

i9.  Afler  Charles  the  second  was  restored  to  the  throne,  ^ 
mnectiout  applied  to  him  for  a  royal  charter.     A  trifling  cir-''" 
istance  induced  him,  forgettbig  all  his  arbitral^  maxims,  to 
iply  wi  Ji  ber  wishes  to  their  utmost  extent.     Her  agent,  Mr. 
^inthrop,  having  an  extraordinary  ring,  which  had  been  given 
I  his  grandfather  by  Charles  the  first,  presented  it  to  his  son. 
leedngotte  immediately  erantedi  charter,  more  liberal  in  its  provisions: 
jlcffidencftliiii  any  that  had  yet  been  granted,  and  confirming,  in  every- 
Lr  •£  WBTtftrtieular,  the  constitution  which  the  people  had  themselv^ 
Ve  dabgirtliipted.  ' 

^  Si  ^  This  charter  comprehended  New-Haven ;  bu^,  for  sever 
thd  people  of  that  colony  utterly  rc(\iBed  to  consent  lojf 


m 


nl 


.-?; 


Eil 


4 


^ 


YNHfECTUWT* 


mnoDBtrances  of  Ooimticticut,  thej  pcaneveced  iiiittt<l|Mi6i|\Tr^ 
tht  gyiii  niliiiiMlhn  •f^bm  i^pointmflnt  of  a  general  «>vti»or,«iHl 
af^Ambcinf  united  Willi  i^e  oilier  ofdmij,  hafang  •  cHnrtier 
Ittn  ftnromUa  to>  Uberfy,  iinpiiM  tlicna»  though  whiitonlly^  to 

21.  In  the  wsir  with  FluMp^  wfaidi  began  ikt  1670iy  €oniiecticitf 
suier^.  liess  IhsA  her  jiisfeer  cdbnte  Her  aid,  however^  in^ 
p«ti|K!*tiQB:  %  her,  sbWDgd^  ivas  ahvajte  freely  affurded ;  ^^  no 
tKoopsiUKpaflBcdhervoiontete  in.  bravery  akid  ei^eipfieeb  A 
lai^e jmnbeir,  andsdiany  of i tthevx.  offioera,  weie  kiOed  at  tiio 
MMulliupoB^elDkatMiarJI'tiganaet/^^^^^d^^^^^  <  «  •  f i  v 

v^  2ii  ^  168^  Idag  Janies;t£e  aeconi^  deaiEeQa  ei  «n»f»?l^ 

not  only  the  charters  whichi  had  been»  granted  ■  to  hk  £ng^ 
cities,  but  fhoae  abo  which  had  been  {(granted  to  his.  AjoiericaB 
cdomes^  ^imnmoned  the  governor  of  Conneeticut  to  app^[ar  and 
sheiw  eauae  wi^  her.  charteir  abonld  not  be  declared  void,  v  And 
Shrildmund  Andro8»,  whohad  been  appoiiited  governor  of  New^ 
England,  advised  the  colony,  as  the  course  best  <^cidated  |^ 
ensure  the  good  will  of  his  majesty,  to  resign  ife  vehmtariljr  into 
his  handis,  he  having  been  instructed  to  receive  it  Butthepeopk 
estimated  too  highly  the  privileges  it  conferred  to  surrender  it 
'  uxitn  necessity  compelled  them^ 

SB.  I^ir  Edmund,  therefore,  repauwd,  with  a  bodjf  of  troopi) 
to  Hartford,  when  the  assembly  were  In  session,  and  demanded  j 
of  ^em  the  charter.  They  hesitated  and  debated  ilntl!  evening/ ' 
It  was  then  produced  and  had  upon  the  table,  a  large  number  of 
-people  being  present  Suddenly,  the  candles  were  extinguished. 
Vfi&i  count^erfeited* haste, they  were  again  relighted;  but  the 
charter  could  no  where  be  found.  In  the  dark,  it  bad  beea 
privately  c^n^ied  off,  by  a  captsdn  Wadsworth,  and  concealed  in 
a holkyw tree.  Sir  Edmund, however, asaunedthe government 
of  the  colony,  and  ruled  with  the  same  absolute  sway,  though  not 
w:ith  the  svxhe  oppressive  tyranny,  as  in  Massachusetts. 

24.  When  James  %vas  driven  from  his  throne  and  kingdom,  i 
and  his  governor  deposed,  Connf;ct?ciit  resumed  her  former' 
government.  The  assembly  voted  a  i['?»Wering;  address  to  kiiig 
nilliem.  llhe  suit,  instituted  for  the  ptEirpose  of  annulling,  her 
charte"  wat  abandoned ;  and  her  ii^abltants.  while  enjoying 
gret  prlvtiegcR  than  any  of  their  bvethren,  bad  reaiion  to  coih 
gratulaie  diemsehres  upon  their  address  and  good  fortune  in 
p^Mwingthero. 

25.  But,  not  long  afterwards,  they  were  again  called  uponr^^ 
dltfond  these  privileges  from  encroachment.    la.l^^Z,  eoUnn^ 
Flettcher  wai  appointed  governor  of  New-Yorkt  atid  waa  aq^N^'j 


'^Mirf'. 


•Jj^  u 


IM 


rii^tif^ 


l»lAei  etmntid  Qf  me  militki  of 

foIaBtl  nttchei^  wigjpikefi^  to  HlttfiKNiv  coid  ve^^iiMI  ikai  tliQ 
miiHia  of  thc.colopgr  should  be  j^taciil under  hb  commaiMU  Thit 
tvaB  resolutely  refused.  Ho  tbsn  ordofod  the  troinhands  of  the 
eitj  to  be  assembled.  This  being  done,  lie  appeared  before  them, 
and  directed  his  aid  to  Yead  to  them  his  commission  and  instruc- 
tions fh)m  the  king,  -  ,  .;     ,  ^ 

27.  Captiun  Wadswortfa,  the  senior  officer  of  the  militia  pre^^ 
sent  instantly  ordered  the  drums  to  beat,  and  such  was  the  noise  j 
that  nothing  else  could  be  heAtd^  ^olosel  Fletcher  commanded 
silence ;  and  again  his  aid  began  to  read.  '*  Drum,  drum,  I  say," 
exclsdmed  Wadsworth,  and  a  command  so  acceptable  to  the 
players,  was  ooeyed  wkh  spirit.  Once  more  the  coloiiel  com- 
manded sdence,  and  a  pause  ensued.  '*  Drum,  drum,  I  say," 
cried  the  captam,  and  turning  to  governor  Fletcher,  addressed 
him,  wiUi  energy  in  his  voice  and  meaning  in  his  looks,  <f  If  I 
am  interrupted  ftgaln>  I  will  make  the  sun  shine  throu^  you  in 
a  moment."  i 

26.  Been^!ig  it  unwise  to  contend  with  such  a  spirit,  odonei 
Fletcher  desist^l,  left  Hartford  the  next  night,  and  retucned  to 
New-York^  A  lepreseatation  of  the  opposing  claims  being 
Blade  to  the  king,  he  decided  thaj^  the  governor  of  Connecticut 
should  have  the  command  of  the  nillitla ;  but  in  time  of  war,  a 
certam  number  should  be  placed  under  the  orders  of  Fletcluer, 

29.  ii^  VTOO,  Yale  e<Aege  was  foundied.  It  owes  its  existence 
to  the  beneficence  and  put&  spirit  of  the  dergy. .  It  was  first 
itablished'  s^  Saybreok;  and,  in  1702,  the  finrt  degrees  were 
mere  conferred.  Elihu  Yale  made  several  donations  to  the  in- 
^tution,  and  from  kan  it  derive^tbe  name  it  bears.  A  iuccessioa 
of  aUe  instruoters  has  raised  it  to  the  second  rank  among  the^ 
literary  inetttutkms  of  the  country. 

80,  In,  1708,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature,  requhring 
the  mbiistem  and  delegates  of  churches  to  meet  and  form  an 
ecclesiastical  constitution  foP  the  colony.  A  meeting  was  in  con- 
sequfBce  held  atSaybrook,  the  result  of  which  was  the  celebraT 
tied  Saybrook  pl^tfbnn^  At  the  subsequent  session  of  the  legisla- 
ture^ it  was  ens^oted  tlmt  all  the  ohurche%  united  according  to 
this  pbftform,  should  be  onmed  as  established  .fg^r  law,  allowing, 
however,  to  other  churches,  the  right  of  exerdsing  worship  and 

|<li«oi^ine  in  their  own  way,  accordii^  to  their  consciences. 

81.  Inth*j  several  abwfive  attempts  to  reduce  the  French 

F 


iil 

-  l-        M 

.    .^m 

1 

'■  i" 

1 

■■;■'■  J 

i    i 

>4 

;.  i 

M 

««.4] 


^m 


■r-. 


m 


% 


f.-s  ^    ,  . 


aetdamenti  in  Canada,  and  in  the  caipadition  againslLouisburir, 
Conneetlcnt  fiirniahed  b«r  fiill  (piola  of  troopa,  and  bora  Imt  pro- 
portion  of  tho  expenses.  Of  these,  ehistoiyistelsewfaera  given. 
After  the  death  of  Philip,  most  of  the  Indians  abandoned  her 
territoi7,  and  seldom  returned  to  molest  the^faihabitanta ;  who, 
livfaig  in  the  eiyoyment  of  all  the  privileges  they  desired,  felt  no 
inducement,  and  were  afforded  no  opportunity,  to  perform  such 
actions  as  enliven  the  pages  of  Ustoiy. 


CHAPTER  V. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


t\ 


t  m 


ROGER  WILLIAMS,  who  was  banished  from  Massachu- 
setts, for  avowing  the  doctrine,  that  the  civil  magistrate  is  bound 
to  gi'ant  equal  protection  to  every  denomination  of  christians,  a 
doctrine  too  liberal  for  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  repaired  to 
Seeconk,  where  be  procured  a  grant  of  land  from  the  Indians. 
Being  informed,  by  the  governor  of  Plymouth,  that  the  land  was 
within  the  lunits  of  that  colony,  he  proceeded  to  Mooshausic, 
where,  in  1636,  with  those  friends  who  followed  him,  he  began 
a  plantation. 

2.  He  pm'chased  the  land  of  the  Indians,  and,  in  grateful 
acknowledgment  of  the  kindness  of  heaven,  he  called  the  place 
Providence.  Acting  hi  conformity  with  ihe  wise  and  liberal 
principle,  for  avowing  and  maintainipg  which,  he  had  suffered 
banishment^  he  allowed  entire  freedom  of  conscience  to  all  who 
came  within  his  borders.  And  to  him  must  be  given  t!he  glory 
of  having  first  set  a  practical  example  of  the  equal  toleration  of 
all  religious  sects  m  the  same  political  community. 

3.  His  benevolence  was  not  confined  to  his  civilized  brethren. 
He  labored  to  enlighten,  unprove,  and  conciliate  the  savages. 
He  learned  their  language,  travelled  amonff  them,  and  gabed 
the  entire  confidence  of  tiieir  chiefs.  He  had  often  the  hajp- 
pbiess,  by  his  influence  over  them,  of  saving  from  Injury  toe 
colony  that  had  proclaimed  bun  an  outiaw,  and  driven  hin^  into 
the  wilderness. 

4.  In  1638,  William  Coddington,  and  seventeen  others,  being 
pfTS^cuted  ihr  their  religious  tenets  in  Massachoi^etts,  fondi^ 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


63 


Williams  to  Providence.  By  hb  advice,  theypurchaied  of  the 
Indians  the  island  of  Aquetnec,  now  called  Rhode  Island,  and 
removed  thither.  Coddington  was  chosen  their  judge,  or  chief 
magistrate.  The  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the  toleration  of  all 
christiieui  sects,  attracted  numerous  emigrants  from  the  adjacent 
6etdement8. 

5.  When  the  New-England  colonies,  in  1643,  formed  tHeir 
memorable  confederacy,  fiiode  Island  applied  to  be  admitted  a 
member.  Plymouth  objected;  assertbg  that  the  settlements 
xvtre  within  her  boundaries.  The  commissioners  decided  that 
Rhode  Island  might  et^joT  all  the  advantages  of  the  confederacy, 
if  she  would  submit  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Plymouth.  She  de- 
clined, proudly  preferring  independence  to  all  the  benefits  of 
dependcnt*union. 

6.  In  1644,  Williams,  having  been  sent  to  England  as  agent 
for  both  settlements,  obtained  of  the  Plymouth  company,  a  patent 
for  the  territory,  and  pennission  for  the  inhabitants  to  institute  a 
government  for  themselves.  In  1647,  delegates  chosen  by  the 
freemen,,  held  a  general  assembly  at  Portsmouth,  organized  a 
government,  and  established  a  code  of  laws.  The  executive 
power  was  confided  to  a  president  and  four  assistants. 

7.  Upon  the  application  of  the  inhabitants,  the  kii^,  in  1668, 
granted  a  charter  to  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations. 
The  supeme,  or  legislative  power,  was  to  be  exercised  by  an 
Bssembly,  which  was  to  consist  of  the  governor,  of  ten  assistants, 
and  of  representatives  from  the  several  towns,  all  to  be  chosen 
by  the  freemen.  This  assembly  granted  to  all  christian  sects, 
except  Rpman  Catholics,  the  right  of  voting.  In  1666,  they 
authorized,  by  law,  the  seizure  of  the  estates  of  Quakers,  who 
refused  to  assist  in  defending  the  colony ;  but  this  law,  being  ge* 
nerally  condemned  by  the  people,  was  never  executed. 

8.  When  Andross  was  made  governor  over  New*England,  he 
dissolved  Uie  charter  government  of  Rhode  Island,  and  ruled  the 
colony,  with  the  assistance  of  a  council  appohited  by  himsdf. 
After  he  was  imprisoned,  at  Boston,  the  firemen  met  at  New- 
port, and  voted  to  resume  their  charter.  All  the  officers  who, 
three  years  before,  had  been  displaced,  were  restored. 

9.  The  benevolence,  justice,  and  pacific  policy  of  Williams, 
secured  to  the  colony  an  almost  total  exemption  from  Ind&m 
hostUity.  In  1730,  tiie  number  of  hihabitants  was  18,000 ;  in 
1761,  it  was  40,000.  Brown  university  was  founded,  at  War- 
ren, in  1764,  and  was  removed,  a  few  years  after,  to  Providence. 
Its  founder  was  Nicholas  Brown,  who  gave  to  the  institution  #rQ 
thousand  dollars. 


hi 


(M 


.  r 


F  '  ii 


'^     ^,    r   .         ^  I 


CHAH'fiR  VI. 


NEW-YORK. 

^  IN  1609»  Hemy'  tftulBQii,  nki  Eogliahtoiaii,  but  sailing  in  the 
oervice  df  the  Dutch  Kast  Indict  Company,  discovered  Long 
Island,  the  harbor  of  New-York|  ttid  the  rivor  to  which  hte  name 
has  been  given.  lii.  16  IS,  toverbl  Dutch  merchants,  to  whom 
4ht  refmblic  of  Holland  had  graitled  the  exe^usiveirigfat  of  trading 
to  this  part  of  America,  erected  a  fort  near  Albany,  which  they 
named  forC  (%nange,  and -a  |bw  trading  houseB  on  the  island  of 
New-Tork,  then  OiiUed,  %  the;  Indians,  Manhattan. 

2.  In  the  same  year,  captain  Aival,  who  had  been  sent  by 
Yiitfdnia  to  drive  the  French  fitom  meir  settlement^  on  the  bay 
6f  Fundf)  visited,  on  his  return,  the  Dutch  on  Hudson's  river. 
Claiming,  the  cour^  for  his  nation,  by  right  of  prior  discovery, 
he  demanded  the  '  ackhdwledgment  of  its  aulhonty.  Being  few 
In  Htumber,  they  pentdeiitly  Submitted,  without  attempting  to  resist. 

8.  But,  receivhig  a  reinforcement,  the  next  yeai-,  mey  again 
asserted  ^e  rig^t  of  Holland  to  the  Counti^,  and  erected  fort 
Anisterdam,  On  the  south  ebd  of  the  island.  The  English,  for 
maily  fiart,  forebore  t6  interfere  in  their  pursuits  or  claima.  In 
16aiy  the  i^^ublio^  desirous  Of  founding  a  colony  in  America, 
griu^ited  fo  the  Dutch  Wtotln^ia  CGinq[)any,  an  extensive  territory 
on  both  sides  of  the  Huc^h.  The  country  was  called  New 
Netheriand^.  The  boundaries  were  not  accurately  defined,  but 
were  consideredj  by  tlie  compahy,  as  including  Connecticut  river  | 
at  the  north,  and  Delaware  river  at  the  south. 

4.  in  1628,  thoy  erected  a  fort  on  the  Delaware,  whieh  they 
caUed  NisiaU;  and^  ten  years  af):erwards,  an  other  on  the  Coii- 
nec^eat,  which  they  called  Good  Hope*  Near  ttie  former,  the 
Swedes  had  a  settlement.  From  titj^e  interfering  claims  of  the 
two  natioiis,  qiiarrds  aroto  between  the  settlers,  which,  after  con* 
thniing  several  years,  terminated  in  the  subjugation  of  the  Swedes. 
ToWitfds &e  fort  on  the  Connecticfut,  the  settlements^) f  the  £ng> 
lish  tl^)i^y  approached,  and  soon  occa^oned  dl^q^utesj  which  bsul 
ft  k>n^  mation  and  li  different  resiilt. 
iMt  The  Dutch  did  not  esoapie  the  calamity  of  war  with  tbe 
Am^s.  Hostilities  commenced  in  1643,  continued  several 
years,  and  were  very  destructive  to  both  parties.  William  Kieft, 
the  governor  of  the  New  Netherlands,  invited  captain  Underijilli 


* . 


NEW.TORK. 


wbo  had  been  a  soldier  b  Europe,  and  bad  made  himself  eoaspi- 
cuous  in  New-Hampshiie,  by  nis  eccentricities  in  rdUgion  and 
conduct,  to  take  command  of  his  troops..  Collecting  a  fifing 
parU"  of  one  hundred  and  fift^  men,  he  was  enabled  to  preser^ 
ihe  Dutch  settlements  from  total  destruction.  Hie  number  of 
Indians,  whom  he  killed  in  the  course  of  the  war,  was  supposed 
to  exceed  four  hundred.  In  1646,  a  severe  batde^Was  founit  on 
that  part  of  Horse-neck  called  Strickland's  Plain.  The  Dutch 
were  victorious ;  onhoth  sides  great  numbers  were  slain ;  and  for 
a  century  afterwards  the  graves  of  the  dead  were  distinctly  visible. 

6.  In  1650,  Peter  StuyveSant,  then  the  able  governor  of  the 
New  Netherlands,  met  the  comnussioners  of  the  Nf^w-England 
colonies  at  Hartford,  where,  afW  much  altercation,  aline  of  par- 
tition between  their  respective  territories  was  fixed  by  mutual 
agreement.  Lon^  Inland  was  divided  between  them ;  the  Dutch 
retained  the  lands  which  they  occupied  in  Connecticut,  surrender- 
ing thebr  claim  to  the  residue* 

7.  But  Charles  the  Second,  denying  theh*  right  to  any  portion 
of  the,  country,  determined  to  expel  them  from  it.  In  1664,  he 
grantecl  to  his  brother,  the  Dul^  of  York  and  Albany,  all  the 
territory  between  Nova^Scotia  and  Delaware  Bay ;  and  though 
England  and  Holland  were  then  at  peace,  immediately  sent  three 
8hi|^  and  three  hundred  troops  to  put  him  in  possession  of  his 
grant.  Colonel  Robert  Nichols  conducted  the  expedition.  The 
squadron,  having  visited  Boston,  reached  the  place  of  its  destina- 
tion in  August. 

8.  The  commander  summoned  governor  Stuyvesant  to  surren- 
der the  t<i|rp,  promising  to  Isecure  to  the  inhabitants  their  lives, 
liberty,  ana  property.  At  first,  he  refused ;  but  the  magistrates 
and  people,  allured  by  the  profiered  terms,  constrained  him  to 
consent.  Fort  Orange  surrendered,  soon  after,  to  Sir  George 
Carteret  In  compliment  to  the  Duke,  the  name,  Manhattsm, 
was  changed  to  New-York,  and  Orange  to  Albany. 

9.  Nicnols  assumed  the  government  of  the  country  he  had 
conquered,  and  continued,  for  three  years,  to  rule  over  it,  with 
absolute  power,  but  vrith  great  lenity  and  justice.  During  Ms 
admioistraUon,  New-York  was  made  a  city.  Upon  his  i^itum  to 
ji^Iand,  he  was  succeeded  by  Colonel  Lovelace,  wh^^dminis- 
tered  the  government  with  equal  moderation. 

10.  In  1673,  England  and  Hollanib^ing  then  at  war,  a  few 
Dutch  ships  were  despatched  to  recon^er  the  country.  On 
their  arrival  at  Staten  Island,  a  short  distlS^  from  the  ci^,  John 
Manning,  who  h^  command  of  the  fort,  sent  down  a  messenger 
and  treacheroQsly  made  terms  with  the  enemy.     The  Dutch 

F2 


''ill 
III 


a 


?*  31 


I 


'I  i  , 

!'■     . 
i       • 


6» 


NBW.XOHK. 


i   t 


i!i 


sailefi  H^  the  hdrlior^  Imded  their  n^eoi  and  took  postessioii  of  the 
foii  and  cl^,  i^ithoift  firing,  or  retceiviiiy  a  sbot.  ^ 

11  Curtain  A&thoQy  Colve  was  aj^ointftd  goyemoTi  but  lie 
retained  the  authority  for  a  few  months  paly.  The  neirt  year, 
peace  was  concluded,  and  the  country  restored  to  the  Bnglish. 
The  Duke  obtained  a  new  patent,  coi^rming  his  title  to  the  mo» 
vince,  and  appointed  major  Andross,  the  same  who  was  after- 
wards the  tyrant  of  New-England,  to  be  governor  over  his  ter- 
ritories in  America* 

12.  Neither  the  administration  of  Andross,  nor  (hat  of  his 
successor,  Anthony  Brockholst,  was  distinguished  by  any  remark- 
able event.  In  1€82,  Colonel  Thomas  Dongan,  lyho,  as  well  as 
the  Duke,  was  a  ^man  Catholic,  was  appointed  governor,  onA 
the  next  year  arrived  in  the  colony.  Until  this  time,  the  gover- 
nor and  council  had  possessed  absolute  power.  The  inhabitants, 
who,  whether  Dutch  or  Engli^  were  bom  the  subjects  of  a  stat€ 
comparatively  free,  having,  in  an  address  to  the  l)uke,  claumed  a 
share  in  the  legislative  auUiority,  eolonel  Dongan  was  directed  to 
allow  the  freeholders  to  meet  and  choose  representatives.         \ 

13.  On  the  17tb  of  October,  the  first  assembly  met,  consisting 
of  the  council  and  eighteen  representatives.  By  the  declarattoo 
of  the  governor,  they  were  invested  with  the  sole  power  of  en- 
actbig  laws  and  levying  taxes ;  but  the  laws  could  have  no  force 
until  ratified  by  the  Duke.  With  this  participation  of  power, 
the  people  were  gratified  and  contented ;  and  the  colony  began 
to  enjoy  the  inestimable  advantages  of  a  regular  government. 

14.  The  interior  of  New- York  was  originally  inhabited  by  a 
confederacy  which  consisted  at  first  of  five,  and  afterwards  of  six, 
nations  of  Indians.  This  confederacy  was  formed  for  mutual  de- 
fence against  the  Algon(|uinB,  a  powerful  Canadian  nation,  and 
displayed  much  of  the  wisdom  and  sagacity  which  mark  the  in- 
stitutions of  a  civilized  people.  By  their  union,  they  had  become 
formidable  to  the  surrounding  tribes.  Being  the  allies  of  the 
English,  die  French  were  alarmed  at  Uieir  successes,  and  be- 
came jealous  of  their  power. 

15.  In  1684,  De  la  Barre,  the  governor  of  Canada,  marched 
to  attack  them,  with  ji  army  of  seventeen  hundred  men.  His 
troops  Bttfiered  so  much  from  hardships,  fiunine,  and  sickness, 
that  he  was  compelled  to  ask  peace  of  those  whom  he  had  come 
to  extermhiaf  e.  He  invited  the  chiefs  of  the  five  natioiiB  to  meet 
him  at  his  camp,  and  those  of  three  of  them  accepted  the  invita* 
tion.  Standing  in  a  circle,  formed  by  the  chieu  and  his  own 
oncers,  he  addressed  a  speech  to  Garrangula,  of  the  Onondago 
tribe,  in  which  he  accused  the  confederates  of  conducthig  the 


NEW-YORg. 


m 


£i^faiR|  id  Che  trading  gronnds  of  the  French,  tod  thr^fttCmed 
theflti'  ivfth  war  and  exfermination  if  they  did  not  alter  thcf** 

Kiehairior* 

16.  Crftrrangula,  knowing  the  distresses  of  the  Frehch  troops, 
heard  these  threats  with  contempt  After  walking  fire  ^r  six 
times  rouhd  the  circle,  he  addressed  the  followhig  bold  and 
earcastii;  li^lgaage  to  De  la  Barre,  calling  him  Yonnondio,  and 
the  Eni^isn  governor,  Corlear. 

17.  "  Yonnondio,  I  honor  you,  and  the  warriors  that  are  with 
me  likewise  honor  you.  Your  interpreter  has  finished  your 
Fpeech ;  I  now  begin  mine.  My  woHs  make  haste  to  reach 
^-our  ears ;  hearken  to  them.  Yonnondio,  you  nhist  have  believ- 
ed, when  you  left  Quebec,  that  the  sun  had  consumed  all  the 
forests  which  render  our  country  inaccessff>le  to  the  French,  or 
that  the  great  lakes  had  overflown  their  banks  and  surrounded 
our  casttes,  so  that  it  was  impossible  for  us  to  get  oUt  of  them. 
Yes,  Yonnondio,  you  must  have  dreamed  so,  and  the  curiosity  of 
80  great  a  wonder  has  bought  you  so  far.  Now  you  are  unde- 
ceived, for  I,  azkd  the  warriors  here  present,  are  cohie  to  assure 
you,  that  the  Senecas,  Ca]rugas,  Onondagas,  Cneydoes,  and 
Mohawks,  are  yet  alive. 

18.  **  I  thank  you,  in  their  name,  for  bringing  back  into  their 
country  the  pipe  of  peace,  which  your  predecessor  received  from 
tiieir  bands.  It  was  happr  for  you  that  you  left  under  ground 
that  murderinff  hatchet  wnich  has  been  so  often  dyed  in  the 
blood  of  the  ]mnch.  Hear,  Yonnondio,  I  do  not  sleep ;  I  hav<) 
my  eyes  open,  and  the  sun  which  enlightens  me,  discovers  to  me 
a  great  captain,  at  the  head  of  a  company  of  soldiers,  who  speaks 
as  if  he  ^vas  dreaming.  He  says  that  he  only  came  to  smoke, 
the  great  pipe  of  peace,  with  the  Onondagas.  But  Garrangula 
gays,  that  he  sees  the  contrary ;  that  it  was  to  knock  them  on 
the  he^,  if  sickness  had  not  weakened  the  arms  of  the  French. 

19.  **  We  carried  the  English  to  our  Lakes,  to  trade  there 
nith  the  Utawawas,  and  Quatoghies,  as  the  Adirondacs  brought 
lite  French  to  our  castles  to  carry  on  a  trade  which  tlie  Enf^lish 
say  ft  theirs.  We  are  bom  fi«e;  we  neither  depend  on  Im- 
iiondio  nor  Corlear.  We  may  go  where  we  please,  and  hur 
and  sell  what  we  please.  If  your  allies  are  your  slaves,  use  tliom 
as  such  ;  command  them  to  receive  no  other  but  yovr  people. 

20.  **  Hear,  Yonnondio ;  wliat  I  say  is  the  voice  of  all  the 
Fhre  N&ftions;  When  they  buried  the  hatchet  at  Cadaracui,  In 
tMk  middle  of  the  fort,  they  planted  the  tree  of  peace  in  the  »uno 

Jilace,  to  be  there  carefully  preserved,  that  instead  of  a  itstnrt 
or  soldjbrs,  the  fort  might  be  a  rendezvous  for  merchants.  T»ke 
care  thm  the  many  soldiers  who  appear  there,  do  not  chnko  (be 


$11 


f 


)  I  'I 

I! 


i 


l 


«8 


NEW-YORK. 


free  of  peace,  and  prevent  it  from  covering  your  countiy  luid  ouia 
with  its  branches.  I  assure  you  that  our  warriors  shall  danct 
under  its  leaves,  and  will  jiever  dig  up  the  hatchet  to  cut  it  down, 
till  their  brother  Yonnondio  or  Corlear  shall  invade  the  country 
which  the  Great  Spirit  has  given  to  our  ancestors." 

21.  De  la  Barre  was  mortified  and  enraged  at  tliis  bold  reply; 
« but,  submitting  to  necessity,  he  concluded  a  treaty  of  peace,  ana 

Y  turned  to  Montreal.  His  successor,  De  Nonville,  led  a  larger 
army  s^nst  the  confederates ;  but  fell  into  an  apibuscade  and 
was  defeated.  These  wars  within  the  limits  of  the  colony,  kepi 
colonel  Dongan  actively  employed,  and  served  to  perpetuate  the 
enmity  of  the  Indians  agsdnst  the  French,  and  their  Lttaclimeut 
to  the  English. 

22.  In  the  mean  time,  the  duke  of  York  ascended  the  throne 
of  England.  Claiming  unlimited  authority  as  king,  and  pro- 
fessing the  Catholic  religion,  he  was  hated  and  feared  by  a  great 
portion  of  the  inhabitants^  who  were  devoted  to  the  cause  oi 
freedom,  and  to  the  principles  of  the  protestants.  The  governox 
was  also  an  object  of  their  dislikw  and  distrust.  Catholics,  co^n. 
tenanced  by  him,  repaired  in  great  numbers  to  tlie  colony,  ani) 
pious  protestants  trembled  for  their  religion.  . 

23.  In  the  beguming  of  the  year  1689,  infoimation  was  re- 
'ceived  from  En^and  uiat  the  people  had  resolved  to  dethrone 
their  sovereign,  and  offer  the  crown  to  William,  prince  of 
Orange ;  and  from  Massachusetts,  that  the  citizens  had  deposed 
and  imprisoned  sir  Edmund  Andross,  their  governor.  Tlii^ 
encouraged  the  disaffectedi  and  presented  an  example  for  their 
imitation. 

24.  Several  militia  captaiiiiB  assembled  to  determine  on  tlie 
measures  expedient  to  be  adopted.  Of  these,  Jacob  Ll  jler  nan 
the  most  active.  lie  was  destitute  of  every  qualification  neces- 
sary to  conduct  a  difficult  enterprise,  but  possessed  the  csteoni 
and  confidence  of  the  other  officers,  and  of  the  people.  Milbome, 
his  son-in-law,  concerted  all  his  measares,  and  controlled  hiij 
conduct. 

25.  They  determined  to  obtain  possession  of  the  fort,  htisht 
entered  it  with  fifty  men,  and  published  a  declaration  ui  favor  ct 
the  prince  of  Orange.  The  magistrates  and  most  respectable 
citizens  discountenanced  the  proceeding,  and,  at  first,  but  few 
had  the  courage  to  declare  themselves  his  friends.  To  mduce 
them  to  act,  a  report  was  circulated  tliat  three  ship**,  with  orders 
from  the  prince,  were  sailing  up  tlie  harbor.  His  party  was  in- 
stantly augmented  by  six  captains,  and  nearly  five  hundred  men, 
a  force  auffic:ent  to  overpower  all  opposition. 

29.  Before  these  dtsturbaures,  cok>u<^l  Dougan  had  VQsign^*^ 


Wa 


NEW-YORK. 


4^ 


tih  office,  and  embarked  for  England.  Lieutenant-goveninr 
Nicholson,  unable  to  contend  with  Leisler,  «J)8conded  in  tho 
night.  The  province  beinu;  thus  left  without  a  chief  magistrate, 
Lelsler  was  promoted,  by  his  adherents,  to  thst  station*  lie  sent 
an  address  to  king  William  and  queen  Mary,  whose  authority  he 
acknowledged,  and,  soon  afler,  a  private  letter  to  the  king,  ex- 
pressing, in  low  and  incorrect  language,  the  warmest  protestor 
tions  of  loyalty  atid  zeal, 

27.  His  sudden  elevation  excited  the  envy  of  those  magistrates 
and  citizens  who  had  decliupu  to-  join  htm  in  proclaiming  king 
William.  !dayard  and  Courthmdt,  unable  to  raise  a  party  against 
him  in  the  city,  retired  to  Albany,  where  their  exertions  m  ^^^ 
successful.  To  diminish  th^ir  influence,  and  to  allay  the  jealou;:;- 
of  others,  he  invited  several  wotihy  citizens  to  unite  witli  him  ia 
admhiistering  the  government,  a  trust  which  had  been  confided 
to  him  alone,  by  the  militia. 

28.  In  a  few  months,  however,  a  letter  arrived  from  the 
ministry  \n  England,  directed  "to  such  as,  for  the  time  lieing, 
take  care  for  administeiing  the  lavris  of  tlie  province,"  and  con- 
ferring authority  to  perform  all  the  duties  of  lieutenant-govemoK 
Leisler  considered  tnis  letter  addressed  to  himself,  assumed  Uie 
authority  conferred,  appointed  his  council,  and  issued  commissions 
in  his  own  name. 

29.  The  people  of  Albany,  led  by  Bayard,  Courtlandt,  and 
Lhringston,  acknowledged  king  William,  but  re&sed  to  submit 
to  Leisler.  Mitbonie  was  sent  with  a  body  or  tl%bps  to  enforce 
obedience,  but,  findingthem  united,  he  returned  without  attempting 
it.  The  next  Spring,  going  with  a  stronger  force,  he  succeeded. 
The  leaders  of  the  party  fled,  and  their  property  was  confiscated. 
This  arbitrary  and  unjust  measure  so  exasperated  the  sufTereiti, 
that  they  and  their  posterity  long  retained  the  most  violent  anioM- 
Hity  against  Leisler  and  his  adherents. 

30.  During  these  troubles  in  the  colony,  war  was  declared 
between  France  an4  England.  De  Nonville  being  recalled, 
Count  Frontenac  was  appointed  governor  of  Canada.  In 
January,  1690,  he  despatched  several  parties  agahist  the  English 
settlements.  One  of  these,  consisting  of  Frenchmen  and  Cagh- 
nuaga  Indians,  was  sent  against  Albany,  but  resolved  to  attack 
Sciienectady*  To  tlie  inhabitants  of  this  village,  information  wan 
given  of  tlieir  danger ;  but  they,  judging  it  impossible  for  the 
enemy  to  march  several  hundred  miles  in  the  depth  of  wiaier, 
disregarded  the  intelligence.  No  regular  watch  was  kept,  nor 
military  order  observed. 

31.  The  French  and  Indians  arrived  near  the  town  on  the 
ciglith  of  Februarj*.     They  divided  their  number  into  small 


ft 


l^ 


70 


I^W-YORIC 


parties,  that  every  house  might  be  invested  at  the  same  time. 
On  Saturday  night,  at  eleven  o'clock,  they  entered  at  the  gates 
which  they  found  unshut.     The  inhabitants  having  retired  to  rest, 
universal  stOIness  reigned.     Suddenly,  in  every  quarter,  the  hor- 
rid yell  was  heard.     They  ^rang  from  their  beds,  conscious  of 
the  danger  which  surrounded  them.     Opening  their  doors,  they 
;iet  the  savages,  with  uplifted  tomahawks,  on  the  threshold, 
iilach,  at  the  same  instant,  heard  the  cry  of  hi^  affrighttid  neigh- 
bor.    Soon  succeeded  the  groans  of  the  dying.     In  a  fevr 
minutes,  the  buildings  were  on  fire,    Womei    were  butchered, 
and  children  thrown  alive  into  the  flames.    1 W  Indians,  frantic 
from  slaughter,  ran,  with  fatal   haste,   tl   lu^ii  the   village, 
massacreing  many,  who,  in  their  attempts  to  escape,  were  be* 
grayed  by  the  light  x>f  their  ovm  houses. 

32.  Some  eluded  their  pursuers ;  but  a  fate  almost  &3  dreadful 
awaited  them.  They  were  naked ;  a  furious  storm  came  og>  .> 
Albany,  their  only  refuge,  was  at  a  distance ;  and  often  their 
teiTor  converted  into  savages  the  trees  and  wUd  beasts  which 
they  saw  m  their  flight.  Part  arrived  in  safety ;  twenty-fii^e  V^st 
their  limbs  by  the  severity  of  the  cold.  At  Schenectady,  sixty 
were  killed,  and  twenty-five  made  prisoners. 

33.  To  avenge  these  barbarity  "^s,  and  others  perpetrated  in 
New-England,  a  combined  expedition  against  Canada  was  pro- 
jected. An  anny,  raised  in  New-Tork  and  Connecticut,  pro 
ceeded  as  far  as  the  head  of  lake  Champlain,  whence^  finding  no 
boats  prepared,  they  were  obliged  to  return.  Sir  William 
I^pps,  with  a  fleet  of  more  than  thirty  vessels,  sailed  from 
Boston  into  the  St  Lawrence,  and,  landing  a  body  of  troops, 
made  an  attack  by  land  and  water  upon  Quebec ;  but  the  retura 
of  the  army  to  New-York,  allowmg  the  whole  force  of  the  enemy 
to  repair  to  the  assistance  of  the  garrison,  he  was  obliged  to 
abandon  the  enterprise.  To  the  misconduct  or  incapacity  ot 
Leisler  and  Miibome,  the  failure  of  this  expedition  was  attri- 
buted. 

84.  As  soon  as  kir^  William  could  find  leisure  to  attend  to 
his  colonies,  he  appointed  colonel  Henry  Sloughter  governor  ol 
New-York.  Never  was  a  governor  more  necessary  to  th« 
province,  and  never,  perhaps,  has  it  been  ruled  by  one  less 
qualified  for  the  station.  He  was  destitute  of  talents,  licentious, 
avaricious,  and  a  bankrupt.  "  ^ 

,  35.  lieisler,  when  informed  of  this  appohitment,  ought  to 
have  relinquished  the  authority  he  had  exercised ;  but  he  W9B 
weaU,  into:dcated  with  power,  and  determmed  to  retain  it 
Although  tw'ce  required,  he  refused  to  surrender  the  fort;  but 
neiii  trro  persons  to  confer  with  the  governor,  who,  declaring 


NEW-YORK. 


71 


tlietn  rebels,  arrested  and  confined  them.  Alarmed  by  this  raea« 
sure,  Leialer  attempted  to  escape,  but  was  apprehended,  with 
many  of  his  adherents,  and  brought  to  trial. 

36.  In  vain  did  they  plead  their  zeal  for  king  William.  In  vain 
did  Leisler  insist  that  me  letter  from  England  authorized  him  to 
administer  the  government.  They  had  lately  resisted  a  governor 
with  a  regular  commission,  and  this  governor,  and  a  subservient 
court,  were  resolved  upon  their  conviction.  Leisler  and  Mil- 
borne  were  condemned  to  death  for  high  treason. 

37.  Soon  afler  their  trial,  the  affairs  of  the  province  re- 
quired Sloughter's  presence  at  Albany.  The  faction  opposed  to 
(hem,  entreated  him,  before  his  departure,  to  sign  the  warrant 
for  their  execution:;  but  he,  unwilling  to  sacrifice  two  men,  who, 
though  they  had  sometimes  erred,  nad  served  his  master  with 
zeal,  refused.  Unable  to  effect  their  purpose  by  persuasion,  they 
1  esoited  to  a  detestable  expedient.  A  sumptuous  feast  was  pre- 
pared, to  which  the  governor  was  invited.  When  he  bad  drunk 
to  intoxication,  they  presented  him  the  warrant,  which  he  sign- 
ed, and  when  he  had  recovered  his  senses,  the  prisoners  were  no 
more. 

3S.  On  application  to  the  king,  their  estates,  which  had  b^n 
confiscated,  were  restored  to  their  heirs.  Their  bodies  were  af- 
terwards taken  up  and  interred,  with  great  pomp,  in  the  old  Dutch 
church ;  and  iheir  descendants  are  conside."^  honoreil,  rather 
than  disgraced,  by  the  conduct  and  fall  of  theur  ancestors. 

39.  In  Jiily,  1691,  Sloughter,  having  returned  firom  Albany, 
ended,  by  a  sudden  death,  a  short,  weak,  and  turbulent  adminis- 
tration. About  the  same  time,  major  Peter  Schuyler,  at  the  head 
of  three  hundred  Mohawks,  made  a  sudden  and  bold  attack  upon 
the  French  settlements,  at  the  north  end  of  Lake  ^hamplain. 
iu  army  of  eight  hundred  men  was  despatched  from  Montreal 
to  oppose  him.  With  these  be  had  several  irregular,  but  isuc- 
ccssfid  conflicts ;  in  which  he  killed  a  numb^ir  of  the  enemy, 
greater  than  that  of  his  whole  party. 

40.  In  1692,  colonel  Fletcher  arrived  as  8u<;ce8Sor  to  Slough- 
ter. Me  was  a  good  soldier,  ivas  active,  avaricic  as,  and  passionate. 
From  the  talents  and  information  of  major  Schuyler,  he  derived 
great  assistance,  and  was  governed  by  his  advice,  particularly  in 
transactions  relative  to  the  Indians. 

41.  As  a  great  portion  of  the. inhabitants  were  Dutch,  all  the 
govetiiors,  to  produce  uniformity  in  religion  and  language,  had 
encouraged  English  preachers  and  school-masters  to  settle  in  the 

I  <;oIony.  No  one  pursued  this  object  with  more  zeal  than  Fletcher^  * 
who  was  devoted  to  the  church  of  England.     At  two  successivt 
sesijioRB,  he  reccn:niu<*«dciJ  the  sulfject  to  the  attention  of  the  Hi* 


1;^ 


;i: 


w 


! 


tt 


KiiW-YORK. 


V'\\ 


■  «i 


semUj ;  but  tiie  memliero,  being  gieccra%  attaehed  to  the  ichnrdi 
of  Holland-,  dlsrogaril^hfopefxiiiunendatioiis,  JEW  this:  iM^^eet, 
he  gave  them  a  severs  Mpnmaiid. 

42.  ^be  suliject  being  laid  before  then^,  at  a  mibiiB(]ueiii  ses- 
sion, they  passed- a  biH  providing  for  the  settl^rcent,  in  certain 
parishes,  of  ministers  of  the  go^el,  to  be  chosen  by  the  pec^le. 
The  council  added  an  amendment,  giving  to  the  gc^vemor  the 
power  of  approval  or  rejection.  The  bouse  refused  to  concur  in 
the  amendment,  at  which  Fletcher  was  so  much  enraged,  that  he 
commanded  them  instantly  to  attend  him,  and,  addressing  them 
in  an  angry  speech,  prorogued  them  to  the  next  year. 

43.  In  1697,  a  peace,  which  gave  security  and  repose  to  the 
colonies,  was  concluded  between  Great  Britain  9nd  France. 
The  next  year,  the  earl  of  Bellamont  was  appointed  governcr. 
He  was  particularly  instructed  to  clear  the  American  seas  of  the 
pirates  who  infested  them,  and- who,  it  was  suapected,  ^lad  even 
received  encouragement  frt^m  Ftotchw. 

44.  The  government  declinivig  tr»  iurnish  the  necessnry  navnl 
force,  the  earl  engaged,  with  other  ,  m  n  private;  undertakitig 
agaiii^t  then).  The  associates,  procuring^  a  vessel  of  war,  gave 
the  Command  of  it  to  a  captain  Kid,  and  h«^r.t  him  to  cruise  against 
the  pifatefi.  He  had  beon  but  a  sliort  time  at  sea,  when,  disre- 
garding his  instructions,  he  made  a  new  contract  with  his  crew, 
and,  on  the  Atlai'.tic  and  Indian  Oceans,  became  himself  a  daring, 
atrocipus,  and  successful  pirate. 

45.  ^hree  yearb  'flerwards,  he  returned,  burned  his  ship,  and, 
witli  a  Strang^  infatu<\tion,  appeared  publicly  at  Boston.  He  was 
apprehended  and  sent  to  En^and,  where  he  was  tried  and  exe- 
cuted. The  earl  apd  hi.^  partners,  some  of  whom  resided  in 
England,  were  accused  of  sharing  in  his  plunder,  but  in  all  his 
rxaiiiinations  he  declared  them  innocent. 

46.  Notwithsiandic  g  the  death  of  Leisler,  the  people  were  still 
divided  into  Leislcrians  and  anti-Leislerians.  Fletcher  had  been 
the  instrument  of  the  latter ;  Lord  Bellamont  espoused  the  caus«3 
of  the  former.  He,  however,  persecuted  no  one ;  but  exercised 
authority  widi  justice  and  moderation.     He  died  in  1701. 

47.  The  next  3rear,  Lord  Comhury  was  appointed  governor, 
lie  presented  a  striking  proof  of  the  folly  of  hereditary  distinc- 
tions. He  wa9  the  son  of  the  celebrated  earl  of  Clarendon ;  but 
[jossessed  not  one  of  the  virtues  of  his  ancestor.  Mton,  profli- 
g:ate,  and  unprincipled,  he  was  a  burden  to  his  friends  at  home, 
and  was  sent  to  America  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  his  creditors. 

48.  He  declared  himself  an  anti-Leislerian,  and  the  first  as- 
sembly that  he  summoned  ^vas  composed  principally  of  men  d 
iht^t  party.     Tliey  pi^et'pntvd  hitn  two  thousand  pounds  to  defray 


NEW-YOfOL 


78 


the  exp^nseti  of  lils  vdyi^.  They  raised  several  sums  of  money 
forpuhUd  j^Uyposes,  but  the  expenditure  being  intrusted  to  liim 
as  govejBDor^  dIb  appropriated  most  of  it  to  his  own  use. 

49*  His  acts  of  injustioe  and  oppression ;  liis  prodigality ;  his 
indecent  and  vulgar  manners,  rendered  him  universally  odious. 
In  1708,  the  assemblies  of  New-Tork  and  of  New-Jersey,  of 
which  colony  he  was  also  governor,  complained  to  the  queen  of 
hiB  misconduct  She  removed  him  from  office ;  he  was  soon 
ai'ter  a  posted  by  hi^  creditors,  and  remained  in  custody  until  the 
death  of  hh  iiliistriou''  father,  when  he  returned  to  England  and 
todk  his  ucai  in  Hke  aouse  of  lords. 

50.  ^  proceeding  of  the  house  of  representatives,  near  the 
close  of  his  administration,  ought  not  to  be  passed  over  ^thout 
notice.  Wewne^  by  iheir  sufferings,  they  appointed  a  committee 
of  grievances,  'vho  reported  a  series  of  resolutions  having  refer- 
mr.e  to  rer  nt  transactions,  which  Tesolutions  were  adopted  by 
ihe  hou5?e.  One  of  them,  in  explicit  language,  asserted  the  prin- 
ci[)Ie,  ^<  that  the  imposing  and  levjring  of  any  moneys  upon  her 
majesty's  subjects  of  this  colony,  under  any  pretence  or  color 
whatsoever,  without  consent  in  general  assembly,  is  a  grievance 
and  a  violatioii  of  the  people's  property.''  It  is  not  uninstructive 
to  observe  how  early,  in  some  of  the  colonies,  were  sown  the 
vteds  of  the  American  revolution. 

51.  In  1710,  general  Hunter,  who  had  been  appomted  gover- 
nor, arrived  in  ^he  province.  He  brought  with  him  near  three 
thousand  Germans,  some  of  whom  setUed  in  New-Yoric,  and 
some  in  Pennsylvania.  The  latter  transmitted  to  theur  native 
land  subh  favoraiile  accounts  of  the  country  which  they  had  chosen 
for  their  residence,  that  many  others  followed  and  settled  in  that 
colony.  The  numerous  descendants  of  these  Germans  are  ho- 
nest, industrious,  and  useful  citizens. 

52.  The  prodigality  of  Lord  Combury,  had  taught  the  assem- 
i)\y  an  important  lesson.  Before  his  removal,  they  had  obtained 
from  the  queen  permission,  in  cases  of  special  appropriations  to 
appoint  their  own  treasurer.  They  now  passed  a  bill  confiding 
to  this  officer  the  disbursement  of  certain  sums  appropriated  for 
ordinary  purposes.  The  council  proposed  an  amendment.  The 
house  denied  the  right  of  that  body  to  amend  a  money  bill.  Both 
continuing  obstinate,  the  governor  prorogued  them,  and  at  their 
next  session  dissolved  them. 

53.  At  this  time,  war  existed  between  England  and  France, 
(n  1709,  expensive  preparations  were  made  for  an  attack  upon 
Canada,  but  the  promised  assistance  not  arriving  from  England, 
the  enterprise  was  abandoned.  In  1711,  the  project  was  re- 
sumed.   A  liiivt  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  attack  Quebec; 

G 


•  V 


>•  -^1 


74 


NfiW-YOKK. 


and  an  annjr  of  four  thousand  men,  raised  by  New^York,  INew- 
Jersey,  and  Connecticut,  marched  to  invade  Canaiia,  by  the  route 
of  Lake  Champlain.     The  fleet,  shattered  by  a  storm,  was  com 
pelled  to  return.     The  army,  informed  of  the  disasters  of  the 
fleet,  returned  also,  havhig  accomplished  nothing. 

54.  The  people,  approvmg  the,  conduct  of  Uieur  representatives 
in  relation  to  the  revenue,  had  re-elected  nearly  all  of  them,  and 
they  were  now  in  session.  To  defray  the  expenses  of  the  late 
expedition,  they  passed  Several  bills  which  were  amended  in  the 
council.  Between  these  two  bodies,  an  other  contest  ensued. 
The  representatives,  deriving  their  authority  from  the  people, 
considered  themselves  bound  to  watch  over  the  expenditure  of 
their  money.  The  council,  deriving  their  authority  from  the 
same  source  as  the  governor,  were  desirous  of  increasing  his  in 
fluence  by  giving  him  the  management  of  the  revenue.  Duriiig 
this,  and  a  subsequent  session,  both  continued  inflexible.  The 
governor,  provoked  at  the  obstinacy  of  the  representatives,  dis- 
solved the  assembly.  <  i 

55.  At  the  ensuing  election,  which  was  warmly  contested,  most 
of  the  members  chosen,  were  opposed  to  the  governor.  This 
assembly  was  dissolved  by  the  deadi  of  the  queen.  The  next 
was  dissolved  by  the  governor,  soon  afler  it  first  met,  a  majority 
of  tlie  r^resentatives  being  known  to  be  unfriendly  to  his  views. 
The  people  became  weary  of  contending.  Most  of  the  mem- 
bers cho^n  at  the  succeeding  election,  were  his  friends  and  par- 
tisans, and,  for  several  years,  the  utmost  harmony  existed  be- 
tween the  diflerent  branches  of  the  government. 

56.  Governor  Hunter  quitted  the  provhice  in  1719,  and  his 
authority ilevolved  on  Peter  Schuyler,  the  oldest  member  of  the 
council.  The  next  year,  WilUam  Burnet,  son  of  the  celebrated 
bishop  of  that  name,  was  appointed  governor.  Turnmg  his  at- 
tention towards  the  wilderness,  he  perceived  that  the  French,  in 
order  to  connect  their  settlements  in  Canada  and  Louisiana,  to 
secure  to  themselves  the  Indian  trade,  and  to  confine  the  English 
to  the  sea  coast,  were  busily  employed  in  erecting  a  chain  )f 
forts  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Mississippi. 

57.  He  endeavored  to  defeat  their  design,  by  building  a  trading 
house,  and  afterwards  a  fort,  at  Oswego,  on  Lake  £)ntario.  But 
the  French  had  the  coonmand  of  more  abundant:  resources,  and 
applied  them  to  the  accomplishment  of  their  object,  wiA  great 
activity  and  zeal.  Thev  launched  two  vessels  ujpon  that  lake ; 
and,  going  farther  into  the  wilderness,  erected  a  fort  at  Niagara, 
commanding  the  entrance  into  it;  they  had  previously  erected 
fort  Frontenac,  commanding  the  outlet. 

58.  The  asiembly,  elected  in  1716,  had  been  no  obsequious 


NEW-YOHK. 


^5 


to  tlie  governor,  that  he  contiiiued  it  in  existence  until  the  clamors 
of  the  people  induced  him,  in  1727,  to  dissolve  it.  'That  which 
next  met,  was  composed  entirely  of  his  opponents.  The  court 
of  chancery,  in  which  he  presidec?,  had  become  exceedingly  un- 
popular. It  had  been  instituted  by  an  ordinance  of  the  governor 
and  council,  without  the  concurrence  of  the  assembly ;  the  mode 
of  proceeding  was  novel ;  and  some  of  the  decisions  had  given 
great  offence  to  powerful  individuals.  The  house  passed  resolu- 
tions declaring  it  '<  a  manifest  oppression  and  grievance,"  and 
intimating  that  its  decrees  were  void.  The  governor  instantly 
called  the  assembly  before  him,  and  dissolved  it. 

59.  Being  soon  after  appointed  governor  of  Massachusetts,  he 
was  succeeded  by  colonel  Montgomery,  upon  whose  death,  in 
1731,  the  supreme  authority  devolved  upon  Rip  Van  Dam,  the 
senior  member  of  the  council.  Under  his  short  and  inefficient 
administration,  the  French  were  permitted  to  erect  a  fort  at 
Crown  Point,  within  the  acknowledged  boundaries  of  New- 
York,  from  which  parties  of  savages  were  often  secretiy  des- 
patched to  destroy  the  English  settiements. 
y  60.  Tan  Dam  was  superseded  by  William  Cosby,  who  ar- 
rived in  August,  1782.  Having  been  the  advocate,  in  parliament, 
of  the  American  colonies,  he  was  at  first  popular,  but  soon  lost 
the  affection  and  confidence  of  tlie  people.  By  his  instigation, 
one  Zenger,  the  printer  of  a  newspaper,  was  prosecuted  for 
publishmg  an  article  declared  to  be  derogatory  to  the  dignity  of 
his  majesty's  government.  He  was  zealously  defended  by  able 
counsel,  and  an  independent  jury  gave  a  verdict  of  acquittal. 
The  people  applauded  their  conduct,  and  the  magistrates  of  the 
city  of  New- 1  ork  presented  to  Andrew  Hamilton,  one  of  his 
defenders,  tiie  freedom  of  the  city,  in  a  gold  bok,  and  their 
'  thanks  for  '<  his  learned  and  generous  defence  of  the  rights  of 
mankind,  and  the  liberty  of  me  press." 

61.  Governor  Cosby  died  in  1736,  and  was  succeeded  by 
George  Clark,  at  that  time  senior  counsellor,  but  soon  afler  ap- 
pomteid  lieutenant-governor.  Again  was  revived  the  contest 
which  had  ended,  twenty  years  before,  in  the  victory  gained  by 
governor  Hunter,  over  the  house  of  representatives.  The  colony 
being  in  debt,  the  house  voted  to  raise  the  sum  of  six  thousand 
pounds ;  but,  in  order  to  prevent  its  misapplication,  declared, 
that  it  diould  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  certain  specified 
debts.  Offended  by  this  vote,  Clark  resofted  to  the  expedient 
which  had  usually  been  adopted  to  punish  w  uitimidate ;  he  im- 
mediately dissolved  the  assembly. 

62.  At  the  next  election,  sreat  exertions  were  made  by  the 
opposing  parti^.    The  popidar  party  was  triumphant.^   At  their 


'-4i\ 


.ft| 


iM 


;:^5 


^i 


ml 

'l 


76 


NEW-YORK 


ill! 


second  session,  the  house  voted  an  address  to  the  lieut^umt- 
governor,  which  is  worthy  of  particular  notice.  In  bold  and 
explicit  language,  they  state  some  of  the  vital  principles  of  free 
government,  refer  to  recent  miss^plications  of  money,  and  pro- 
ceed: ,, 

63.  "  We  therefore  beg  leave  to  be  plain  with  your  honor, 
and  hope  you  will  not  take  it  amiss  when  we  tell  you,  that  you 
are  not  to  expect  that  we  will  either  raise  sums  unfit  to  be  raised, 
or  put  what  we  shall  raise,  into  the  power  of  a  governor  to  mis< 
apply,  if  we  can  prevent  it ;  nor  shall  we  make  up  any  other  de. 
ficiencies  than  what  we  conceive  are  fit  and  just  to  be  paid ;  nor 
continue  what  support  or  revenue  we  shall  raise,  for  any  longer 
time  than  one  year;  nor  do  we  think  it  convenient  to  do  even 
that,  until  such  laws  are  passed  as  we  conceive  necessary  for  the 
safety  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  colony,  who  have  reposed  a  trust 
in  us  for  that  only  purpose,  and  which  we  are  sure  you  will  think 
it  reasonable  we  should  act  agreeably  to  ;  and  by  the  grace  of 
God  we  shall  endear  or  not  lo  deceive  them."  \ 

64.  With  a  body  of  men,  so  resolute  in  asserting  their  rights, 
the  lieutenant-governor  wisely  forebore  to  contend.  He  thankej 
them  for  their  address,  and  promised  his  cordial  co-operation  if  { 
all  measures  calculated  to  promote  the  prosperity  of  the  colony. 
He  gave  his  assent  to  a  law  providh'g  for  the  more  firequent 
election  of  representatives;  which  law,  however,  two  years  after- 
wardS|  was  abrogated  by  the  king. 

65.  But  between  a  house  of  representatives  and  a  chief  ma- 
gistrate, deriving  their  authority  from  different  sources,  harmony 
could  not  long  subsist.  Mr.  Clark,  in  his  speech  at  the  opening 
of  the  next  session,  declared  that  unless  the  revenue  was  granted 
for  as  long  a  time  as  it  had  been  granted  by  former  assemblies, 
his  duty  to  his  majesty  forbade  him  from  assenting  to  any  actj 
/or  continuing  the  excise,  or  for  paying  the  colonial  bUls  of  credit 
The  house  unanimously  resolved,  that  it  would  not  pass  any  bill 
for  the  grant  of  money,  unless  assurance  should  be  given  that  the  i 
excise  should  be  continued  and  the  billk  of  credit  redeemed. 

66.  The  lieutenant-governor  immediately  ordered  the  mem* 
bers  to  attend  him.  He  told  them  that  <<  their  proceedings  were  I 
presumptuous,  daring,  and  unprecedented ;  that  he  coul(fnot  look 
upon  them  without  astonishment,  nor  with  honor  su^er  me  house 
to  sit  any  longer  •;''  and  he  accordingly  dissolved  it.  Little  more 
than  a  year  had  elapsed,  since  the  members  were  chosen ;  but 
in  that  time  they  had,  by  their  firm  and  spfarited  conduct,  in  sup* 
port  of  the  rights  of  the  people,  merited  the  gratitude  of  their 
constituents. 

67.  About  t^ls  time,  a  supposed  "negro  plot"  occasionea 


NEW.YORK. 


77 


great  commotion  and  alaraPin  the  city  of  New-Tork.  The 
Sequent  occurrence  of  fires,  most  of  which  were  e^dei^tiy 
caused  by  design^  first  excited  the  Malousy  and  suspicion  of  t9ie 
citizens.  Terrified  by  danger  which  lurked  upseen  in  the 
midst  of  them,  they  listened  with  eager  credulity  to  the  declara- 
tion of  some  abandoned  females,  that  the  negroes  had  combined 
to  burn  the  city  and  make  one  of  their  number  governor.  Many 
were  arrested  and  committed  to  prison.  Other  witnesses,  not 
more  respectable^  than  the  first,  came  forward ;  other  negroes 
were  accused,  and  even  several  wliite  men  were  designated  as 
concerned  in  the  plot. 

68.  When  the  time  of  trial  arrived,  so  strong  was  the  preju- 
dice against  the  miserable  negroes,  that  ever}-  lawyer  in  the  city 
volunteered  against  them.  Ignorant  and  unassisted,  nearly  all 
who  were  tried  were  condemned.  Fourteen  were  sentenced  to 
be  burned,  eighteen  to  be  hung,  seventy-one  to  be  transported, 
and  all  these  sentences  were  executed.  Of  the  whites  two  were 
convicted  and  suffered  death. 

69.  All  apprehension  of  danger  having  subsided,  many  began 
''to  doubt  whether  any  plot  had  in  fact  been  conceited.     None  of 

the  witnesses  were  persons  of  credit,  tlieir  stories  were  extrava- 
gant and  often  contradictory  ;  and  the  project  was  such  as  none 
but  fools  or  madmen  would  form.  The  two  white  men  were 
respectable  ;  one  had  received  a  liberal  education,  but  he  was  a 
catholic,  and  the  prejudice  against  catholics  was  too  violent  to 
permit  the  free  exercise  of  reason.  Some  of  the  accused  were 
doubtless  guilty  of  setting  fire  to  the  city ;  but  the  proof  of  the 
alleged  plot  was  not  sufficiently  clear  to  justify  the  numerous 
and  cruel  punishments  that  were  inflicted. 

70.  In  April,  1740,  the  assembly  again  met.  It  had  now 
risen  to  importance  in  the  colony.  The  adherence  of  the  re- 
presentatives to  their  determination,  not  to  grant  the  revenue  for 
more  than  one  year,  made  annual  meetings  of  the  assembly  ne- 
cessary^ This  attachment  to  liberty  was  mistaken  for  the  desire 
of  independence.  Lieutenant-governor  Clark,  in  a  speech  de- 
livered in  1741,  alludes  to  ^^  a  jealousy  which  for  some  years 
had  obtained  in  England,  that  the  plantations  were  not  without 
thoughts  of  throwing  oflf  their  dependence  on  the  crown." 

71.  In  1743,  George  Clinton  was  sent  over  as  Governor  of 
|,the  colony.  '  Like  m;jst  of  his  predecessors  he  was  welcomed 

with  joy;  and  one  ofhii  earliest  measures  confirmed  the  favorable 
accounts,  which  had  preceded  him,  of  his  talents  and  liberality.- 
To  show  his  willingness  to  repose  confidence  in  the  people,  ne 
at-tflented  to  a  bill  limiting  the  duration  of  the  present  and  all  suc- 
<'^pding  assemblies.     The  house  manifested  its  gratitude  bv 

09 


\ 

4«: 


I 


>  1 


lU 


& 


78 


NEWJERSEY. 


m 


adopting  the  measures  be  recommended  for  the  defence  oi  the 

{>rovhice  against  the  French,  who  were  then  at  war  with  Eng. 
and. 

72.  In  1745,  the  savages  lu  alliance  with  France  made  fire- 
quent  invasions  of  ihe  English  territories.  The  inhabitants  were 
compelled  to  desert  Hosick  ;  Saratoga  was  destroyed ;  the 
western  settlepients  in  New-England  were  often  attacked  and 
plundered.  Encouraged  bj  success,  the  enemy  became  more 
daring,  and  small  parties  ventured  within  the  suburbs  oi  Albany, 
and  there  lay  in  wait  for  prisoners.  It  is  even  said  that  one 
Indian,  called  Tomonwilemon.  often  entered  the  city  and  suc- 
ceeded in  taking  captives.  ^ 

73.  Distressed  by  these  hicnrsious,  the  assembly,  in  1746, 
determined  to  unite  with  the  other  colonies  and  the  mother 
country  in  an  expedition  against  Canada.  They  appropriated 
money  to  purchase  provisions  for  the  army,  and  offei^  liberal 
bounties  to  recruits.  But  the  fleet  from  England  did  not  arrive 
at  the  appointed  time :  the  other  colonies  were  dilatory  in  their 
preparations,  and  before  they  were  completed,  the  season  fof 
military  operations  had  passed  away. 

74.  Early  in  the  next  year,  a  treaty  was  concluded}  and  the 
inhabitants  were,  for  a  short  period,  relieved  from  the  burdens 
and  distresses  of  war.  During  the  interval  of  peace,  no  event 
of  importance  happened  in  the  colony.  Upon  the  recurrence, 
a  few  years  afterwaurds,  of  hostilities,  its  territory  was  the  theatre 
of  sanguinary  conflicts.  But  of  that  war,  in  which  all  the  colo- 
nies acted  in  concert,  a  connected  history  will  be  hereafter  given. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


NEW-JERSEY. 


i 


THE  first  settlement  within  the  limits  of  Nciy-Jersey  was 
made  by  the  Danes,  about  the  year  1624,  at  a  place  called  Ber- 
gen, fnwn  a  city  of  that  name  in  Norway.  Soon  afterwards, 
severad  Dutch  families  seated  themselves  in  the  vicinity  of  New- 
York.  In  1626,  a  company  was  formed  hi  Sweden,  under  the 
patronage  of  king  Gustavus  Adolphus,  for  the  purpose  of  planting 
a  colony  in  America.    The  next  year,  a  number  of  Swedes  and 


N£i;V-J£RS£Y« 


7§ 


m' 


Finns  came  over,  purchased  of  the  natives  the  land  on  both  sides 
of  the  n^  ^^  D<^laware,  but  made  their  first  settlement  on  its  west- 
em  bi&  •  ;  ntrr  Christina  creek. 

2.  Ahyai  the  year  1640,  the  English  began  a  plantation  at 
Eisingburgh,  on  its  eastern  bank.  The  Swedes,  in  concert  with 
the  Dutch  who  then  possessed  New- York,  drove  them  out  of  the 
country.  The  former  built  a  fort  on  the  spot  whence  the  Eng- 
lish had  been  driven ;  and,  gaining  thus  the  command  of  the  river, 
claimed  and  exercLed  authority  over  all  vessels  that  entered  it, 
even  those  of  the  Dutch,  their  late  associates. 

3.  They  continued  in  possession  of  the  country,  on  both  sides 
of  the  Delaware,  until  1655,  when  Peter  Stuyresant,  governor 
of  the  New-Netherlands,  having  obtained  assistance  from  Hol- 
land, conquered  all  their  posts  and  transported  most  of  the  Swedes 
to  Europe.  The  Dutch  were  now  in  possession  of  the  territory 
comprising,  at  this  time,  the  states  of  New-Jersey,  New- York, 
and  Delaware. 

4.  Soon,  however,  this  territory  changed  masters.  King 
Charles  the  second,  having  granted  it  to  the  duke  of  York,  sent 
an/ armament,  in  1664,  to  wrest  it  from  the  Dutch.  After  re- 
ducing New-York,  the  squadron  proceeded  to  the  settlements  on 
the  Delaware,  which  immediately  submitted.  In  the  same  year, 
the  duke  conveyed  that  portion  of  his^grant,  lying  between  Hud- 
son and  Delaware  rivers,  to  lord  Berkeley  and  sir  George  Car- 
teret. This  tract  was  called  New- Jersey,  in  compliment  to  sir 
George,  who  had  been  governor  of  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  had 
held  it  for  king  Charles  in  his  contest  with  the  parliament. 

5.  The  two  proprietors  formed  a  constitution  for  the  colony, 
securing  equal  privileges  and  liberty  of  conscience  to  all,  and  ap- 
pointed Philip  Carteret  governor.  He  came  over  in  1665,  fixed' 
the  seat  of  government  at  Elizabethtown,  purchased  land  of  the 
Indians,  and  sent  agents  into  New-England  to  invite  settlers  from 
that  quarter.  The  teims  offered  were  so  favorable  that  many 
accepted  the  invitation. 

6.  A  few  years  afterwards,  the  repose  of  the  colony  began  to 
be  disturbed  by  domestic  disputes.  Some  of  the  inhabitants, 
havmg  purchased  their  lands  of  the  Indians  previous  to  the  con- 
veyance from  the  duke,  refused  to  pay  rent  to  the  proprietors. 
Others  were  discontented  from  different  causes.  In  1672,  an 
insurrection  took  place,  the  people  assumed  the  government,  and 
chose  James  Carteret,  the  son  of  Philip,  their  governor.  The 
father  returned  to  England,  and  obtained  from  the  proprietors 
such  favorable  concessions  and  promises  a»  quieted  the  people, 
and  hiduced  them  again  to  submit  to  his  authority. 

7.  Lord  Berkeley  disposed  of  his  property,  rights,  and  privi- 


<^ 


i 


i     )4 


*       -i 


m 


NEW-JERSEY. 


ijiii 


f 

f  [■ 


:  III 
I 


leges  in  the  territory,  to  Edward  BUIinge;  and  he,  being  involved 
in  debt,  consented  that  they  should  be  sold  for  the  benefit  of  his 
creditors.  William  Penn,  Gawen  Low..ie,  and  Nicholas  Lu- 
cas, were  appointed  trustees  for  that  purpose.  Li  1676,  the 
trustees  and  sir  George  Carteret  made  partition  on  the  territory, 
they  taking  the  western  and  he  the  eastern  portion. 

8.  West  Jersey  was  then  divided  into  one  hundred  shares, 
which  were  separately  sold.  Some  of  the  purchasers  emigrated 
to  the  country,  and  all  made  great  exertions  to  promote  its  popu- 
lation. Possessing  the  powers  of  government,  as  well  as  the 
riglit  of  soil,  they  K>rmed  a  constitution,  in  which,  for  the  encou- 
ragement of  emigr9^ts,  they  secured  to  them  ample  privileges. 

9.  But  previous  to  the  transfer  firom  Berkeley  to  Billinge,  the 
Dutch,  being  at  war  with  England,  reconquered  the  country,  and 
retained  it,  until  1674,  when  it  was  restored  by  treaty.  A  new 
patent  was  then  granted]  to  the  duke,  including  the  same  territory 
as  the  former.  In  1678,  sir  Edmund  Andross,  who  had  been 
appuinted  his  sole  governor  in  America,  claimed  jurisdiction  dyer 
the  Jerseys,  insisting  that  the  conquest  by  the  Dutch  divested  the 
proprietoi^  of  all  their  rights. 

10.  He  forcibly  seized,  transported  to  New- York,  and  there 
imf)ridohed  those  magistrates  who  refused  to  acknowledge  hii 
authority.  He  imposed  a  duty  upon  all  goods  imported,  and 
upon  tile  property  of  all  who  came  to  settle  in  the  country.  Of 
:li\s  injustice  the  inhabitants  loudly  complained  to  the  duke ;  and 
It  length  their  repeated  remonstrances  constrained  him  to  refer 
the  matter  to  commissioners. 

1 1 .  Before  them  the  proprietors  appeared.  In  strong  language 
they  asserted,  diid  by  strong  arguments  supported,  their  claim  to 
the  privileges  of  freemen.  They  represented,  that  the  king  had 
gi-aiited  to  tlie  duke  the  right  of  government  as  well  as  the  right 
of  soil ;  that  the  duke  had  transferred  the  same  rights  to  Berkeley 
and  Carteret,  and  they  to  the  present  proprietors. 

12.  **  That  only,"  they  adde^,  "  could  have  induced  us  to  pur- 
chase lands  and  emigrate.  And  the  reason  is  plain :  to  all  pru- 
dent men,  the  government  of  any  place  is  more  inviting  than  the 
?oil ;  ibr  what  is  good  land  without  good  laws  ?  What  but  an  as- 
surance that  we  should  enjoy  civil  and  religious  privileges,  could 
have  tempted  us  to  leave  a  cultivated  country  and  i^soit  to  a 
gloomy  wilderness  1  What  have  we  gained,  if,  after  adventuring 
in  this  wilderness  many  thousands  of  pounds,  we  are  yet  to  be 
taxed  at  the  mere  will  and  pleasure  of  another  ?  What  is  it  but 
to  say,  that  people,  tree  by  law  under  their  pcince  at  home,  Vixe 
at  his  mercy  in  hi6  plantations  abroad  ? 

13.  «*  We  humbly  say,  tliat  we  have  lost  none  of  our  liberty  b? 


NEW^ERSEY. 


81 


leaving  rur  country ;  that  the  duty  imposed  upon  us  is  without 
precedent  or  parallel ;  that,  had  we  foreseen  it,  we  should  have 
preferred  any  other  plantation  in  America.  Besides,  tiiere  is  no 
nmit  to  this  power ;  since  we  are,  by  this  precedent,  taxed  with- 
out any  law,  and  tiiereby  excluded  from  our  English  right  of 
assenting  to  taxes :  what  security  have  vte  of  any  &ing  we  pos- 
sess ?  We  can  call  nothing  our  own,  but  are  tenants  at  will,  not 
only  for  the  soil,  but  for  our  personal  estates.  Such  conduct  has 
destroyed  governments,  but  never  raised  one  to  any  true  great- 


it 


uess. 

14.  The  commissioners  adjudged  the  duties  Hlegal  and  oppres- 
sive, and  they  were  not  afterwards  demanded.  Emigrants  con- 
tinued to  arrive  and  the  country  to  prosper.  In  1681,  the  gover- 
nor of  West  Jersey  summoned  a  general  assembly,  by  which 
several  fundamental  laws  were  enacted,  establishing^  the  rights  of 
the  people,  and  defining  the  powers  of  rulers. 

15.  In  1682,  the  territory  of  East  Jersey  passed  from  Carteret 
0  William  Fenn,  and  twenty-three  associates,  mostly  of  the 
quaker  persuasion.  They  appointed  Robert  Barclay,  author  of 
(he  <^  Apology  for  the  Quakers,"  governor  over  it  for  life.  The 
multitude  of  proprietors,  and  the  frequent  transfers  and  subdi- 
visions of  shares,  introduced  such  confusion  in  titles  to  land,  and 
such  uncertamty  as  to  the  rights  of  government,  that,  for  twenty 
years  afterwards,  both  Jerseys  were  in  a  state  of  continued  dis- 
turbance and  disorder.  In  1702,  the  proprietors,  weary  of 
contending  with  each  other,  and  with  the  people,  surrendered 
the  right  of  government  to  the  crown.  Queen  Anne  reunited 
the  two  divisions,  and  appointed  lord  Combuiy  governor  over 
the  provinces  of  New-Jersey  and  New- York. 

16.  These  provinces  continued,  for  several  years,  to  be  ruled 
by  the  same  governor,  but  each  chose  a  separate  assembly.  lu 
1738,  the  inhabitants,  by  petition  to  the  king,  desireJ  that  tliey 
might,  in  future,  have  a  separate  governor.  Their  request  was 
g*^nted,  Lewis  Morris  being  the  first  that  was  appointed. 

17.  In  the  same  year,  a  college  was  founded  at  Princeton  and 
called  Nassau  Hall.  New-Jersey  then  contained  above  forty 
thousand  inhabitants.  Being  remote  from  Canada,  the  source 
of  most  of  the  Indian  wars  which  afflicted  the  northern  colouies, 
it  enjoyed  a  complete  exemption  from  that  terrible  calamity,  and 
until  the  commencement  or  the  revolution,  furnished  no  mate- 
rials for  history. . 


iff 


-    CHAPTER  VHL 


'      DELAWARE, 


THIS  colony  was  first  settled  by  a  company  of  Swedes  and 
Finns,  under  the  patronage  of  king  Gustavus  Adolphus.  They 
came  over  in  1627,  and  landing  at  cape  Heidopen,  were  so 
charmed  with  its  appearance, that  they  gave  it  the  name  of  Pa. 
radise  Point.  The  country  they  called  N^w  Sweden,  and  the 
river  Delaware,  New  Swedeland  Stream.  They  purchased  of  I 
the  Indians  the  lands  on  both  sides  of  that  river,  from  ttie  sea  to 
the  falls,  and  seated  themselves  at  the  mouth  of  Christina  credi, 
near  Wilmington. 

2.  Being  &equently  molested  by  the  Dutch,  who  claimed  i 
right  to  the  country,  they,  for  their  protection,  built  forts  at 
Christina,  Lewistown,  and  Tinicum.  The  last  was  their  seat 
of  government,  and  there  John  Printz,  their  governor,  erected 
an  elegant  mansion  which  he  named  Printz  Hsdl. 

3.  In  1651,  the  Dutch  built  a  fort  at  New-Castle.    Printz, 
considering  this  place  to  be  within  the  Swedish  territories,  for* 
mally  protested  against  the  proceeding.    Risingh,  his  successor, 
made  a  visit,  under  the  guise  of  frienc^hip,  to  the  commander  of  | 
the  fort,  aiul,  being  accompanied  by  thirty  men,  treacherously  I 
took  possession  of  it,  while  enjoying  his  hospitality. 

4.  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch  governor  of  New-York,  was 
net  of  a  temper  to  permit  an  injury  thus  committed,  to  pass  un* 
avenged.  Accompanied  by  an  armament,  a  part  of  which  was  { 
furnished  for  the  occasion  by  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  in  Holland, 
he,  in  1655,  returned  the  visit  of  the  Swedes.  He  first  re- 
duced the  fort  at  New-Castlc ;  then  that  at  Christina  creek, 
where  Risingh  commanded  ;  and  afterwards  the  others.  Some 
of  the  Swedes,  on  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Holland,  were 
permitted  to  remain ;  the  rest  were  sent  to  Europe. 

5.  The  settlements  on  the  Delaware  continued  under  ihe 
control  of  the  Dutch,  until  1664,  when  the  New-Netherlands 
were  conquered  by  the  English.  They  were  tlien  considered 
as  a  pait  of  New- York.  Ir  1 SS2,  William  Penn  purchased  of 
the  duke  of  York,  the  town  of  New-Castle,  and  tlie  countiy 
twelve  miles  around  it  \  and,  by  a  subsequent  purchase,  obtaineti 
the  !and  lying  jpon  the  Delaware,  and  between  New-Castle  and 
cape  Hcnlopen.     Thci^e  tracts,  which  constitute  the  pirsent 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


88 


state  of  Delaware,  were  called  the  "  Territories/*  and  were,  for 
tiventyjears,  governed  as  a  part  of  Pennsylvania. 

6.  Ine}'  were  divided  into  three  counties,  New-Castle,  Kent, 
:id  Sussex,  each  of  which  sent  six  delegates  to  the  general  as- 

f«niblj.  In  1703,  these  delegates,  dissatisfied  with  the  last 
charter  which  Penn  had  prepared,  and  a  majority  of  the  assem- 
bly had  adopted,  seceded,  and,  libeuy  being  given,  formed  a 
separate  an$l  distinct  assembly.  The  two  portions  of  the  pro- 
vince were  never  afterwards  united,  but  the  proprietor  continued 
to  possess  the  same  jurisdiction,  and  the  same  person  uniformly 
acted  as  governor  over  both. 

7.  Sheltered  by  the  surrounding  provinces,  Delavrare  enjoyed 
an  entire  exemption  from  wars,  except  those  in  which,  as  a  part 
of  the  British  empire,  she  was  obliged  to  participate.  In  the 
w^r  with  Frau»;e,  which  terminated  in  1763,  she  was  second  to 
none  in  active  zeal  to  assist  the  parent  state.  In  the  revolution- 
ary war,  the  Delaware  regiment  was  considered  the  most  ef- 
ficient in  the  continental  army. 


i* 


CHAPTER  IX. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


WILLI  :VM  PENN,  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania,  was  the 
Bon  of  Sir  William  Penn,  an  admiral  in  the  British  navy.  In 
Ibis  youth,  he  joined  the  quakers,  then  an  obscure  and  persecuted 
Beet.  While  superintending  the  settlement  of  New-Jersey,  he 
^lecame  acquainted  with  an  extensive  tract  of  fertile,  unoc- 
cupied land  lymg  between  the  territories  of  the  duke  of  York 
md  lord  Baltimore.  At  his  solicitation,  and  in  recompense 
for  unrequited  services  which  his  father  had  rendered  the  nation, 
[his  tract  was,  in  1681,  granted  to  him  in  full  property,  and  by 
king  called  Pennsylvania. 
2.  Desirous  of  selling  his  lands  and  founding  a  colony,  he,  in 
public  advertisement,  described  tiit;  country,  and  set  forth  the 
Vantages  which  it  offered  to  emigrants.  Many  persons,  chief- 
quakers,  were  induced  to  purchase.  The  fee  simple  of  'he 
jil  was  sold  at  the  rate  of  twenty  pounds  for  every  thoi;  «nd 
ws  :  and  thf»v  who  rented  l'm(H,  lu^rrpd  to  pay  one  penny 


% 


4       ;% 


84 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


!1 


yearly  per  acre.  Before  the  emigrants  embarked,  certiin  <<  con 
ditions  and  concessions*'  were  by  them  and  the  proprietor  agreed 
upon  and  subscribed. 

3.  In  the  fall,  three  ships,  'tarrying  settlers,  sailed  for  P^nn. 
sylvania.  The  pious  and  philanthropic  proprietor  sent  a  letter 
to  the  Indians,  informing  diem  that  '<  the  great  God  had  been 
pleased  to  make  him  concerned  in  their  part  of  the  world,  and 
that  the  king  of  the  country  where  he  lived,  had  given  him  a 
great  province  therein ;  but  tliat  he  did  not  desire  to  enjoy  it 
without  their  consent ;  that  he  was  a  man  of  peace  ;  and  that 
the  people  whom  he  sent  were  of  the  same  disposition;  and  if 
any  difference  should  happen  between  them,  it  might  be  adjusted 
by  an  e^ual  number  of  men  chosen  on  both  sides.''  The  posi- 
tion selected  by  these  emigrants  for  a  settlement  was  above  th' 
confluence  of  Uie  Delaware  and  the  Schuylkill. 

4.  In  April,  1682,  Penn  published  a  Frame  of  Govemiitvm, 
the  chief  object  of  which  was  declared  to  be  "  to  support  power 
in  reverence  with  the  people,  and  to  secure  the  people  from  tb? 
abuse  of  power."  He  published  also  a  Body  of  Laws,  wWch 
had  been  examined  and  approved  by  the  emigrants  in  England ; 
and  which,  says  an  eminent  historian,  "does  great  honor  to 
their  wisdom  as  statesmen,  to  their  morals  as  men^;i|iid  to  their 
spirit  as  colonists."  From  the  duke  of  York,  he  obt«Miied  the 
relinquishment  of  a  tract  of  land,  lying  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Delaware,  a  part  of  which  %v  js  already  settled,  and  in  August, 
accompanied  hy  about  two  thousand  emigrants,  set  sail  for 
America. 

6.  He  landed  first  at  New-Castle,  which  was  a  part  of  iLc 
"  Territories,"  as  the  land  conveyed  to  him  by  the  duke  was 
called.  Upon  this  tract  he  found  about  threes,  thousand  Dutch, 
Swedes,  and  Finns.  He  proceeded  to  Chester,  where  he  called 
an  assembly  on  the  fourth  of  December.  This  assembly  aii* 
nexed  the  Territories  to  the  province,  adopted  the  &ame  of  Go- 
vornment,  and  enacted  in  form  the  Body  of  Laws.  Penn  alec 
made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  from  whom  he  purchased  as 
much  land  as  the  circumstances  of  tlie  colony  required.  He  se* 
lected  the  site,  and  marked  out  the  plan,  of  an  extensive  city,  tO| 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  Philadelphia,  or  the  city  of  love. 
Before  the  end  of  the  year,  it  contained  eighty  houses  and  cot- 
tages. 

6.  The  settlement  of  none  of  the  colonies  commenced  underi 
such  favorable  auspices  as  that  of  Pennsylvania.     The  experi- 
ence of  half  a  century  had  disclosed  the  ev'ih  to  be  avoided  id\ 
pointed  out  the  course  to  be  pursued.     The  Indians,  having  b««i 
already  taught  t j  (e'Ajr  tl'-e  power  of  \}w  whites,  »vf.'re  the  »K>ri 


ild  that 
and  the  ri 
their  emj 
That  eve 
and  in'eli 
That  no 
society,  si 
compellec 
9.  The; 
and  to  the 
diligence, 
80  justly 
grant  to  V 
Philadelpl 
10.  la 
his  provin 
of  five  coi 
nate  .Jame 
he  has,"  st 
feel  bounc 
him  while 
expelhd  fr 
"dministen 
11.  By 
incurnjd  th 
and  unfoui 
governmerj 

•crutinv, 


il 


PENNSYLVANU. 


85 


easflj  conciliated  by  Uieir  kindness.  The  soil  being  fertile ;  tbe 
climate  temperate,  and  -the  game  abundant,  the  first  emigrants 
escaped  most  of  the  calamities  which  afflicted  the  more  northern 
and  southern  provinces.  The  increase  of  population  exceeded, 
of  course,  all  former  example. 

7.  In  die  new  city,  a  second  assembly  was  held  in  March, 
1683.  At  the  request  of  the  freeinen  and  delegates,  Penn  gran- 
ted them  a  second  charter,  which  diminished  the  number  of  the 
council  and  assembly,  and  was,  in  other  respects,  different  from 
the  first.  Some  of  die  regulations,  at  that  time  adopted,  bear  the 
impress  of  the  proprietor's  singular  genius,  and  benevolent  dis- 
position. 

'   8.  It  was  ordained  **  that,  to  prevent  lawsuits,  three  arbitra- 

flTB,  to  be  called  peace  makers,  should  be  chosen  by  the  county 

ieourts,  to  hear  and  determine  dmall  differences  between  man  and 

That  children  should  be  taught  some  useful  trade,  to  the 


man 


^  that  none  might  be  idle,  that  the  poor  might  work  to  live, 
and  the  rich  if  they  should  become  poor :  That  factors,  wronging 
their  employers,  should  make  satisfaction  and  one  third  over  : 
That  every  thing,  which  excites  the  people  to  rudeness,  cruelty, 
and  in'eligion,  should  be  discouraged  and  severely  punished : 
That  no  one,  acknowledging  one  God  and  living  peaceably  in 
society,  should  be  molested  for  his  opinions  or  his  practice,  or 
compelled  to  frequent  or  maintain  any  ministry  whatever." 

9.  These  judicious  regulations  attracted  numerous  emigrants ; 
and  to  their  salutary  influence  must  be  attributed  the  qualities  of 
diligence,  order,  and  economy  for  which  the  Pennsylvanians  are 
80  justly  celebrated.  Within  four  years  from  the  date  of  the 
grant  to  Penn,  the  province  contained  twenty  settlements,  and 
Philadelpliia  two  thousand  inhabitants. 

10.  In  1684,  the  proprietor  returned  to  England.     He  left 

his  province  in  profound  tranquillity,  under  the  administration 

of  five  commisslonei's  chosen  from  the  council.     The  unfortu- 

'nate  .James  the  second  coon  after  ascended  the  throne.     "  As 

he  has,"  said  Penn,  "  been  my  friend,  and  my  father's  friend,  I 
feel  bound  in  justice  to  be  a  friend  to  him."  He  adhered  to 
him  while  seated  on  the  throne,  and  for  two  years  after  he  was 
expelhd  from  his  kingdom,  tlie  govemn^ent  of  the  province  was 
administered  in  his  name. 

11.  By  this  display  of  attachment  to  the  exiled  monarch,  he 
incurriMl  the  displeasure  of  king  William.  On  vague  suspicion, 
and  unfounded  chaises,  he  was  four  imes  iniprisoned.  The 
Jgvernment  of  his  colony  was  taken  from  him,  and  given  to  Col. 
Fletcher,  the  governor  of  JVew-York.  Put  by  the  severest 
scrutiny,  it  was  rendered  apparent,  that  lie  had,  in  idl  his  con- 


.Jiv^ 


» 


.; 

d 


I 


,!';  vi' 


I'  mm 


W  ! 


1^ 


86 


PENN^yLVANIA. 


duct,  been  actuated  as  mucl\  by  liie  love  of  his  country  as  oy 
personal  gratitude.  He  regained  the  good  opinion  of  king 
William ;  and,  being  permitted  to  resume  and  exercise  his  rights, 
appointed  William  Markham  to  be  his  deputy  governor. 

12.  In  1699,  he  again  visited  Pennsylvania,  and  found  the 
people  discontented.  They  complained  that  his  powers  and 
their  rights  were  not  defined  with  sufficient  precision,  and  de« 
manded  a  new  charter.  In  1701,  he  prepared  and  presented 
one  to  the  assembly,  which  was  accepted.  It  gave  to  the  as- 
sembly the  right  of  originating  bills,  which,  by  the  previous 
charters,  was  the  right  of  the  governor  alone,  and  -of  amending 
or  rejecting  those  which  might  be  laid  before  them.  To  the  gOfv 
vemor  it  gave  the  right  of  rejecting  bills  passed  by  the  ass^ol^; 
bly,  of  appointing  his  own  council,  and  of  exercising  the  wnl 
executive  power.  T?^j<»  Territories,  now  the  state  of  Delaws 
refusing  to  accept  tht.  "*•  w  charter,  separated  from  Pennsylva 
and  were  allowed  distinct  assembly.  The  same  govem9¥ 
however,  presir!*'^  o    -:  both. 

13.  Immedi;   Jv^^iferhisthird  charter  was  accepted,  Penn 
returned  to  Enj,.     d,  p.nJ  the  executive  authority  was  afterwards, j 
administered  by  d^i        governors  appointed  by  the  proprietor. 
The  people  incessan^^^j.  murmui^ed  and  complained  ;  but  the  un- 
intemipted  and  unparalleled  prosperity  of  the  colony  demon- 
strates, that  but  slight  pauses  of  complaint  existed .    That  which 
produced  the  greatest  and  most  constant  irritation  was  the  re- 
fusal, by  the  deputy  governors,  to  assent  to  any  law  imposing  i 
taxes  on  the  lands  of  the  proprietors,  although  the  sum  raised 
was  to  be  expended  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole  province.    This 
unwise,  and  indeed  unjust,  claim  of  exemption^,  occ  a^sioaed  great- 1 
er  disgust  than  injury,  and  embittered  all  the  enjoyments  of  the 
inhabitants. 

14.  But  these  dissentions  did  not,  in  the  least,  retard  the  pros* 
parity  of  the  colony.  Nor  did  any  other  cause,  having  that  teai  I 
derj^y,  exist.  The  upright  conduct  of  Penn,  in  his  intercours^j 
with  *ht  Indians,  was  imitated  by  t^iose  .'  «o  c. ■oi?  after  him; 
and,  f<#r  seventy  y«ars,  unint*»rrupted  hamony  existetl  b-  ^eea 
them  and  the  whites.  In  the  early  part  wf  the  revolutionarj 
war,  the  people  -^Miopted  a  b»;w  constitution,  by  which  the  pn^** 
prietor  was  excluded  from  all  share  in  tlie  government.  He 
was  offered,  and  finally  accepted,  the  sum  of  570,000  dollars,  in 
discharge  of  all  quit-rents  due  from  the  inbabitaAts- 


^- 


i.". 


CHAPTiai  X. 
MARYLAND. 


DURING  the  reign  of  James  the  first,  the  laws  against 

lan  Catholics  were  severe  and  the  popular  hatred  was  Inye- 

erate.    \l^/^jfd  Baltimore,  a  distinguished  member  of  that  sect, 

)lved>y|MpOiidequence,  to  remove  from  England  to  Virginia, 

luui  he  inigfat  there  enjoy  his  religious  opinions,  with- 

ig  the  laws  or  incurring  reproach.     But  the  people 

whom  he  came  to  reside,  were  almost  as  intolerant  as 

le  had  left,  and  he  soon  found  it  necessary  to  seek  some 

asylum.  t 

Havhig  ascertained  that  the  territory  on  both  sides  of 

ze  bay,  was  inhabited  only  by  the  natives,  he  conceived 

project  of  planting  there  a  colony  for  himself,  and  for  all 

10  miffht  wisn  to  retire  from  religious  persecution.     He  ex- 

Dffed  me  country,  returned  to  England,  obtained  the  assent  of 

Charles  the  first  to  a  grant  of  territory,  but  died  before  the 

jlisite  formalities  were  completed. 

Cecil,  his  eldest  son,  and  heir  to  his  estate  and  title,  ob- 

for  himself  the  grant  intended  for  his  father.     To  the 

ilony  the  name  of  Maryland  was  given,  in  honor  of 

Maria,  the  royal  consort  of  Charles.     The  land  con- 

'  being  within  the  boundaries  of  Virginia,  the  planters  in 

>vince  remonstrated  against  the  grant.   The  king  refusing 

sind  it,  lord  Baltimore  made  preparations  to  commence 

it     He  appointed   his  brother,  Leonard   Calvert, 

lor;  who,  neai!  the  close  of  the  year  1633,  sailed  for 

accon^anied  by  about  two  hundred  emigrants,  mostfy 

Catholics. 

4.  They  airived  in  February,  1634,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Ptotomac.  At  a  conference  with  the  Indians  who  dwelt  on  tlie 
f^ore,  they  purchased  Yoamaco,  a  considerable  \  'Uage,  tiie  site 
«i  which  St.  Mary's  now  occupies.  By  this  measuie,  wise  as 
,tifcl)  as  just,  the  rightful  propnetors  of  the  soil  were  satisfied, 
convenient  habttatious  and  some  cultivaced  land  were  obtained, 

[*ind  the  first  settlers  were  of  ci»»irse  exempted  from  the  niiseriea 
of  famine,  and  from  the  disea'ses  which  it  produces. 

5.  Other  circumstances  favored  the  rapid  population  of  the 
colony.     The  charter  granted  more  ample  privileges  tiian  had 


S  1 1 


l! 


%* 


MARYLAND. 


1'- 


88 


ever  been  conceded  to  a  subject ;  the  country  was  inviting ;  the 
natives  were  friendly ;  from  the  south  churchmen  drove  j^iiritanri 
from  the  north  puritans  drove  churchmen,  into  ner  boi  * 
where  all  were  freely  received,  protected,  and  cherished. 

6.  The  charter  granted  to  the  inhabitants  the  privilege 
passing  laws  either  by  themselves  or  representathrel,  withlnti 
reserving  to  the  crown,  as  had  been  done  in  all  previous  chart^ra^ 
the  right  to  reject  the  laws  so  passed.     At  first,  when  the  freei 
were  few  in  number,  each  attended  in  person,  or  authorize 
some  other  freeman,  who  chose  to  attend,  to  vote  and  act  in 
stead.     The  increase  of  population  soon  rendered  it  necessary  i 
adopt  a  different  mode  of  legislation.     In  169p|Pl|  act  w$ 
passed,  constituting  a  *'  house  of  assembljr,"  to  ti^  'COnn 
such  as  should  be  chosen  by  the  people,  of  such  as  si 
summoned  or  appointed  by  the  proprietor,  and  of  the  govc 
and  secretary.     These  were  to  sit  together,  and  the  laws  wl 
they  should  enact  were  to  possess  the  same  validity,  as 
the  proprietors  and  all  the  people  had  concun'ed  in  eos 
them. 

7.  In  1650,  a  second  alteration  was  made,     llie  leg^I 
body  was  divided  into  two  branches,  the  delegates  chosieil  by 
people  constituting  the  lower  house,  and  the  persons  sutnlnoi 
by  the  proprietors,  jtbe  upper  house.    It  ought  to  be  stated, 
the  honor  of  lord  Baltimore  and  his  associates,  that,  while 
catholics  retained  the  ascendency  in  the  province,  the  aatei 
passed  no  law  abridging  the  liberty  of  conscience.  #1 

8.  But  this  colony,  as  well  as  all  the  others,  in  the 
period  of  their  existence,  was  afflicted  with  intestine 
They  were  principally  caused  by  one  William  Clayt 
While  a  member  of  the  Vircinia  council  he  had  obts 
license  from  the  king,  to  traffic  in  those  parts  of  America 
no  otho*  person  enjoyed  the  exclusive  right  of  trade, 
this  license,  he  had  made  a  small  settlement  on  the  isi 
Kent,  and,  when  the  grant  was  made  to  Lord  Baltimore, 
to  sub  mil  to  his  autbority.  He  persuaded  the  natives  ibilM 
"  new  comers"  \Vere  Spaniards,  and  enemies  to  the  Vii^inianS. 
An  Indian  war  was  the  consequence,  which  continued  ^veill 
years,  and  was  productive  of  conaderable  distreos. 

9.  Clayborne  was  indicted  and  convicted  of  murder,  piracy, 
and  sedition ;  and  fleeing  from  justice,  his  estate  was  confiscated. 
He  applied  to  tlie  king  for  redress,  but  after  a  full  hearing,  was 
dismissed  without  obtaining  any  order  in  his  favor.  Whwen  th#*j 
civU  war,  between  the  king  and  parliament,  began,  he  embraced 
the  cause  of  the  latter,  returned  to  Maryland,  and,  by  his  intriguei 
fomented)  in  1645,  a  rebellion  asrainsi  i^  rulers,  who  were  at- 


MAItTMND. 


8il 


tached  to  the  royal  cause.  Oal^rt»  the  governor,  was  compelled 
ioBj  to  Virginia,  and  (he  ks^igents  seized  tlie  reins  of  govem- 
^jient  The  next  year,  however,  the  revoltvwas  suppressed  and 
tianquOlity  restor^. 
|0.  But  after  the  parliam^thad  triumphed  over  the  king, 
gey  appointed  commissioners  for  *' reducing  and  governing  the 
^|i)lonies  whiiin  the  bay  of  Chesapeake."  Among  these  was 
^^yborne,  the  evil  genius  of  Maryland.  The  proprietor,  con- 
j^ng  to  acknowledge  the  authority  of  parliament,  was  permit- 
[to  retain  his  station,  but  was  unable  to  preserve  tranquillity, 
distractions  of  England,  finding  their  way  into  the  colony, 
sionedacivil  war,  wliich  ended  in  the  discomfiture  of  the 
lor  and  Roman  Ca^olics. 

The  next  assembly,  wnich  was  entirely  ^under  the  in- 
of  the  victorioas  pa^,  ordained  that  persons  professing 
||itholic  religion  shoul^^p>t  be  considered  within  the  protec- 
)f  the  laws.  Thus  were  they  ungratefully  persecuted  by 
rhom  they  had  taken  to  their  bosom,  and  in  a  colony  which 
had  founded.  Laws  unfavorable  to  the  quakers  were  also 
(ted,  and  here,  as  in  England,  the  upper  house  was  voted  to 
iless.  At  the  restoration,  m  1660,  Philip  Calvert  was  ap- 
go\ernor,  and  the  ancient  order  of  things  restored, 
colony  then  contained  about  twelve  thousand  inhabitants. 
^2.  In  1676,  died  Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore,  the  father  of  the 
ince.  For  more  than  forty  years,  he  had  directed  its  affairs 
proprietor,  and  displayed,  in  all  his  conduct,  a  benevolent 
and  enlightened  understanding.  Although  he  lived  in  an 
lOf  bigotry,  he  was  liberal  in  his  opinions  ;  and  for  rJl  his 
tions  to  contribute  to  the  happuiess  of  his  fellow  beings,  he 
5d  no  reward  but  their  gratitude.  This  reward  he  received, 
records  of  the  Maiyland  assembly  contain  frequent  memo- 
ts  of  the  respect  and  affection  of  the  people.  He  was  suc- 
ied,  as  proprietor,  t>y  his  eldest  son,  Charles,  wiio  had,  fur 
[Weral  years,  been  governor  of  the  colony,  and  displayed  the 
snme  amiable  qualities  which  had  rendered  his  father  respected 
and  beloved. 

13.  In  the  year  1689,  the  epoch  of  the  revolution  in  England, 
tlw  repose  of  Maryl&nd  was  again  disturbed.  A  rumor  was  art- 
'  jUy  circ^ted,  that  the  Catholics  had  leagued  with  the  Indians 
tiiftlestroi^S}  the  Protestants  in  the  province.  An  armed  asso 
[f  iit*'»  was  tmmediatdj  formed,  for  the  defence  of  thfjl^-otestant 
jli^on,  and  for  asserting  the  rights  of  kmg  William  and  queen 
lar}%  The  magistrates  attempted  to  oppose  by  force  this  asso* 
fibtlon ;  but,  meeting  with  few  supporters,  were  compelled  to 
abdicate  the  government. 

H  2       . 


4 


90 


NORTH  CAHOUNA. 


14.  fijiig  William  directed  thoee  who  had  assumed  the  su. 
preme  authority  to  exercise  it  hi  his  name ;  and  for  twenty. 
seven  jean  the  crown  retained  the  ehtire  control  of  the  province. 
In  1716,  the  proprietor  was  restored  to  his  rights ;  and  he  and 
his  descendants  continued  to  enjoy  them  until  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution.  The  people  then  assumed  the  govern- 
ment, adopted  a  constitution,  and  refused  to  admit  the  claims  of 
lord  Baltimore  to  jurisdiction  or  property. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 


IN  1630,  Charles  the  first  granted  to  sir  Robert  Heath  alij 
the  territory  between  the  30th  and  36th  degrees  of  north  latitude^' 
and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  South  sea,  by  th^l 
name  of  Carolina.  Under  this  grant,  no  settlement  was  madell 
Between  1640  and  1650,  persons  suff'i^Hng  from  religious  into»j 
lerance  in  Yii^inia,  fled  beyond  her  Imiits,  and,  without  license ' 
from  any  source,  occupied  that  portioR  of  North  Carolina,  n< 
of  Albemarle  sound.  They  found  th:  winters  mild  and  the 
fertile.  As  their  cattle  and  swine  procured  their  own  suppoi| 
in  thr  "ods  and  multiplied  fast,  they  were  enabled,  with  littlei 
labcv,  o  live  in  the  enjoyment  of  abundance.  Their  numberJ 
was  annually  augmented  ;  they  acknowledged  no  superior  upo|ij 
earth,  wid  obeyed  no  laws  l)ut  those  of  God  and  nature. 

2.  In  1661,  another  settlement  was  made,  near  the  mouth 

Clarendon  river,  by  adventurers  from  Massachusetts.    The  li 

being  sterile  and  the  Indians  hostile,  they,  in  1663,  abandoned  it. 

Immediately  aflerwards,  theu*  place  was  supplied  by  emigrants 

Nes,  who  invested  Sir  John  Yeomans  with  the  au* 

-or. 

*^eath  having  neglected  to  comply  with  the 

rpTM.H  '  n  ,  r-  ^^  the  Idug,  in  1663,  grante\S|the  same 

/'.v  Nu  and  seven  others,  atfd  invested  them 

^fnent  over  those  who  should  inhabit 

nrfki  -^^y  g^^^  public  assurances,  that 

^tory,  should  enjoy  unrestrict- 
r  "by  a  free  assembly.    'Hie 


bettlers 
to  retaj 
at  the  E 
regulati 
their  gi 
their  di; 
4,   .1 

mired,  ] 
provide( 
his  offic 

tors;  th 

siquc! 

bresenta 

with  th< 

sembly, 

thepadal 

and  deci 

it  by  a  ( 

deputies 

6.  Tl 

,  politiclai 

people  f 

pleased  i 

it,  produ 

l|he  prog 

and  imp 

ance  ini 

insurgec 

against  t 

6.  In 

prietors, 

South  C 

heremo 


0 


honor 
soon  afl 
governo 
new  set 
Clarend 
from  A 
ment  ov 
North 

7.  Tl 
dcmestid 


'*%^^ 


■-*> 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


91 


betders  on  Albemarle  sound  were,  on  certain  conditions,  allowed 
to  retain  their  lands.  A  gbvenunettk  over  them  was  organized, 
at  the  head  of  which  a  Mr.  tHiunmond  was  placed.  With  the 
regulations  imposed,  they  were  dissatisfied,  and  revolted ;  but 
their  giievances  were  redressed,  and>  In  1668,  they  returned  to 
their  duty. 

I.   \t  the  request  of  the  proprietors,  the  celebrated  John 
L'lcke,  whose  political  wirttings  were  then  much  read  and  ad- 
mired, prepared  for  the  colony  a  constitution  of  government.    It 
provided  that  a  chief  officer,  to  be  called  the  palatine  and  to  hold 
his  office  during  life,  should  be  elected  firom  among  the  proprie- 
tors ;  that  a  hereditary  nubility,  to  be  called  landgraves  aL'd 
caziques,  should  be  created ;  and  that,  once  in  two  years,  rr 
^.^resentatives  should  be  chosen  by  the  freeholders.    All  th< 
^with  the  proprietors  or  their  deputies,  vrerejf)  meet  in  one 
'  sembly,  which  was  to  be  «§IIled  the  parliamem,  and  over  wli 
the  palatine  was  to  preside.     The  parliament  could  deliberate 
and  decide  only  upon  such  propositions  as  should  be  laid  before 
it  by  a  grand  council  composed  of  the  palatine,  nobility,  and 
deputies  of  the  proprietors. 

,  5.  This  constitution,  however  wise  it  might  seem  to  English 
politicians,  was  not  adapted  to  the  sentiments  and  habits  of  the 
people  for  whom  it  was  prepared.  Its  aristocratic  features  dis- 
pleased them.  The  measures  adopted  to  Introduce  and  enforce 
it,  produced,  in  connexion  with  other  cai:$3es,  an  insurrection,  in 
^e  progress  of  which  the  palatine,  and  the  deputies  were  seized 
and  imprisoned.  Application  was  mar^e  to  Virginia  for  assist- 
ance in  restoring  order ;  but  the  feariof  punishment  induced  the 
insurgents  to  submit,  before  an  armed  force  could  be  arrayed 
against  them. 

6.  In  1670,  William  Say^e,  under  the  direction  of  the  pro- 
prietors, made  a  settlement  at  Fort  Royal,  within  the  limits  of 
South  Carolina.  The  next  year,  dissatisfied  with  this  station, 
he  removed  his  colony  northward,  to  a  neck  of  land  between 
Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  where  h«  laid  out  a  town,  which,  in 
honor  of  the  king  then  reigning,  he  called  Charleston.  Dying 
soon  after.  Sir  John  Yeomans,  who  had,  for  several  years,  been 
governor  at  Clarendon,  was  appointed  to  succeed  him.  This 
new  settlement  attracted  at  first  many  inhabitants  from  that  at 
Clarendon,  and  at  length  entirely  exhausted  it  Bemg  remote 
from  Albemarle,  the  proprietors  established  a  separate  govern- 
ment over  it,  and  hence  arose  the  distinctive  appellations  of 
North  and  Souvh  Carolina. 

7.  The  prosperity  of  the  northern  colony  was  retarded  by 
domestic  dissentions.    To  allay  them.,  Stth  Sothel,  one  of  the 


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In  1^3r  aft  ib»  mffi»$ 
Loe^it  was  abraq^dl  l|>|; 

sMiedf  dtemsehret  on 
in  1710^  a  lanm  n 
persecnlion  in  w 
province.  Tocaeliof 
a«a«8oflani|.    Hi^rJ^ 
ment  of  IHieity  of  coi 
and  ease. 

10.  B^  sttddenijra 
Tuscmrora  and  Cotee 
and  dreading  total 
strangers,  plotted,  with 


on.    fhejr  th^ 
illtio  England  fortrld.  It 

whioha- 


of  Tirginiajand  &  idm 
quaker  and  one  of  the 
mors ;  under  their  ad* 
^  people  were  h»ff0 
^iMnB,  the  cohstilutidn  r^ 
I,  and  eadi  colenywt 
^^pl,^and  house  of  represesll 

piptee^ts  arrived 

a  Vanch  of  the  iNfe 

,iee^  from  rel|ffioi 

in  t|bB  same  part  of  the 

iBetpni  grai^ted  onsh^iM 

a  tiavf  yearn,  in  the  enjoy 

le  prospect  of  competence 

mii^Sl^  £#  iqgNon  them.    The 
smarting  under  recent  hnuries|P 
the  encroadmient  of  these 
aecrecy,  their  entire  de- 


struction.   Sending  their  llnllies  to  one  of  their  fortified  towns, 


twelve  hundred  bowmen  sallied  forth,  and,  in  the  same  night, 
attacked,  in  separate  paitiiSi  the  nearest  settlements  of  the  Pa- 
latines. Men,  women,  and  ehiUbwn  were  indiscriminatsli  but- 
chered. The  savaMs,  wMli  thftv  swiftness  and  feroc^  of 
H  wives,  ran  from  i^huBS  to  fiUiii*  Before  them,  was  the 
repose  of  innocenor|J^|iM^dii  sleep  of  <|e8th.'  A  few,  es- 
caping, alarmed  the  [||lwi||iili  pore  reiniis,  and  hastened  to 
South  Carolina  for  assiniitfai.  I 

1 1.  Governor  Crsyn  JiMwiifttiiy  despatched,  to  thi  aid  of  the 
sister  colony,  nearly  a  flwailhi'  aaan,  nnder  the  command  of 
Colonel  Barnwell.  After  a  Agiilng  march  through  a  hideous 
wildemess,  they  met  the  •nsmrt.ittacked,  defeated,  and  pursued 
them  to  their  fortified  town,  wfakkilras  iromedfaiteiy  besieged.  Is 
a  &w  davs,  peace,  at  tMr  aiaBitiitBtt,  f^as  oonclttded,  and 
Colonel  Barnwell  returned  to  So«lh  Carolina. 


N(m7H  Oi&OlXKA. 

w 

» J^ie  pctMi  was  shorty  alid  upon  the  retommenceincpt  of 
1^  iwiiiiiiee  was  agt&i  IbHdted  fttmi  1^ 
|jam#  JMEoofe,  aii  acfll^  J^nng  offio^  was  immcdiatdly 
'"""  widi  Ibrty  whiti  men  and  ei^  hundred  fUendlj 
Te  fiiiBid  tiie  enemy  in  a  fort  Mar  Cotechny  rhrc^r. 
^WfSPt  ifii^^QOntiii^^  more  thaA  H  week,  the  fort  was 
iii^rilt  liuii^^  Iiluans  made  prisoners.    The  Tusca- 
ififelBihiMC^oii^W  1713,  to  the  north, 

^jSi^  ii^iSim^^  eonfederacffdenominatisd  the  Five 
^  "    ~     lUi  ^Ski^mmM  for  peace,  ind  «ikerw%ii|'9ontinaod 


Btfl  llpi^l^ito^CstfvlhiM^  disctucmr  numy  pur- 

N^milnd  been  prosperous;  and  the  interests  of 

,  ^-^^  tbd^gtoiiniiBd  being  amkarentlj  adverse  to  each 

m$  latter  h^^tast  discontented  and  r^f^ietorj.     They 

"    toUii  Ittil^frll^dhpeetodmquhyto  b^mademhis 

'SUm  4ii%Br  whteh  he  had  granted  was  declared  (pr# 

iDMl'O^lpili  ttkMfi  nyil  govettmiento,findrely  uncoa* 

14.  Bo^niSlmttbk  9im9^  soa  hi  the  hittHrior  of  North 
Oirolimiwas  Ibttnd  Iq  iMi  A^f^^i*  hi  ihrtiUty  to  Oiat  oti  te  sea- 
eoMt  TU  SttttHbiliil^MMiuentlj,  advanced  raphOy  into  the  ^ 
Hflimeflf.  fVoiiiilpiglKherhed^ 
fHfem  tiMtftitadis  i#eml|iM  toUds  vegtoVby  Hie  mildnesl  W 
dteiate,  and  by  tfit  il^tti^  of  obtainfaiff  hi  abundance  all  the 
of  Hfe;  if  p4pMse  whh  the  Lidianii  and  fortunate 
te  her  ItifemSorS)  ihei  ^maf  conthnied  to  prosper  until  the  <  im* 
ttfi^oemeiit  of  the  tPDublies  which  pret<Aded  the  revolution. 


'i 


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SOPPH  CAROLHf  A 

■    '■'»  ;  ■  ■  •   ,     ■:•    , 

^HIS  cobny ,  jmd  OiiBtt  of  NoHb^CaraliQil^^ 
been  stated)^||B]iid6d mliie  wum^ibmim!'^^  liPK  g<BVinu» 
Sayle  mad^  PortB<^rtbe  lii#a«iiiiyiiii>  mli&iiem  i»ia^ 
Ht  UnUti.    Ipiiext  pit$^hmixmM^0M^  ^ 

baolcB  of  tiieB^  A«lS<7.    In  xmkmm^^^mmtii^mm^ 
at  thif  place,  elected  i«proBeiilativ«|l^^ 
ment,  aooonling  to  the  nrovit^na  of  ^^  fsiitatSmkim 

2.  Several  ciiciimstancea  coiitrfligMlQ  ^^^ 
mejit  of  this  colony.  The  conquest  of  HMMToiii  faidiiMd  BMil 
of  the  Dutch  to  resort  to  it  F^rom  l^l^Miil^  itwitaiii  maiifl 
avoid  the  profanity  and  licentiousDias^^Ail/^i^praie^ 
of  Charies  the  sdcond ;  and  cavi^«r%DIMrief9  their  fortonsii 
exhausted  bftedvO  wars.  l!^%j0l$m^imbmsm^  ^i  Ijo^ 
XIY,  drove  many  Frendi  proteslMiirib«|oi»Ae,  wmtm  of  iHum 

-        '  the  Atiantie  and  settled  in  Cttr^Mb    Many  of  thai 

si'         .  .    ■  ^     -  .........     ... 


eitUeswereridit  st  were  industi>lpt<ii  iiii^  Iheif  toen^piaiy 
demeanor  gidned  the  sood  will  of  thepwielonK 

8.  Theritiiationof  ChariestonbitaiMBdiiieonvenletttytiM 
inhabitants,  hi  1680,  removed,  to  Oy^  JMnt,  whetea  new 
city  was  laid  out,  to  whidi  the  name  of  <lie  other  was  g^vea^  b 
the  same  year,  commenced  a  war  wISli^w  Wesloee,  a  powerfbl 
trilte  of  Indians,  which  threatened  great  kjoiy  to  tlw  c^si^. 
Peace,  however,  was  soon  restored.  lat^O)  Setib  Botk  mm 
of  the  proprietors,  hadng,  for  csmopt  coudnct,  been  di^m  ..^n 
Nftrth  Carolina,  appeared  sud&nly  at  Charleston,  and,  aided  1^ 
a  powerful  faction,  assumed  the  reins  of  govenunea^  Two 
years  afterwards  he  was  removed  from  office. 

4.  The  proprietors,  having  observed  the  good  conduct  of  thi 
French  ppolestems,  directed  Uie  governor  to  permit  them  to  dssi 
representatives,  a  privOege  which  they  had  never  yet  ezercisili 
The  English  Episcopalians,  unwilling  that  any  of  their  heredi* 
tery  enemies,  who  did  not  belong  %  their  church,  ^oidd  be 
associated  with  themselves  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of 
iVeemen,  were  exasperated,  and  opposed  the'  concesdon  with 
great  clamor  and  seal.  They  even  wentferther.  Warmed  If 
oppo8ltio%tbey  pn^osed  to  enforce;  with  respect  to  them,  tlie 


fe 


SOTTTH  CAEOUNA. 


-'t^.v 


gUVWIMI 


itpiaai: 


b*^aeCli# 


of  Louli 

of  wImnii 

of  Umh 

(HBnipWily 

a  new 
powvfiil 

«940i^. 


ttldedbf 
Twt' 

of  On 
ito 
(orciMi 

her«A* 

kouUbt 

irighti  of 

loD  With 

rmedbf 


f 


Kof  Enc^aaxl  igaiiist  foreigneny  insiBtiiig  that  they  cooM  i|9t 
It  iKMMess  iw  estate  in  the  colony.  They  alao  dedaied 
tbit  mAe  Bmrriages,  being  eolemnized  by  Rrenoh  mb^Bten, 
.vera  ttM,  and  that  tlie  chiUbren  could  not  inherit  the  property 
of  tfaebr  fathers.  By  the  display  of  a  spbrit  so  Uliberu  and 
onebristian,  these  straiigers  were  alarmed  and  discouraired. 
fhey  knew  not  for  whom  they  labored.  But,  countenanced  by 
die  governor,  they  remained  in  the  colony,  and,  for  the  present, 
ffitluirew  their  claim  to  the  right  of  suifirage. 

5.  Tet  the  ferment  did  not  subside  on  the  removal  of  the 
aase  which  produced  it  Such  was  the  general  turbulence  &nd 
disorder,  the  people  complaining  of  theur  rulers  and  quarrelling 
mong  themsttves,  that,  in  1095,  John  Archdale  was  sent  over, 
Mgovemor  of  both  Carolinas,  and  invested  with  fall  power  to 
isdrsss  all  grievances.  He  succeeded  in  restoring  order,  but 
foond  the  antipathy  against  the  unfortunate  exiles  too  great  to  be 
iDOOuntered,  with  any  hope  of  success,  until  softened  by  time  and 
Ibsir  amiabie  deportment  These  produced  the  effects  which  he 
;iiiicipated.    In  a  few  years,  the  French  protestants  were  ad- 

Biitted,  by  the  general  assembly,  to  all  the  rights  of  citizens  and 
freemen. 

6.  Although  the  proprietors,  by  the  regulations  which  were 
in  force  before  the  constitution  of  Locke  was  adopted,  and 
which  were  restored  upon  its  abrogation,  had  stipulated,  thaft^ 
liberty  of  conscience  should  be  universally  enjoyed  ;  yet  one  of 
them,  Lord  Granville,  a  bigoted  churchman,  and  James  Moore, 
die  governor,  resolved  to  effect,  if  possible,  the  establishment, 
in  £e  colony,  of  the  Episcopal  religion.  They  knew  that  a 
majority  of  Uie  people  were  dissenters,  and  that  by  art  and  in- 
trigue only,  coiud  thefar  design  be  accomplished.  The  governor, 
vmo  was  avaricious  and  venu,  became  the  tool  of  Granville.  He 
interfered  in  the  elections,  and,  by  bribing  the  voters,  succeeded 
in  procuring  a  majority  in  the  assonbly  who  would  be  subservient 

Itohisii^es. 

7.  A  law  was  passed,  establishing  the  episcopal  religion,  and 
eieluding  dissenters  from  a  seat  in  the  assembly.     It  was  laid 

I  before  the  proprietors,  without  whoM  sanction  it  could  not 
possess  permanent  validity.  Archdale,  who  htd  returned  to 
I  i&ngl«iu>>  opposed  it  with  ability  and  spirit  He  msisted  that 
gwxl  faith,  PpHey,  interest,  even  piety,  concurred  to  dictate  its 
lajectioB.  But  Lord  Granville  declared  himself  in  favor  of  it, 
ImmI  it  received  confirmation. 
9*  The  dfaMiters  saw  themselves  at  onoi  deprived  of  those 
tat  which  they  hiKl  abandoned  their  native  countiy, 
Mcoiuitorid  the  dangers  and  hardships  of  the  ocean  and  a 


'■f  J.  J 


rV 


'    i  ^ 


"'. 


1 


'     K 


^:9fi' 


wmmcARoiwA. 


iflUteniMS.  Some  prepaml  to  leave  the  edony  aad^  seltie  ^ 
Feima^lvaiiia.  Others  proposed  that  a  rsmtMstranceagitet  Ab 
bny  should  first  he  presented  to  the  house  of  16dds»  ailil  tfaii 
measure  was  adophMl.  The  lords  expressed,  by  a  tote,  their 
disapprobatioii  of  the  law,  and  upon  their  soUcitatioii,  queea 
JUne  declared  it  void.  Soon  after,  Lord  OnowiUe  died,  aad  ih» 
colony,  controlled  by  more  liberal  councils,  again  enjoyed  the 
blesiin^  of  domestic  quiet- 

9.  In  1702,  war  then  existing  between  England  and  Spaui, 
governor  Moore,  thirsting  for  Spanish  plunder^  led  an  expedition 
agamst  St.  Augustue.  It  was  badly  planned,  worse^  ^ucuted, 
and  failed.  Retumingfrom  defeat  abroad,  he  met,  at  home,  tiie 
reproaches  of  his  peo^.  To  silekice  these,  he  marched,  at  the 
head  of  a  body  of  troops,  against  the  Apalachian  ladiaos,  who 
had  become  insolent  and  hostUe.  In  this  expedition  he  ma 
successful,  taking  many  prisoners,  and  laying  their  towns  in 
ashes^  By  his  victories  over  the  savages,  he  retrieved  boi 
character;  and,  by  selling  the  prisoners  as  slaves,  obtained^ 
what  he  most  coveted,  considerable  personal  emolument     \ 

10.  In  1706,  the  Spaniards,  from  Florida,  isivaded  Cardlaa 
The  governor,  Nathaniel  Johnson,  having  received  intimation 
of  their  approach,  erected  fortifications  and  made  arrangemenCj 
to  obtain,  on  short  warning,  the  assistance  of  the  militia^  When 
the  enemy's  fleet  s^peared  before  Oliarieston,  the  whole  strensth 
of  the  colony  was  summoned  to  defend  it.  A  force  so  formidwle 
ensured  its  safety.  After  burning  a  few  detached  buildings,  the 
enemy  retired  without  inflicting  other  injury.  One  of.  their 
ships,  having  ninety  men  on  board,  was  captured  by  the  Caroli* 
oians. 

11.  In  1715,  afler  several  years  of  profound  peace,  an  Indian 
M'ar  brolce  out  All  the  tribes,  from  Florida  to  cape  Fear,  had 
been  long  engaged  in  a  conspiracy  to  extirpate  the  wldtes.  In 
the  mordng  of  the  15th  of  April,  the  first  blow  was  struck.  At 
Pocataligo,  and  the  settlements  around  Port  Royal,  nhiety  pe^ 
sons  were  massacred.  The  inhabitants  of  ttie  latter  place 
escaped,  by  embarkuig  precipitately  on  board  a  vessel,  wbieh  wai 
then  hi  the  harbor,  and  sailing  dhrectly  to  Cnaiieston* 

12.  This  massacre  was  perpetrated  by  the  sottlhani  Indians. 
The  northern,  at  the  same  time,  attacked  the  letlle^ients  nor 
them.  Many  of  the  hihabitants  were  killed,  and  o^y  fled  to 
Charleston.  At  a  plantation  on  Crooseereek,  seventy  whites  and 
forty  faithful,  i^ep^roes,  being  protected  by  a  bretit  workyds* 
termined  to  mamtidn  their  post.  On  the  first  attack,  their 
courage  failed,  and  they  agreed  to  surrender.  The  faistant  tbnr 
were  m  the  power  of  the  enemy,  all  were  barbaroutly  murderedr 


■»i> 


vbA  m 
lie,  dkeir 
if  qiieen 
,  mHie 
>yed  the 

i  Sptin, 
cpeditioii  > 
oeeuted, 
lome,  the 

I  he  vru 
towns  in 
ieved  hii 
obtainedi 

nt.  \ 
CarouBa 
intimation 
mgemen^ 
ia^  When 
hsstrensth 
ormidwle 
dings,  the 
i  of.  their 
le  Caroli* 

anlndiiui 

[Fear,  had 

ites.    In 

iGk.    At 


vr  pi 


pe^ 
>Mce 


Ini^UinSt 
nBtf 
ly  fled  to 
tnd 
Iworkjds- 
tfa^ 
it^ 


flenimeisouiii. 


inuRBliedegsii68Mi»i*(Cii^    Umibkmriim^ib^M^mlkibmh 

tpitaa  tiirin  AfciiiiA|e^|<eMt^iiWiir«fa  nheHitoli  iiil^  M^ 
battle  was  foo^  The  whiles  were  Tietorioii^  Mridji  ilie 
eipeaybefaelfawiy^wid^nnftipiiltiig  iMtrnm^mmfampimce. 
M<ist  ef  thiHq^Ja^ieiibiMi^^^#heiai<lH^^  itt  tii^ 

most  IHett%  miiuHii^hr  Ihi^pttiM^ 

Wfrepiiatiwi  t>WBg»<eei^esi^a<iieibd|i^^ 


^■T'       ffr 


teimiiiediejwmiiiieniellie  caJeaf^ftyiiiywiiiiK^liie  kMlNttt 
which  tibie  Indiana  had  betel  driven*.  ^M  liM0i>fllili«tf  mt 

liior^ef  tibll^if^  hnnlred  IiJAawi  iimiMwIlately  cune  over, 
wilgriaQtedllwtMMriinstm  Vw 

Id.  wllie']ifQprietan^  ivIiisfagloiaaolioBliie  ptoeeedh^gs  Of 
tlsassembly^  depiifwl  these  emiyaii  of  the^  tuidi.  '  Bdlfiiu 
redticed  to  eattgenae  povesty,  psfJiiid  ifwn  wm%- mhjfi  lesei  ted 
to  the  aottbena  colonies,  ifc  sbiiag  fainler  M^reeft  4^ 
wtdemeuts  and  the  sarages^  w«  tfariis  rsuiw^  aol  Hie  %oim|iT 
;<giHaexpoe^  to  their  ineuniioiis^  The  peofie-wtge  etasfflwiili, 
aodlon^  for  a  diange  of  maslerSb 

16.  The  odriii^  and  oppiessive  eondiiet  ef  Trolt,  tiie  ehief- 
juflyoe^and  Rhett^  tile  focdyeifagenewi,  faicreased  iht  diseoment. 
Of  the  forniei^,  the  governor  and  eoooBii^iMiiBplafaied  to  the  pro- 
prietors, atid  soBcied  his  veealL  bsiead  of  reMOviug  hfai, 
they  thanlad  hhn  for  his  services,  and  Mnoved  the  'mvemor 
and  council.  With  the  govfmor  neat  appomted,  thou^  a  man 
"in^rallir  beloved,  the  aMembly  refhsed  to  h«ve  any  cott^em  or 
■  tercoiuse.  They  drew  up  aiticleo  of  in|MaeliBieiit  against 
Trott,  aecilsing  him  of  conniption  and  gross  miscondttet,  a«d 
sent  an  agent  to.  England,  to  maintain  thehr  aeeosatioa  hefartlHii 
pi^oprietorsw    He  was  neveitiieless  continued  ia  offiee. 

17.  The  pittienoe  of  the  people  was  eihaustBd^  and 
availed  only  tor  a  favorable  opportunity  to  threw  off  iialfi 
me  Yoke.  In  1719,  at  a  gene^vl  review  of  the  wStm'^ 
CharMon,  oecasioned  by  a  inraMened  invasion  of  the  eeloi^» 
from  Florida,  the  effieers  and  sokHsfs  bound  themselves,  by  a 
sokiinn  compaot^  to  support  eaeh  oter  in  resMiiff  the  tyranaf 
[of  the  propnelors ;  and  tlie  assembly,  whidi  vrm  men  fat  sessioiiy 

.  lested  the  governor,  by  a  respectful  addmss,  to  consent  to 
iminister  the  government  in  the  name  of  the  Idn^. 

18.  He  refiued,  and,  by  proclamation,  dissolved  the  assembly. 
le  members  immediately  met  as  a  convention,  and  elected 


'i'* 


n 


\\   •^t 


i»  !, 


■'4- 


' '  "**i« 


.;:l|  $i 


I'-m  ' 


y\'- 


■%  .-m 


m 


mmmMMMMiL 


IMHifini^^p,  iii^  m|lp(M[te^M^  idniiiiitiifliliieaflkin 

Nop  1^  m#i¥^>^^:(M<M^^^  ^^ 

My^it  boA  edonies  ■hiMAbA  tekeii  utito  Hm  fcolMtion  of 

Id  JMm^l^  ll^  of  jNid^^  Tlw  fMvmaliir^  m^^ 
l^mi^  mSiii&iA^^  i)ffioiin,  i^ppobiid^b^  ^ 

c>W!rii»feiad^Mii^^      «h|X|eD  bjr  the  pM^  lid  inddrtfaeflr 

l^i  Ia^l73%oe^ifeiluiidtt9[^iig  k»in*eetioii  oIiIm  uegroei; 
^  number  of  them  assemblfld'ii^  Sto&o,  imrpiiied  and  l^ed  tm 
men  wliahad  cbai|;e  of  itjiraitt^^  iviiielt  dimr  took 

foat  «ad  amsiiiBllif^  '  l%ef  then  ^duMM  a  ciqplaiii,  ui4  w^ 
Iwi^i  botiftagiaiidoolow  TSsttj 

Im^^iv^hsmem  Hieir  wt^^  klUed  aK^  wbiUMr  th^  edsM 
ii^^  jA4«ompi^6d  other  n^lk^oes  to  join  tl^ 

M*  Ooveraor  Bida^  who  was  retumtngf  to  ChaileBton,  fipqm 
&e  southward,  accidekall^  met  tibem,  hastened  out  of  their  way, 
and  ^read  an  all^te^  The  news  soon  reached  1Vitown»  where, 
fortamiAdf  ,  a  Iargei«ongiregation  were  attending  iMat  senrice. 
I'be  m^  luivhigy  aceording  to  a  law  of  Uie  proviaoe,  brought 
their  ainsui  to  the  plaee  efjnrorship^  marehed  instantly  in  quest  of 
the  n^roes,  who,  hf  Ais  time,  hsd  bOcomer  formidable,  and 
spread  teiror  and  deisolallon  around  them. 

23«  While,  hi  an  open  fi^,tii^  were  carousing  and  dandng, 
with  fran^  exultation  at  their  late  success,  th^  were  suddenqr 
attacked  by  the  whites.  Some  were  kiUed,  the  remainder  fled. 
Most  of  ^e  ftigitives  were  taken  and  tried.  They  who  had 
been  compeUedto  join  Ae  consphrators,  were  paidoned ;  but  ail 
theleadeti  and  first  kisurgents  suflfered  death.    About  twentf 


wIMMpw  murdered. 


^is  period  until  the  era  of  the  revohition,  no  im* 
JMrlKit«v«ttk  occurred  in  the  colony.  .  It  wassomedmes  distres* 
^Sed  by  Indian  wars ;  but  the  number  of  faihabitants  and  die 
means  of  subsisfamoe  and  comfort,  were  canstandy^increashig. 
IMgrants  came  prfaequdly  from  tlie  northern  cohndes ;  but  oftn 
lai^  bodies  of  protestanti  arrived  from  Europe;  in  one  yetCt 
176$,  the  nundier  who  came  exceeded  sixteen  irandred^ 


■^P* 


'.-  i^ 


..f 


'b'  ( 


sij.-Wr*'" 


'f.'i  '.#***»> . 


now  oongljtiitifig 


a  colony^iA  uat  unoccupifidtfcgion, ,  y[Jhpir,pijiie^  obje^  wpb 
t«t  r($Ii<eve,  Inr  tr^niportSsg  tStheiTr  Uie  wtgei;^  s^ieets  of  ,0i^ 
8rNii ;  ^it|^ir>plan  of  tMmvol^nce  eii£r9ee4  aiio  tlie  fienO- 
cnied  pnitesUntB  or  nil  n^pns. 
1^  f  o  » pr^i  8|»iId|^ 

c(aveymg  to  tweo^^nio  tnisteeii' th^  ' 
tfaeftate  of  GspEOiA,  w)iich  w«s  to  Ue j^portioned  graliilleufliy 
amcpg  tibie  settlon ;  and  liberal  dooations  were  nude  by  tiiie 
(Mtable,  to  dej&aj  the-  enense  of  transporting  them  across  the 
AtlioUc,  and  of  providing  lor  thdr  support  the  first  season. 

9.  The  concerns  of  t£  colony  were  managed  by  the  trustees, 
v^  freely  devoled  much  of  their  time  to  the  undertaking. 
I  Among  ouer  regulations,  t^ey  provided,  that  the  lands  shoura 
not  be  sold  nor  devised  by  the  owners,  but  should  descend  to  the 
mile  children  only ;  they  forbade  the  use  of  rum  in  the  colony, 
Bi^  strictly  prohibited  the  importation  of  negroes.  But  none  of 
I  these  regulations  remained  long  in  force. 

4.  In  November,  1732,  one  hundred  and  thhrteen  emigrants 
lembarked  for  Greoigia,  at  the  head  of  whom  tho  trustees  had 
placed  James  Oglethorpe,  a  zealous  and  acthre  promoter  of  this 
scheme  of  benevolence.  In  January,  they  arrived  at  Chaiyertui ; 
laod  the  Carolinians,  sensible  of  the  advantage  of  having  alianittr 
Ibfltween  them  and  die  southern  IndiMis,  save  the  adventurers  a , 
prdial  welcome.  They  supplie  d  them  wim  provisions,  and  with 
to  convey  them  to  the  plf  ce  of  their  destination.  Tama* 
iw  bhiff,  since  called  Savannah,  was  selected  as  the  most 
ii^bleplace  for  a  settlement. 

0.  The  neja  year^  five  or  six  hundred  poor  persons  arrivisd, 
'  to  each  a  portion  of  the  wilderness  was  assigned.    But  it 
soon  foimd  that  these  emigrants,  who  were  the  refiise^ol 
I,  bad  been  rendered  poor  by  idleness,  and  irr^ute  by 


1  ( 


I 


is. 


100 


GfiORGIA. 


r,  #lfe  1161  fitted  to  fell  the  in%faty  groves  ^f  Oeor^J 
MMce  more  hail^j  90d  ^iiiifji^timgr  was  n^^essary;  Xiie'l 
'  tr((stees,^erefore,  <0^ed  to  ieceiv^,  slso,  such  as  luid  not,  by 
perseentioil  or  povertf ,  beeft  rendered  objects  of  compassion 
and  to  mnt  to  all,  who^a^M^  m^  U^  ^  ^^Tj  fi%  fun^  oi 
land.  In  consequoiceilliib  WMi,%(iore  lliaa  four  hundred  per- 
sons, firom  Grormamr,  ScoUand,  wid  Switaserland,  arrived  hi  the 
;raar  095..   ^be  Germans  settled  at  £bepezer,  the  Scotch  at 

^  ^  'Itt  11^.  <l9lBi  llMejr,  a  celebt^  Mad»i 

im  0€t^^baifi^'  f6TlS^  p^oae  of  preaching  to  the  %  JonUb, 
iMeikvfi^imi ^  I^^AfQis.    Among  the  ibi^i^^  fiie  tna^e soine I 
fl^orii  0MmijC^.    He  was  accused  of  dHwrtiii|;  the 
Wiot^  of  Ibmen^  cHfioions,  of  iBl^^iA:^  aod  ex- 
and  uikwaiMitfi  ^diesiafldcd  au^i^.  Hid  coo-  { 
duqt  towaril^  ^e  i^eee  of  one  ot^^pim^  HOtdeii  uras  highly  j 

#^^[»(md^^^  hut  Wore  thi^  tfaiie  of  tiia^  ho  r^bnieii  < 
to  En|hind,  vnd  tiiere,  for  man^  7Mnnp>  ^oiriu^  a  sucieossnil  and 
^istin^idie^  career  of  piety  and  uiiiefi]^ 

t.  Two  jrears  afterwards,  George *1^Vhit«fi4sld,  another  id\ 
more  celebrated  methodist,  airived  mthe  colQ|i|r.  He  had  al- 
ready  made  liimself  conspicuous  hi  £nghmd,1>jr  his  numerous 
eccentiiciti^,  his  ardent  piety,  his  extraordinary  doqUence/his 
zeal  md  ^tXUbrf^  in  {^ropagatu^  his  ophdons.  He  came  to 
G^oi^  for  ^ebonevolent  )[>urpose  of  ^establishing  an  orphao 
House,  where  poor  children  might  be  f(Qd,  clothed,  and  educi)iteil{ 
in  llie  knowledge  of  cluristianity.  Jn  prosecution  of  this  purpose, 
he  oi|en  crossed  the  Atlantic,  and  tnfitversM  Qreiit  Britain  and 
America,  solici^ng  aid  firom  &e|>io|U9  and  charitabfe.  Wherereri 
^e  went,  he  preached,  wi^  sipceHty  and  feifvor,  his  peculiar 
,doctnnes,  mal^ng  proselytes  of  m(^  who  heard  Imn,  ^nd  found 
lnff  |i  sect  whidi  has  since  become  numerous  9pd  req»ectabl&| 
His  orphan  house,  during  his  life,  did  not  flourish,  and  ai)«r  hBi 
dtatli,  was  entirely  abandoned.  I 

8.  In  1740,  the  trustees  rendered  an  account  of  their  ad- 
ministration. At  that  time,  two  thousand  four  hundred  asdl 
'mnely-eigfat  emigrants  had  arrived  in  the  colony.  Of  these,! 
fifteen  hundred  vimi  twen^one  were  indigent  Ei^glishmen,  on 
l^irsecuted  protestants.  The  benefkctions,  from  govemm^tl 
pod  from  individuals,  had  been  nearly  hfidf  ii  million  of  dollars  j 
and  it  ifas  coiliputed  diat,  for  every  person  transported  an 
maintained  by  t|e  trustees,  more.than  three  hundred  dollars  ha 
been  expended. 

9.  The  hope  which  the  trustees  had  cherished,  that  the  col%| 


QZQWUL 


101 


■liiittd  at  iiiQ|i/fi|8t fiqp«iiM, woiUh^ pK<MMro*ML  vat^gfrn 

Sueb  wM  the  flb«iU!tiBe  <|f  IN  gipAiQ^ 

aucb  the  restridtiQQa  impoM,  thi|t  Aie  j^tjHoiii^  jmim^erl 

aMi^QCiiuied  to  inquire  tlit  opiMiutidiis  of  tfa^^dbiimle. 

10.  War  hfpiiiffbeeii  dedlhftd  agaipiatl^M^  ttb*.  (^^ 
fraf  promoM  to  tte  rmk  of  general  lo^  Btmk  anni^  awl^at 
the  dead  of  two  t)io«M|iifl  nieny  pfrtlgr  firom  Yli^giiiia  ind  the 
Carolinas,  undertoolc  an  ezpe^itiQii  agafaut  Florid%    j|e  took 
two  Spaafah  fagfajand  hoaiogad  St  A#gwtjne;,  Mi 


toretuHi 


to 


m  ohftinate  reaiatanee,  waa 

Gioigia. 

U,  Two  yean  aftecwarda  the  liiiiiiiiirdii.  hi  i<  iiilipilM  j[i||| 
ptred  to  jnvpKle  Qeorpa ;  and  tb^  hUended,  iJ^aae^eeBMll^mi 
to  sol^ugate  the  Candinaa  and  yhrgmia.  Chi  fecehing  infor- 
RHidon  of  their  approach^  general  Oimthorpe  aolicite^aaa^nce 
fromSoHlh  C^arolina.  But  the  InhajNtanta  of  that  co|ony>  enter* 
t^^iing  a  strong  pnuu^ce  againat,  hnn,  hi  eonaeqnence  of  his 
la^cMeaty  and  teirined  bj  the  duu^e^  which  ihMtjBii^^  t!^- 
sdves,  determinecl  to  provide  oidy  tor  their  own  safe^. 

12.  Meanwhile  general  Oglethorpe  made  preparations  for  a 
vis^rous  defence.  He  assembled  seven  hundred  men  exclosiTe 
of  a  bodjr  of  Indians,  fixed  his  .head,  quarters  at  Fredericai  on 
the  island  of  St.  Simon,  and  with  this  small  band,  determines!  to 
encounter  whatever  force  might  be  brou(^  against  him.  It  was 
bis.  utmost  hope  that  he  might  be  able  to  resist  the  enemy  until 
a  reinforcement  should  arrive  from  Carolina,  which  he  daily 
and  anxiously  expected. 

13.  On  th#  last  of  June,  the  Spanish  fleet,  consisting  of  thhty* 
two  aaU,  and  bavii^  on  board  more  than  three.  thoii|sand  men, 
came  to  anchor  off  St  Simon'a  bar.  Notwittistanding  all  the 
resistance  which  genend  Ogleliiorpe  could  oppoisej-ifaey  aafled 
up  the  river  Alatanraha,  landed  upon  the  island,  and  there  ereetad 
fortifications. 

14.  General  Oglethorpe,  convinced  that  his  sijnaH  foroti  if 
divided,  muat  be  entirely  ine^cient,  assembled  the  wholi,  d^  H 
at  Frederioa.  One  portion  he  emplojed  hoi  strengtheninl  his 
fortifications;  the  Highlanders, and  Indiana,  raA^|h|g  idff^  and 

'  'day  through  the  woods»  often  attacked  the  out>p<ils  of  mt  ene- 
my. The  toil  of  the  troops  waa  ineesaant ;  ^  tlf^k  dehy 
tf  the  expected  succors,  so  cjuelly  withheld  %  SouflPDaroHnay 
,  caused  the  moat  gloomy  and  depi^eaaing  iqpprmailona.  , 

16«  Leaminff  that  the  Sbwdafa  army  oeoaoied  two  diatinel 
poaitiona,  OrieSiofpe  Geiio4N||tte  project  of  attadQuii|#ii^ 
ifprise.    He  selected  the  bran^Vt  of  hia  IMn^  mmfMlt^l^ 


,    \  T, 


J 


m 


QBOHaiA. 


^ft4iitktM,:«M^  idJitamdy  to  witfiiftfivo  aiOU  of  itn 
ciiimp  #t^^4ipidM^  Bir«tftfiDg%i0^4«O|ptfohidi^ 

^^  iiiinise^A.'^^  ^bad  of  tr  imril  bodf  ^  49^irocoiuiditre  Hm 
^lemi*!^  ^1?V^^  ooldknrof  his  party^ 

iirinff;!|3^  0l«^,  dofl^^frledtotiie  SfModaitb*  Biseoyilif  destroy. 
ing'Sl'fasjpe  of  su^o^  the  general  lminecfiiit(^)r  r^turued  to 
Ftederioa.  Be  iras  not  oidir  chagrined  at  this  oecurrence,  but 
apprel^fi|uled^iii8tant  danger  mm  fiie  discloamPe  whieh  the  de- 
seitftf  #oaM  donbdessmako  ofliis  wetJm 
'  1^  In  thii  entbarasBmeDly  he  devlaed  an  expetKent  which  was 
attended  wldi  the  most  happy  success.  He  wrote  «  letter  to 
the  deseiiip,  instructing  him  to  acquaint  the  Spaniards  with  thr 
d^i^ecbpeless  state  of  Fi^eri(»)  to  mrge  them  to  attack  the  place, 
andlif  he  could  not  succeed,  to  persuade  Uiom  to  remain  thre^ 
days  longeit  on  the  island ;  fo^  wkhin  that  time^  according  to  late 
advices  &om  Carqlina*  be  sh<k|ld  receive  a  reinforcement  of  two 
tiiousaiid  men  and  six  ships  of  war.  He  cautioned  him  against 
diibppiagany  hint  of  tiie  attack  meditated,  by  admiral  Verhon, 
upon  St.  Augustine,  and  assured  him  tlMit  the  reward  fov  his 
services  should  be  ample. 

17.  For  a  small  bribe,  a  soldier  who  had  been  made  prisoner 
in  one  of  ^e  numerous  skirmishes,  engaged  to  deliver  ^is  letter 
to  the  deserter,  and  was  then  set  at  liber^.  As  Vvas  (breseen, 
ue  carried  it  directly  to  the  Spanish  general,  who  immediateiy 
:>uspected  the  dieserter  to  be  a  spy  from  the  English  camP)  and 
urder^  him  to  be  put  in  irons.  But  although  his  suspicions 
were  awakened,  he  was  yet  uncertdn  whether  the  whole  might 
npt  be  a  stratagem  of  bis  antagonist. 

18.  While  hesitating  what  to  believe,  three  small  vessels  oi 
war  appeared  off  the  coast.  Supposing  they  brought  the  rein- 
foi'Cements  alluded  to  in  the  letter  to  the  deserter,  he  liesitate<l 
no  longer,  but  determimed  to  make  a  vigorous  attack  upon  the 
Ea|^&,  before  ^ese  reinforcements  coiud  arrive  and  be  brought 
mto^,ai!tii(»^ 

1§.  General  Oglethorpe,  by  mere  abcidentj  obtsdned  informa- 
don  of  their  design.  A  small  party  was  instantly  placed  in 
ambuscade,  the  Spaniard  advancied  near  them,  halted  to  rest, 
and  laid  aside  their  arms.  A  sudden  and  w^  directed  i^» 
ki^ng  many,  threw  the  enemy  into  confusion.  J^r  a  few 
mote  discharges,  they  fled  to  thteh*  fortifications,  which  they  de- 
moMi^y  and;  hastily  embarkhig,  made  ev^  possible  effort  to 
fron tibe reinforcements  that  were  supposed  to  be  «^' 


I 


,.««  .JUS  was  Getjff^,  wlA  tri&ig  loss,  delfveved  from  die 
BHWt  iivteinent  dinger.    General.  Oglethorpe  niyt  e^y  retrlevil^ 


FRENCH  W  IE  OF  1756-^8. 


ao3 


^ji  «xafted'hi8  fe|mtatiom  From^ie  C)ardBiii«M,  mtpfiil  for 
,l&^j9^^(ier^r«tioii^iud  from  the  governors  of  most  of  &  ndithinrii 
'^ilinAtiiy  W  received  eordiai  congratulations  imoo  hiB  addrav 
itkf  good  fortune.  And  so  mortiMd  wore  the  Spaniiprdi  pi  th)s 
tt^  of  the  expedition,  that  the  commander,  on  his  retufPy,  was 
lursiested,  tried,  aitdtashiered  for  misconduct. 

21.  But  the  prosperity  of  the  colony  was  retatrded  by  t|^^ 
(Bstinfb^ces.  For  ten  years  longer,  it  remaimed  uqde|r;the 
management  of  the  trustees,  who,  embwrosnng  H  by  too  ^Banuh 
rt^lmdn,  discouraged  the  emigrants  and  cteedced  its  grawth. 
At  lieiigtli,  disappointed  in  their  hopes,  and  Wearied  by  complaiiits, 
they  in^rendered  their  charter  to  the  crown;  and^  in  I7b^f^^ 
rbyal  g^i^mment  was  established  oveT'the  colony. 

32.  New  regulations  being  adopted,  Georgia  began  to  flooris^, 
'  Among  her  governors,  James  Wright  deserves  honorable  no^Qe 
dithSB  wisdom  la  discerning,  and  his  zeal  in  pursuing*  b^rstrue 
infertirts.  The  cultivation  of  rice  and  indigo  was  prooecutad 
ir^  augmented  industry,  skfll,  and  profit;  andiin  every  soccead- 
iiil  yekr,  an  increased  amount  of  these  staple  commoditiefl  was 
exported  to  the  mother  country.  The  Florida  Indiai^  were 
sometimes  troublesmne,  but  were  as  oflen  chastised  and  com* 
pelled  to  sue  for  peace. 


V    i 


w 


^  I 

« 
I. 


»l 


>-  !. 


M      i 

A 

4 

i] 

t 

■  \ 

'i 

'   I    % 


h 


) 


CHAPTER  XIV 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1756-63. 

THE  treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapelle  concluded  in  1748,  between 
England  and  France,  restored  tranquillity  to  America.  At  tliis 
peribd,  the  number  of  mhabitants  in  the  tfahteen  colonies  was 
about  one  million  one  hundred  thousands  The  Engli^  set- 
tlementshad  not  advanced  far  into  the  wfldemess,  but  extended 
along  the  ocean  from^ew-Foundland  to  Floridx  Those  of 
^e  French,  at  the  no^  reached  from  tho  mouth  of  thp  St. 
liawrence  to  Mon^«sd;  and  thev  had  built  forts  and  tiradmg 
houses  on  lake  Ontario.  At  the  tt>nti^,  they  had  plsii^  N^w- 
^  Orleans,  and  hai^discovered  the  river  Mississippi,  ^y  dMgieU 
I  iOie  ibrtile  and  deligbtfbl  valley  through^hiph  it  rua%|  and  the 
whole  country  watered  by  its  tributary  streams.  ^ 


iC4 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1766—63. 


1754. 


* 


2.  They  at  length  determined  to  connect  their  noithera  and 
Routhem  settlements  by  a  chain  of  posts  extenduig  alojig  the 
frontiers  of  the  Eng^lish,  from  lake  Ontario  to  tne  Ohio,  and 
down  that  river  and  the  Mississippi  to  New-Orleans.  While 
they  were  intent  on  this  project,  a  comf>any  of  Engliso  traden, 
having  obtained  from  the  Icing  a  grant  of  land,  established  trading 
houses  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 

3.  The  French  seized  some  of  these  traders  and  conveyed 
ihem  prisoners  to  Canada.  The  company  complained  to 
governor  Dinwiddie,  of  Yirgima.  The  land  having  been  grantcfi 
as  a  paii  of  that  colony,  he  determined  to  send  a  messenger  to 
the  commander  of  the  French  forces  on  the  Ohio,  and  require 
him  to  withdraw  his  troops.  For  this  mission  he  selected 
George  Washington,  who  was  then  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and 
who  afterwards  became  illuM0li»itt4he  annals  of  his  countiy. 

4.  To  the  letter  of  Dinwiddie,  the  French  commander  replied, 
that  he  had  taken  possession  of  the  country  in  pursuance  of 
diitctions  from  his  general,  then  in  Canada,  to  whom  he  would 
transmit  the  letter,  and  whose  orders  he  should  implicitly  dbey. 
This  reply  not  being  satisfactory  to  the  governor,  preparations 
were  made  in  Virginia,  to  maintain  by  force  the  rights  of  the 
British  crown.  Troops,  constituting  a  regiment,  were  raised, 
the  command  of  whom,  on  the  death  of  the  colonel  first  appointed, 
was  given  to  Mr.  Washington. 

5.  At  the  head  of  about  four  hundred  men,  he  advanced, 
early  in  the  spring,  into  the  territory  in  dispute.  On  his  route, 
he  met,  attacked,  anfl  defeated,  a  French  party  under  the  com' 
mand  of  one  Dijonville,  who  approached  him  in  a  manner  in- 

^  dicating  hostile  intentions.  He  proceeded  towards  fort  Du 
Quesne,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Allegany  and  Monongahela. 
From  this  fort,  D^  Yillier,  at  the  head  of  nine  hundred  meu, 
marched  out  to  attack  him. 

6.  Hearing  of  the  approach  of  this  party,  colonel  Washington 
halted,  and  hastily  erected  some  imperfect  works,  by  means  of 
which  he  hoped  to  prolong  his  defence  until  the  arrival  of  reb- 
forcements.  He  was  closely  besieged  by  De  Yillier,  but  making 
an  obstinate  defence,  was  offered  the  most  honorable  terms  of , 
ciipitulation.  These  he  accepted,  and  returned  with  his  regiment 
to  Yirginia. 

7.  In  this  year,  delegates  from  seven  of  tlie  colonies  met  at 
Albany,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  conference  Wfth/tbe  Six 
Nations  of  Indians.  This  business  being  finished,  a  confedera- 
tion of  the  colonies  was  proposed  by  the  delegates  from  Massa' 
chusetts.  A  <*  Plan  of  Union''  was  agreed  upon,  to  be  submitted 
to  the  colonial  legislatures,  and  to  parliament,  for  their  adoptio;u 


6.  1 
should 
colonia 
pointed 
of  then 
all  mei 


of  the  d 
9.  T 

gates  wi 
It  was  I 
in  the  h 
ready  ej 


to  be  act 
10.  1 
cabUiet 
which  tt 
theswoi 
EariyUi 
toAmerJ 
keep  pQ« 
maaeby 
Canada, 
theFren 
11.  Ii 
several  p 
naign. 
Quesne, 
forts  Nia 
Shirley ; 
eenertdt 
New  En 
it  almost 
cruelly  1 
supportec 
by  Mass( 
raised  in 
12.  Vi 
another, 
against  ti 
settled  bv 
tmaty  of 
French  * 


1754.  I  J755.] 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1756—68. 


106 


8.  This  plan  provided  that  delegates  to  a  General  Council 
should  be  ehosen  by  the  representatives  of  the  people,  in  the 
cdonial  assemblies,  and  that  a  president-general  s^onld  be  ap 
pointed  by  the  crown.  This  council  was  to  possess  the  control 
of  die  military  force  of  the  confederacy,  and  Uie  power  to  concoit 
all  measures  for  the  common  protection  and  safety.  Tlie 
president-general  was  to  have  a  negative  upon  the  proceedings 
of  the  delegates. 

$.  This  plan  was  rejected  by  parliament,  because  the  dele- 
gates were  to  be  chosen  by  the  representatives  of  the  people. 
It  was  rejected  by  the  colonies,  because  it  placed  too  much  powei* 
in  the  hands  cf  the  Idng.  In  England,  apprehensions  were  al- 
ready entertained  of  ue  growing  importance  of  the  colonial 
assemblies.  In  America,  the  people  began,  perhaps  unconsciously, 
to  be  actuated  by  the  spirit  of  independence. 

10.  The  conduct  of  the  French,  on  the  Ohio,  convinced  the 
cabinet  of  London  that  their  claim  to  the  country,  through 
which  that  river  flows,  must  he  relinquished,  or  maintained  by 
the  sword.  They  did  not  hesitate  which  alternative  to  choose. 
Early  in  the  spring  of  1755,  they  despatched  general  Braddock 
to  America,  with  a  respectable  force,  to  expel  the  French,  and 
keep  pMsession  of  the  territory.  And  preparations  having  been 
made  k^  France  to  despatch  a  reinforcement  to  her  armies  in 
Canada,  admiral  B'oscawen  was  ordered  to  endeavor  to  intercept 
the  French  fleet  before  it  should  enter  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

11.  In  April,  general  Braddock  met  Uie  governors  of  the 
several  provinces,  to  confer  upon  tlie  plan  of  the  ensuing  cam- 
paign. Three  expeditions  were  resolved  upon :  one  against  Du 
Quesne,  to  be  commanded  by  general  Bntddock ;  one  against 
forts  Niagara  and  Frontinac,  to  be  commanded  by  governor 
Shirley ;  and  one  against  Crown  Point,  to  be  commanded  by 
seneral  Johnson.  The  last  mentioned  post  was  the  nearest  to 
New  England  of  any  in  the  possession  of  the  enemy ;  and  frdh 
it  almost  all  the  Indian  parties,  which  had,  in  tho  late  wai^,  so 
cruelly  harassed  the  northern  colonies,  were  despatched  aiid 
supported.  The  expedition  against  it  was  proposed  and  urged 
by  Massachusetts,  and  was  to  be  executed  by  colonial  troops, 
raised  in  New-England  and  New- York. 

12.  While  preparations  were  niaking  for  these  expeditions, 
another,  which  had  been  previously  concerted,  wy  carried  on 
against  the  French  forces  in  ITova  Scotia.  This  province  was 
settled  bv  the  French,  but  was  ceded  to  the  English  by  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht.  Its  boundaries  not  having  been  defined,  the 
French  continued  to  occupy  a  portion  of  the  territory  claimed 


i 

J,                    '  1  .  , 

'■     '\ 

' 

.'»: 

f 

i 

'IS\ 


■:  4l 


I 


h. 


•j 


106 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  J766-^a. 


11755 


bjr  {the  Engliah,  and  had  built  forts  for  (b^lp  defeiuse^  To  gain 
posseission  of  these  was  the  object  of  the  ekpeditif^   '  ^, 

13.  About  two  thousand  militia,  commanded  br  Colonel 
Winslow,  embarked  at  Boston ;  and  being  joined  oii  their  passage 
I^  three  hundred  regulars,  arrived,  in  April,  at  the  place  of 
destination.  The  forts  were  invested ;  the  resistance  made  was 
trifling  and  hieflectual ;  and  hi  a  short  time  the  Engli^  gamed 
entire  possession  of  the  province,  according  to  their  own  dfefiliu. 
tion  of  its  boundaries.     Three  only  of  their  mei^  wer^^l^ed. 

14.  The  preparations  of  General  Braddock,  in  Tiri^bkia,  bad 
^  proceeded  slowly.    It  had  been  found  extremely  dSQScult  to 

procure  horses,  wagons,  and  provisions.  Impi^tient  of  delay,  he 
determined  to  set  out  with  t^velve  hundred  men,  selected  from 
the  different  corps,  and  to  proceed,as  rapidly  as  possible,  towards 
fort  Du  Quesne.  The  residue  of  the  army,  and  the  heavy  bag- 
gage, were  left  under  the  conmiand  of  Col.  Dunbar,  who  wte 
directed  to  follow  as  soon  as  the  preparations  were  completed. 
1 15.  Braddock  had  been  educated  ii^  the  English  army ;  and 
in  the  science  of  war,  as  then  taught  in  Europe,  he  deserveq  and 
enjoyed  the;  reputation  of  more  than  ordinary  skill.  Of  this  re* 
putation  he  was  vam,  and  disdained  to  consider  that  his  skill  was 
totally  inapplicable  to  the  modg  of  warfare  practised  m  the 
forests  of  America.  Before  he  left  Eilgland,  he  was  repeatedlv 
admonished  to  beware  of  a  surprise ;  and  on  his  march  througo 
the  wilderness,  the  provmcial  officers  frequently  entreated  him 
to  scour  the  surrounding  thickets.  But  he  held  these  officers 
and  the  enemy  in  too  much  contempt  to  listen  to  this  salutary 
counsel. 

16.  On  approaching  fort  Du  Quesne,  Col.  Washington,  who 
accompanied  him  as  his  aid,  made  a  last  attempt  to  induce  him 
to  change  his  order  of  march.  He  explained  the  Indian  mode 
of  warfare;  represented  hi^  danger ;  and  offered  to  take  com- 
mand  of  the  provincials  and  place  himself  in  advance  of  the 
army.  This  offer  was  declined.  The  ceneral  proceeded,  con* 
iident  of  the  propriety  of  his  conduct;  the  provincials  followed, 
trembling  for  the  consequences. 

17.  On  tlie  ninth  of  July,  the  army  crossed  the  Monongahela, 
witln'a  a  few  miles  of  Du  Quesne.  Their  route  led  through  a 
defile,  which  they  had  nearly  passed,  when  a  tremendous  yell 
and  instantaneous  discharge  of  fire  arms  suddenly  bunt  upon  them 
from  an  invisible  foe.  The  van  was  thrown  into  confusion. 
The  general  led  the  main  body  to  its  support.  For  a  moment, 
order  was  restored,  and  a  shoii  cessation  of  the  enemy's  fire,  oc* 
casioned  by  the  death  of  their  rnmmander,  seemed  to  indicate 
that  all  danger  was  over. 


}T6ft.3 


FRENCH  WAH  OF  1766-63. 


107 


18.  But  the  attack  was  soon  renewed  witth  increased  fuiy. 
Concealed  behind  trefs,  logs,  and  rocks,  the  Indians  poiured  upon 
^le  troops  a  deadly  and  ii^essant  6re.  Officers  and  men  feU 
di^ckly  aronnd,  and  the  surviferb  ibiew  not  where  to  dhrect  their 
aim  to  revenge  their  slaughtered  cot  les.  The  whole,  body 
was  again  thrown  into  confusion.  1  c  general,  obstinate  and 
elwrageouSy  refused  to  retreat,  but  bent  his  whole  dSTorts  to  refljtore 
tnd  maintain  order.  He  persisted  in  these  eiTorts,  until  ^vo 
horses  had  been  shot  under  him,  and  every  one  of  his  officers  on 
horseback,  except  colonel  Washington,  was  either  killed  or 
wounded. 

19.  The  eeneral  at  length  fell,  and  the  rout  became  universal. 
The  troops  fled  precipitately  until  they  met  the  division  under 
li|nba)*,  then  sixty  miles  in  the  rear.    To  this  body  the  same 

lie  was  communicated.     Thming  about,  they  fled  with  the 
and  although  no  enemy  had  been  seen  during  the  engaffe- 

bt,  nor  afterwards,  yet  the  army  continued  retreating  until  it 
reached  fort  Cumberland,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  from 
the  place  of  action.  There  they  remained  but  a  short  time. 
With  ^e  remnant  of  the  army,  amounting  to  fifteen  hundred 
men,  colonel  Dunbar,  upon  whom,  on  the  death  of  Braddock,' 
the  command  devolved,  marched  to  Philadelphia,  leaving  the 
frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  and  Yirginia  destitute  of  defence. 

20.  The  provincial  troop,  whom  Braddock  had  so  much 
despised,  displayed,  during  tne  battle,  the  utmost  calmness  and ' 
courage.  Though  placed  in  the  rear,  they  alone,  led  on  by 
Washmgton,  advanced  against  the  Indians  and  covered  the  re- 
treat Had  they  been  permitted  to  fight  in  their  own  way,  they 
Gould  easily  have  defeated  the  enemy.  In  this  battle,  sixty-four, 
out  of  eighty-five  officers,  were  either  killed  or  wounded,  and 
at  least  one  hdf  of  the  privates.  " 

21.  The  two  northern  expeditions,  though  not  so  disastrous, 
were  both  unsuccessful.  General  Shirley,  who  had-  been  ap- 
pomted  to  command  that  agsdnst  Niagara,  met  with  so  many 
delays  that  he  did  not  reach  Oswego  until  late  in  August. 
Whfle  embarking  there  to  proceed  against  Niagara,  the  autumnal 
rains  began,  his  troops  became  discouraged,  his  Indian  allies 
deserted  him,  and  he  was  compelled  to  reUnquish  his  design. 

38.  The  forces  destbed  to  attack  Crown  Point,  and  the  re- 
({oisite  military  stores,  could  not  be  corseted  at  Albany  until  the 
last  of  August.    Thence  the  army,  i^ider  the  command  of 

Sineral  Jolmson,  proceeded  to  the  south  end  of  lake  George,  on 
eir  way  to  the  place  of  desthiatlon.    There  be  learned,  that 
the  armament,  fitted  out  in  the  ports  of  France,  eluding  tbe 


m 


til 


•J 


if 


'  \  \ 


( 


4m#^ 


:' 


1^ 


£^iiel70li  WMi  OF  i75^i 


tW55. 


English  squadron,  had  arrived  9k  Qaebec,  ahd:'tha|(^  baron 
Diteketit^  ^omihtuti^v  of  ftie  French  fitfc^,  Mrm  ad^ararf^  with 
an  arnfif  to#ardi  tbe  terHtorfes  of  the  Engli^l  ^  He  Adted, 
erected  fStight  br^astworfcs,  mici  detach  col<^  Wflfittna  with 
a  thbusuid  inen,  to  impede  Hie  pro^N»  of  the  eneinj. 

23i  Dieidkau,  tfhb  wa^  near,  was  hnmecKatety  ioformed  of  die 
apfvoach  of  thbi  d^tachtaient  Without  lodng  a  mdnient,  he 
direcCidhis  troo[i|s  to  conceal  themselves.  The  Ei^lish  ad- 
vanced {nto  the  midst  of  their  enemy,  and,  from  every  quarter, 
received,  at  the  same  moment,  a  sudden  and  urieitpeiiiited  fire. 
Their  leader  fell,  and  the  men  fled,  in  disorder,  to  the  camp. 

24.  They  were  followed  closely  by  the  enemy,  who  approached 
within  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  of  the  breast-work :  and^  had 
they  madie  an  immediate  assault,  would  probably,  such  was  the 
panic  of  th6  English,  have  been  successful.  But  here  they 
hahed,  to  make  dispositions  for  a  regular  attack.  The  Indians 
and  Canadians  were  despatched  to  the  flanks,  amd  the  regular 
troops  began  the  attack  with  firing,  by  platoons,  at  the  centre 
Thieirfire  was  ineffectual,  and  the  provincials  gradually  resuioed 
their  courage.  * 

25.  A  few  discha^es  of  the  artillery  drove  th6  Canadians  and 
Indians  to  the  swamps.  The  regulars,  although  deserted  by  the 
auxiliaries,  maintained  the  conflict,  for  more  than  an  hour,  with 
much  steadiness  and  resolution.  Dieskau,  convinced  that  all 
his  efforts  must  be  unavailing,  then  gave  orders  to  retreat.  This 
produced  some  confusion,  which,  being  perceived  by  the 
provincials,  they  simultaneously,  and  without  orders  or  concert, 
leaped  bveir^e  intrenchments,  fell  upon  the  French  soldiers, 
and  killed,  capt\ired,  or  dispersed  them.  The  baron  was 
wounded  and  ma^e  prisoner. 

26.  The  next  day,  colonel  Blanchard,  who  commanded  at  fort 
Edward,  despatehed  captain  FelsAm.  ,of  New- Hampshire,  with 
two  hundred'  meU;  to  the  assistance  of  general  Johnson.  6n 
his  way,  hv?  discovered  between  three  and  four  hundred  of  the 
<3nemy  seated  around  a  pond,  not  far  from  the  place  where 
Colonel  Williams  had  been  defeated.  N«twithstandhig  hi^  in- 
feriority in  numbers,  he  determined  to  attack  them.  S«  impe- 
tuitas  was  the  ons^^  that,  after  a  sharp  conflict,  the  enemy  fled. 
In  the  several  engagii^ments,  the  provincials  lost  about  twahundred 
men ;  the  enemy  u^#ards  of  seven  hundred. 

27.  General  Johnson,  4^gh  strongly  importuned  by  the 
government  of  Massachusefli,  refused  to  proceed  upon  his  ex- 
pedition, which  wasabandonf  i,  and  most  of  his  troops  returned 
(0  their  respective  colonies.    Thus  ended  the  campaign  of  1755. 


D'^^  I  rtSd.]  FRSNOH  WAR  OF  1756-63 


109 


^t. 


^  baron 

e  mited, 
iBiB  ivith 

led  of  the 
stent,  he 
glSsh  ad. 
'  quarter, 
Sited  fire. 
Btonp. 

preached 

and,  had 

was  the 

lere  they 

i  Indians 

6  regular 

e  centre 

resuined 

dians  and 

ted  by  the 

pur,  with 

that  all 

at.   This 

by   the 

concert, 

soldiers, 

fTon  was 

ed  at  fort 
ire^  with 
on.  Oil 
d  of  the 
e  where 
I  hk  in- 
»hnpe- 
\mj  fled, 
hundred 

I  by  the 

hli  eX' 

returned 

of  1756. 


It  opened  virith  the  brigfatest  ptoiptdB,  hnmense  pireparatioiiB 
bad  been  made,  yet  not  one^  of  the  objects  of  ttie  tfam  great  ex- 
pediifoiiB  had  been  attained. 

28.  Boring  the  fall  and  ^tflTy  the  southern  colonies  were 
ravaged,  and  &tB  usual  baibarities  perpetrated  upon  the  fire  ntier 
inhabituitB,  by  (he  savages,  who,  on  the  defeat  of  Braddock,  and 
die  retredt  df  his  army,  saw  notfahig  td  restrain  thteir  ftuy.  In 
Virginia  and  Pennflylyani^,  disputes  existed  between  the  govern- 
ors and  legislatures,  winch  prevented  all  attention  to  the  means 
of  defence.  Scarcely  a  post  was  maintained,  or  a  soldier  em- 
ployed in  thehr  service. 

29.  The  colcnies,  far  from  being  discouraged  by  the  misfor- 
tohes  of  the  last  campaign,  determined  to  renew  and  increase 
their  exertions.  General  Shirley,  to  whom  the  superintendence 
of  all  the  military  operations  had  been  confided,  assembled  a 
council  of  war  at  New-Tork,  to  concert  a  plan  for  the  ensuing 
yeiur.  He  proposed  that  expeditions  should  be  carried  on  against 
Da  Quesne,  Niagara,  and  Grown  Point,  and  that  a  b^y  of 
troops  ^hould  be  sent,  by  the  way  of  the  rivers  Kennebec  and 
Chaudiere,  to  alarm  the  French  for  the  safety  of  Quebec.  This 
plan  was  unammously  adopted  by  the  council. 

do.  Shirley,  on  the  last  of  January,  returned  to  Boston,  to 
ineet  the  assembly  of  Massachusetts,  of  which  colony  he  was' 
pernor.  He  endeavored  to  persuade  them  to  concur  in  the 
measures  proposed ;  but,  disgusted  with  the  proceedings  of  the 
last  campaign,  and  especially  at  general  Johnson's  neglecting  to 
poi'sue  his  advantages,  they  were  unwilling  to  engage  in  ofien- 
shre  operations,  unless  the  command  of  their  forces  should  b^ 
ghren  to  general  Winslow,  who  had  acqmred  popularity  by  his 
success  ixi  Nova-Scotia.  Their  wishes  were  complied  with, 
and  their  concurrence  was  then  granted. 

31.  In  April,  news  arrived  from  Great  Britain,  that  the  con- 
duct of  general  Johnson,  instead  of  being  censured,  was  consi- 
dered higiily  meritorious ;  that,  as  a  reward  for  his  success,  the 
kbg  had  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of  baronet,  and  parliament 
a  grant  of  five  thousand  pounds  sterling ;  that  his  majesty  dis- 
approved of  the  conduct  of  Shirley,  and  had  determined  to  re- 
move him  from  command. 

32.  This  information  not  behig  ofllcial,  general  Shirley  con- 
tinued his  preparations  with  his  usud  activity  and  zeal.  While 
engaged  in  collecting,  ^t  Albany,  the  troops  htm  th«  difVbrent 
eokmies,  general  Webb  brought  from  England  offiblaS  'Mtnof 
^a^vit,  }jj»  removal.  On  the  25th  of  June,  generd  Aberirdm- 
bic  arrived,  and  took  command  of  the  army.  It  now  consiMed 
of  about  twelve  tlicusand  men,  and  was  niove  nuriiefbtis'ahd  Uet- 


■   I 


\ 


^  i 


•11 

i 

si 
:  r 


i;< 


m 

I 


no 


FRENCH  WAR  OP  1766-63* 


[1766^ 


ter  prepared  for  the  field  than  any  anny  that  had  evei^^to  at- 
sembled  in  America.  ^  ^ 

33.  Singular  as  it  may  appear,  wl^e  this  sangumary  war  ra« 
ged  in  America,  the  intercourse  between  the  two  nations  in  £u. 
rope,  not  only  continued  uninterrupt^,  but  seemed  more  than 
usually  ^iencDy.  This  unnatural  state  of  things  could  Hot  long 
conthiui.  Great  Britain  declared  war  in  May,  and  Fnmce  In 
June. 

^4.  The  change  of  commanders  delayed  the  operations  of  the 
English  army.  The  French  were  active ;  and  on  the  12th  of 
July,  general  Abercrombie  received  intelligence  that  they  medi- 
tated an  attack  upon  Oswego,  a  post  of  the  utmost  importance. 
Creneral  Webb  was  ordered  to  prepare  to  march  with  a  regiment 
for  the  defence  of  that  place.  In  the  mean  time,  Lord  Loudon, 
who  had  been  appointed  commander-in-chief  '^yer  all  the  Bri- 
tish forces  in  the  colonies,  arrived  in  iiu^wA.^L 

35.  Amidst  the  ceremonies  which  followed,  the  affairs  of  the 
war  were  forgotten.  General  Webb  did  not  begin  his  march 
until  the  12th  of  August  Before  he  had  proceeded  far,l  he 
learned  that  Oswego  was  actually  besieged  by  a  large  army  of 
French  and  Indians.  Alarmed  for  his  own  safety,  he  proceed- 
ed no  farther,  but  employed  his  troops  in  erectmg  fortifications 
for  their  defence. 

36.  General  Montcalm,  the  commander  of  the  French  troops 
in  Canada,  began  the  siege  of  Oswego  on  the  12th  of  August. 
Ou  the  14th,  tiie  English  commander  having  been  killed,  terms 
of  surrender  were  proposed  by  the  garrison,  and  were  agmd  to. 
These  terms  were  shamefully  violated.  Several  of  the  British 
officers  and  soldiers  were  insulted,  robbed,  and  massacred  by  the 
Indians.  Most  of  the  sick  were  scalped  in  the  hospitals,  and 
the  French  general  delivered  twenty  of  the  garrison  to  the  sa- 
vages, that  being  the  number  they  had  lost  during  the  siege. 
I'hose  unhappy  wretches  were,  doubtless,  according  to  the  In- 
dian custom,  tortured  and  burnt. 

37.  General  Webb  was  permitted  to  retreat,  unmolested,  to 
Albany.  Lord  Loudon  pretended  it  was  now  too  late  in  the 
.season  to  attempt  any  thing  farther,  though  the  ti*oops  under  ge- 
neral Wuislow  were  witliin  a  few  days  march  of  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point,  and  were  sufficient  in  number  to  justify  an  at- 
'tack  upon  those  places.  He  devoted  the  remainder  of  Uie  sea- 
son to  DifLkhig  pi*eparatioiu  for  an  early  and  vigorous  campaign 
tlie  ensufnf  year. 

38.  .Thii  spring  had  opened  witli  still  more  brOliaot  pros- 
wcip tnau thelast ;  and  the sfiasun closed  witliout the oeeiirrance 
of  a  filteh)  evovl  thyt  \\m  honoiii-aulf  to  tlie  Briti^  arms,  or  aH* 


irST.] 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1756^63, 


111 


'  vantageoufl  to  the  colonies.  This  want  of  success  was  justly  at- 
tributed to  the  removal  of  the  provincial  officers,  who  were  wel! 
acquainted  with  the  theatre  6f  operations,  but  whom  the  minis- 
try, de^us  of  checking  th^  growth  of  talents  in  the  coloiiies> 
were  unwilling  to  employ,  l^t  the  several  assemblies,  though 
they  saw  themselves  thus  sU^ted,  and  their  money  annuatty 
squandered,  made  all  the  preparadons  that  were  reqcdred  of  them 
for  the,  next  campaign. 

39.  The  reduction  of  Louisburdi  was  the  object  to  which  tfa^e 
ministry  directed  the^|ltteution  of  Lord  Loudon.  In  the  spring 
of  1757,  he  sailed  from  New-Tork,  with  6000  men,  and,  at  Ha- 
lifax, met  admiral  Holboum,  with  transports  containing  an 
eq  al  number  of  troops,  and  a  naval  fbrce  consisting  of  fifteen 
ships  of  the  line.  When  about  to  proceed  to  their  place  of  des- 
tination, inteHigence  arrived  tliat  the  garrison  at  Louisburgh  had 
received  a  large  reinforcement,  and  expected  and  desired  a  visit 
from  the  Engli^.  Disheartened  by  this  intelligence,  the  gene- 
ral and  admiral  abandoned  the  expedition. 

40.  While  the  English  conunanders  were  thus  irresolute  and 
idle,  the  French  were  enterprising  and  active.  In  March,  ge- 
neral Montcalm  made  an  attempt  to  surprise  forfWiillam  Hen« 
Tft  at  the  SOU&  end  of  lake  C^rge,  but  was  defeated  by  the  vi- 
gilance and  bravery  of  tlie  garrison.  He  returned  to  Crovni 
Point,  leaving  a  party  of  troops  at  Ticonderoga.  Against  this 
post,  near  four  hundred  men  were  sent  from  the  fort,  under  the 
command  of  colonel  Paricer. 

'  41.  The  colonel  was  deceived  in  his  intelligence,  decoyed  in- 
to an  ambuscade,  and  attacked  with  such  fury,  that  but  two  offi- 
cers and  seventy  privates  escaped.  Encouraged  by  this  success, 
Montcalm  determined  to  return  and  besiege  fort  William  Hen- 
ry. For  this  purpose,  he  assembled  an  army,  consisting  of  re- 
gular troops,  Canadians  and  Indians,  and  amounting  to  near  ten 
thousand  men. 

42.  Mtyor  Putnam,  a  brave  and  active  partlzan,  obtained  in- 
formation of  the  purposes  of  Montcalm,  which  he  communicated 
to  general  Webb,  who,  in  the  absence  of  lord  Loudon,  com- 
manded the  British  troops  in  that  quarter.  The  general  enjoin- 
ed silence  upon  Putnam,  and  adopted  no  other  measure,  on  re* 
ceiving  the  intelligence,  than  eendmg  colonel  Monro  to  take 
command  of  the  fort. 

43.  The  day  after  this  officer,  ignorant  of  what  was  to  hap- 

C,  had  arrived  at  his  post,  the  lake  appeared  covered  witli 
—ts,  which  swifUy  approached  the  shore.     Montcahn,  with 
but  little  opposition,  effected  a  landhig,  and  hnmediately  begm 


''.' '  I 


V 


ii3 


FRENCH  WAR  OF  1766-68. 


imr. 


tEe  si^e.  The  garrison,  consisling  of  two  tfaous»i4.6ve  hoa. 
dre^  pen,  vhJimMhf  the  esqpectatipn  of  reUef,  itm  9  p$KA 
defence.      r'<'  ■    '    •   ,     .  ^    ■,/,.  yJr'    .^^  ,,/• 

44.  General  Webb  had  an  armf^at  fort  £dward,  of  mom  than 
fOjOr  t^oiaiMid  men,  and  H  wa«  ib  his  npwer  to  ci4l  j|n  a  tforgs 
nimibeiof  1^^  from  New-Tork  and  liftW'^Siie^. 

ifp^^hSfa  eoloo^  JHQnrp  salt  repeated  and  |ii«ssh%  iplt^i^^ 
for  unmiediate  succorl  l^eSe  ne  disregarded,  seeming^imUreiy 
.lodil^rei^t  to  the  distressing  »tiiation  of  his  feOdw  sc^dm. 
f'Ab,'M  tlikg^,  <m  t^e  |dnth  day  of  the  siege,  in  ^b^diance 
with  the  entretB^es  of  the.  firtends  of  Mtituto,  genend  llebb  de- 
mtcfaedshrWilHam  Johnson,  idth  abodf  of  men,  to  his  relief. 
Th^  had  not  proceeded  three  miles,  when  the  6h)er  wwjg^ooq. 
tenminde^  Wdiib  (hen  wrote  to  Monro  that  he  coiuii  a^Toni 
hun  no  assistance,  and  advised  him  to  surrender  on  me  best 
terms  timt  he  could  obtain. 

46.  This  letter  was  mi^eroepted  by  Montcalm,  who,  in  i|  con- 
ference which  he  procured,  handed  it  lUnuMf  to  the  oomnnanler 
of  ■  die  foit.  All  hope  of  relief  being  extufignished,  articles  of 
CMiUnlation  were  agreed  to.  In  diese  it  was  eiq^nressly  stip^ 
te|j  by  Hlonlealii^  that  the  prisoners  should  be  prote<^  firom 
^^sttimges,  by  a  guard,  and  that  the  sick  and  pounded  should 
be  treated  with  humani^. 

47.  But  the  next  morning,  a.great  number  of  bid&uis,  hadBg 
l^een  permitted  to  enter  the  lines,  began  to  plunder.  Meeting 
with  no  opposition,  they  fell  upon  ^e  sick  and  wounBed,  whom 
they  immediately  masneu^i^  This  excited  their  appe^te  for 
caruMe.  The  de^celess  troops  were  surrounded  and  attacked 
wkh  SmMSke  fiiry.  Monro,  hasteiuyog  to  Montcah%  Implcrai 
bin^  tr^  provide  the  stipidated  guardw 

48.  His  entreaties  weroineffectuad,  and  tlie  massacre  prs- 
deeded*  All  was  turbulence  and4i6rror.  On  eveii^  sidip,  sin- 
ges were  butchering  and  scalping  their  wretched  victims.  Their 
hideous  yells,  the  groans  of  the  Jjring,  and  the  frantic  shrieks  of 
o^MMV,  diriaking  fi^m  the  unlifted  tomahawk,  were  beard  by 
the  Fjn»ich  unmoved*  The  mry  of  the  sayages  was  Mrmitted 
Ui  rage  without  restraint,  until  a  large  number  were  lulled,  or 
hi^nried  captives  into  .the  wilderness. 

^^i49^  The  day  after  this  aw5d  tragedy,  mijor  Fuitman  was 
sent,  with  his  rangers,  to  watch  the  motions  of  ^  the  enemr. 
When  hecam*^  theriiore  of  the  hdce,teir  rear  was  hardly 
beyond  the  reach  of  musket  dmt.  The  prospect  was  shockiag  I 
and  iKmi^  The  fort  was  demolisM.  The  bam^ks  tad 
bai)ding»  imra  yet  bornhig.    Innumerable  fragments  of  humiB 


FJlENCH  WAR  OF  1766-63L 


lis 


IKll  trrofled  bi  ^1«  deeif«ruig  flrm.  Dead  bodto, 
loili^ed  iiijlti|  tomahaiiHkB  fe^^  sealing  kliiv«8,  is  aS  the  waiitoiik 
neii  of  Itidliriliaiimrit^^  wait  everf  #hei>e  8eatt^reiEl>  AiiiMuiiL  '' 

^.  fSeheral  Wcibb^  apprehensife  of  ati  attadc  «|^  IliiBailf, 
seal  «i^||ffeaMMi  to  ^  provinces  for  reinforoeilieiilB.  Thef  were 
riM  aiid  despatdied  with  expedftkm;  hulas  Motttcalm  fetahwd 
toTioQidideroga,thef  were  kept  in  senrice  but  a  few  wedbs. 
jbd  thus  en^ted  the  third  campaign  in  America. 

51.  Thesfe  continual  disasters  resulted  flKHn>foUf  and  mis- 
ffltoageiiient,  rather  Chan  from  want  oi  mettiB  and  mflitarf 
strength.  Ti^  British  nation  was  ahtrm^  and  indignant,  a# 
tbe  iSd^  found  it  necessafy  to  change  his  coimclls.  At  tlie  head 
of  die  tt^#  ministiy,  he  placed  the  celebrated  William  Fttt^  who 
n^,  bf  the  force  of  his  talents  alone,  from  the  humble  post  <lf 
QDiri^  in  tbe  guards,  to  the  control  of  ^  destinies  of  a  rai|^ 
empnt.  Public  confidence  revhred,  and  the  nation  aetSaed 
ifiwired  ivlth  new  life  and  vigor. 

62.  For  the  next  camnai^,  the  ministiT-  detenooined  iip«i 
three  e^i^editions ;  one  of  twelve  thoia^iid  men  against  liouis- 
burg ;  one  of  sixteen'thonsand  against  Ticonderfm  and  Crown ' 
Point,  and  one  of  eight  thousand  against  fort  Dn  Quesne.  *  This 
colonies  were  called  upon  to  render  all  the  assistance  in  thi^ 
poirer.  Lord  Loudon  having  been  recalled,  the  command  of 
the  expedition  against  Louistmi|^  was  given  to  general  Amhenti 
under  whom  general  Wolfe  served  as  a  brigadier.  The  |dai!e 
wtsuive8tedonthel2thof  June.  Amhovt  made  his  t^pproaehes 
with  much  circimispeetion ;  and,  without  any  memondkle  incident, 
the  siege  tenniiuited,  on  the  26th  of  July,  1^  the  surrender  of 
the  place.  Whenever  an  opportunity  occurred,  general  WoU*, 
wbo  was  then  young,  displayed  all  that  fire,  impetuosity,  and 
discre^n,  which  afterwards  immortalised  his  name. 

58.  The  expedition  a^inst  Ticonderoga,  was  commanded  j>y 
general  Abercrombie.  He  was^  accompanied  by  lord  Howe, 
whose  military  talents  and  amiable  virtues  made  hii9  the  darling 
of  ^  soldiery.  This  army  consisted  of  seven  thousand  regular 
troops,  andten  thousand  provincials.  When  approachfing  the 
fort,  a  skirmish  took  place  with  a  small  party  of  the  enemy,  in 
which  lord  Howe  wa^kilM  ^  the  first  fire.  On  seeing  him 
fell,  the  troops  moved  forward  with  an  animated  determination 
to  avenge  his  death.  Thi^  hundred  of  the  %nemy  were  killed 
on  the  spot,  and  ta^  hundred  and  forty  made  prisoners. 

54.  The  ardor  ai  his  men,  a»d  the  intelligence  gained  from 
the  urisoners,  indufied  general  Abercrombie  to  make  an  assault 
t^h  the  woriqi.    It  wa|  received  with  undaunted  bravei/i  and 


5*1 


mm^ca^m  w  rt$^--^.       ivtse.  I  iis»ij 


4foops  reaiiyiMi  before  the  vn^ ^atteniptiag  to  scide  ^iniratti 
exf^osed  tol#  deitnfcHve  fire  of  mui^etry  eaci  «rtfllei7»  4!'lie 
l^iy,  (ie||pal|[i«|f  of  su^cesf^  then  <}N<^  >i  retreal^  Near 
tw^^aiauftd^f Iheassa&laii^  were  kflled^or  woundedt  ^Hieioss 
ol€feiJPreiich  w»l  not^at,  and  most  of  the  kiUed  yf^  shot 
iliroiif  h  Jbe  head*  the  tSier  parts  of  their  bodies  being  protected 
■  ^  by  Aelrwoito.- :^- -^^:--^ -■■•;'-■ , 

55;  Aflber  thei  bloody  repiilsie,  Abercrombie  de^atcUeid  eolonel 

j^radstreety  wit^  three  t^sand  men,  mostly  provmcials,  against 

^rt  Fi<>iitenac^ 'fphiish  fill  sito^  hike  Omiario,  and  con- 

tlklQed  a  lai^e  qnantity  of  merchandisoi  provisions,  and  ii^iilitarf 

ililcireik    It  feu  ah  easy  conquest,  and  Uie  loss  was  severely  felt 

%  llw  Frenchi    The  western  Indians,  not  receiving  ihehr  usual 

^8K^y  of  merchawSs^,  relaxed  in  thej^r  exerdonsi  and  the  troops 

M&a  Quesne  snffeled  flrom  the  want  of  the  provisions  and 

military  stores.    These  circumstances  contributed  essentially  to 

&eili^etheopbratioitoof&e  third  expedition.  1 

6^  Thhi  was  placed  under  the  command  of  general  ForW 
Me^'left  IPHbdelphia  ki  the  beginning  of  July,  and,  after  a 
Ig^nious  march,  throttgh  deep  morasses  arid  over  iinexpl(»Kd 
mbhntsdns,  arrived  at  Raystown,  ninety  miles  from  Du  Quesne. 
An  adranced  party  0^  eight  hundred  men,  upder  the  commaod 
0f  ma||dr  Grant,  was  met  by  a  jdetachment  from  the  foit,  ipi  ,de- 
^^t^p  with  great  slaughter. 

57.  Ferb^undiffinayed  by  ^  disaster,  advanced  with  can- 
j^kiim  and  steady  perseverance.    The  enemy,  observing  his  cir- 
eum^ction,  determined  not  to  abldetheeventof  a  siege.  After  I 
disblaAtUng  the  fort,  they  retired  down  th^rOhio,  to  their  settk- 
meats  on  the  Mississippi     (renersd  Forbes,  taking  possMon  of  | 
the  place,  dianged  its  name  to  PIttjburgh, 

58.  The  campaign  of  1768,  was  hiigfly  honorable  to  the!  Bri- 
tish arms.     Of  &e  ^ree  expeditions,  two  had  completely  sqo  | 
ceeded,  ani  tiie  leader  otthe  tlurd  had, made  an  important  eon- 
quest.  <  To^e  commanding  talents  of  Pitt,  and  the  confidence! 
which  they  inspuredy  this  change  of  fortune  must  be  attributed  ;| 
xind  in  no  respect  were  these  talents  more  strikingly  displayed, 
than  in  the  choice  of  men  to  execute  his  plans. 

59.  Encouraged  by  the  events  of  this  year,  the  English  w)ti-| 
cipated  jslUl  greatir  success  in  the  campaign  which  was  to  follqw. 
The  plan  ma^ud  out  by  the  nuinister,  was  indicative  of  die  bold- 

'  tt^  and  ener^  of  his  genius.    Three  different  am^  w^il 
at  the  same  time,  to  be  Ud  against  the  three  strongest  |ps^  Gf| 
-tbaFreiich  in  America;  Niagara,  Ticonderog% ^and 


[lYse.  I  im] 


CK^BNIM  mm  em  vm^^n. 


115 


'v:f  »:■ 


f(livfa«BnM'4lial9  ilKNild  TliQ«i#og»be  0Dii|niated^  tliiB  victo- 
rioHftfttiy  iiio{Mfr«i»fl)i«iifd  to  aMrt:!^ 

60.  In  tiie  begimiing  of  July,  general  PrideauzebtortBedon 
Uk»  Ontflili^  i«i&  the  iii^  dettir  ed  againsl  N»gm»  pid,  on 
tbeiuilhylluidBdibmitihrM  miles  ftom  the  fort.  .  Ho;  iime- 
dfal%«oiiiMeBe«da9iege,  in  libe jWogreai  ofiryeblie  was 
IdUed,  hf  tbo-biifsting  of  a  shell.  The  «miiiiaiiiitevol¥CKt«f)on 
sir  Wli&ni  Jcdmson.  An  artnj  of  Frendi  and  In^Kans  ap- 
pioaeUnff  fiooa  after,  he  detachodPa  Mit  of  Jis  forees  to  meet 
them.  A  hattis  e^ed ;  the  £n^ii|»  gained  ike  victofy,  whith 
was  fdlowed  by  t^e  suvr^ade^  ^  the  Cut. 

M.  C^^ieral  Amheis^  to  whom  -^^as  aarigned  the  e^qpedition 
against  Tioonderoga,  found  so  amiy  diffic^es  to  snimount, 
that  he  was  unable  to  present  himself  before  ^lat  plac«  untiliate 
mJttly*  It  was  imuMkiiately  abandoned  by  the  enemy.  '  The 
British  genera],  after  repairing  the  worlo^  proceeded  against 
Ctown  Point  On  his  aj^rosu^,  this  was  i^so  deserted^  the 
enemy  iretiring  to  the  Isle  aux  Noix.  To  gain  possession  of  this 
post)  gr^  €^rts  wers  made,  i^d  much  tim^  consumed ;  but « 
niecessipn  of  storms  oil  lake  Cfaamph^  pi,ievented  success. 
General  Amherst  was  compelled  to  lead  back  Us  army  to  CroWn 
Point,  where  he  encamped  for  the  ii^teiv 

62k  The  expedition  agahist  Quebec,  was  the  ,most,daring  and 
important  That  p]ac6,  strong  by  nature,  had  been  made  stSll 
stronger  by  artj  amd  had  vecei^  the  appr(»riate  appellation  of 
the  Gibraltar  /Of  America.  Eveiy  eAiedition  agmnst  H  had 
fsdledv  It  was  t)oW  commanded  hy  lifontcfJmy  an  officer  of 
dintifl^idlied  reputaHoil ;  and  an  atteaipt  to  redoco  it  mu^t  have 
seemS  f^imerteal  to  atty  one  but  Fftt  He  judged,  ri^^y,  that 
the  bohkst  and  mest  dang^srous  enterprises  aire  often  the  most 
sucoessful.  They  arouse  me  energies  of  man,  and  elevate  them 
to  a  level  with  the  dangem  and  difficulties  to  be  encountered, 
especiaUy  vrhen  committed  to  ardem  minds,  glowing  with 
enuusiasm,  and  emulous  of  ^oiy. 

63.  Such  a  mind  he  had  discovered  hi  general  Wolfe',  whose 
conduct  at  Louisburgh  had  attracted  his  attention.  He  iqppointed 
him  to  conduct  th<e  exjpedition,  and  gave  hfan  for  assistants^ 
l)Hgadier  generals  Moncton,  Townshend,  and  Murray;  all,  like 
mmsftif,  young  and  ardent  Early  !n  the  season,  he  safied  from 
I  Halifax,  with  eight  ttiousand  troops,  and,  near |||  htfl^  June, 
landed  Ae  whole  army  on  the  island  of  OiMMpplbw  mSles  be- 
[loMfQuebefc. 

H*  Fh)m  this  position  he  couM  take  a  neir  mnA  distlnet  irlcw 
I  «f  th^  obiitaeles  to  he  overcome.    These  were  so  great,  6iat  even 


4 


116   "^  JPKJiNCH  WAR  OF  lT6«-*6a  I         [!»». 

the bdd  Mid  Mngulne  IWfegiitgif^  a^ 

hope.    In  a  to«if  to  Mr.  tm,  wiitti»  MNFtt  NMiiininieiBg 

openifttoiii»iie  deduced  tiiat  lie  fl^  fvoipecl  oC  vedii. 

^9.  4|i|ibecfl»MlBoitll<eiiortfaii^^^^ 
coaslBli  of  tn  upper  wid.  hxir^^towiu  « Tbe  loifr^,,|l>imi  ^ies  ' 
between  the  fiver  and  a  bi4d  and  lo%  eoiinenee»  nJiich  r^as 
p«vttQ^  to  ytfhrto  the  westirard.  At  die  tpj^  oC  this  ev^nenee 
i»  ft'plain,  apon  Mdiieh  the  mer  town  is  8^iiated.%  JMoWf  ot 
east  of  tiie  city,  is  the  iJFer£^€h«icies,  whose  channel  la  roii§^, 
and  whom  banks  aie  ste^  and  broken.  A  >  abort  distance 
farttier  down,  is  the  ivrer  Montmorency;  and  b^een  theso  two 
riirete^  find  readiini;  from  one  to  the  other,  was  encamped  the 
F^mk  arrays  stroittly  entren^ed  and  at  least  equal  in  number 
talbatdftbeEndifi. 

4<&4  ^Geaer^l  Wolfe  to(d&  possession  of  Point  Iiei^ly  on  the  bank 
of  the  river  opposite  Qudbec,  andfroin  that  poGntion  cannonaded 
the'iowm  Some  injury  wai  done  to  the  hous««,  but  his  canrton 
were  too  distant  to  make  any  impression  upon  the  woHia  of  ibe 
%ttemy.  He  resold  to  quit  this  post,  to  land  below  Montmo- 
rency, and  passing  diat  river,  to  attack  the  French  general  m  his 
entrenchments. 

67.  He  succeeded  in  landing  his  troops,  and,  with  a  portion 
of  his  army,  crossed  the  Montmoiency.  A  partial  engagement 
took  place,  hi  which  the  Frendi  obtained  the  advantage.  Re- 
linquisl^  this  phm,  hejffien  determined,  ki  concert  with  the 
admiral,  to  destroy  Oie  fVendi  imping  and  magazines.  Two 
attempts  were  unsucoessfol ;  a  third  was  more  fortunate,  yet  but 
little  wa»  effected.  At  tl^  juncture,  totdUgence  arrived  that 
Niagara  was  taken,  that  Ticcmderoga  and  Crown  Foint  had  been 
abandoned,  but  that  general  Amherst,  mslead  of  pressmg  forward 
to  theh"  assistance,  was  preparing  to  attack  the  Ii^e  aux  Noix. 

68,  Wolfe  rejoiced  at  the  trhnnph  of  his  brethiien  hi  furms,  but 
could  not  avwd  contrasting  their  siuxj^  with  his  own  il)  fortune. 
His  mind,  alike  lo%  and  suscep<a|^|a8  deeply  In^ressed  by 
the  disasters  at  Montmorency ;  anilw  extreme  chagrin  oi  his 
spirits,  preying  upon  Ws  delicate  frame,  sensibly  affected  his 
heilth.  He  was  obserted  frequently  to  sl|^;  and,  as  If  life  was 
only  valuable  whtte  H  a^ed  to  Ws  gtery,  he  dechured^to  his  ia- 
tknatll  IHends,  that  he  would  not  survive  the  dv^gnoe  which  he 
ima^ned^Md  littend  the  f^  .        . 

68.  Despaliriftg  of  success  brfow  the  town,  he  next  directed 
his  efforts  towards  effecting  a  landmg  above  it.  He  rw^oved  a 
pan^1ii#in¥  to  Pofait  Levi,  imd  the  remainder  higher  up  the 
river.    He  now  found  that,  on  thJa  quarter,  the  fortlficatiofW 


J759.]  FRENCH  WAR  QF  1756— 68.         fillT 

were  not  8ti!0|ig ;  and  discovered  that  the  heights  behfaid  them 

|iettlhl)r  he  gtidoed/bf^^^ 

'^" '  %jftd  defeiKtetd  only  l|rk  m^ptain's  giiard.  /"  ' 

d^cuUlei'ittiaodhiff  Ihli  cuteirprise  were  nmneiroiis* 
■flkfe  cunwit  was.  rapid,  the  more  sheh&g,  the  only  laadiHr 
|i^fl(»ttarnhrtytit  l  ght^a^  be  ndasetf  In  the  dark,  and, 
the  steep  abovei  such  as  tnx^  even  when  onopposed,  eonid 
nbriiie^iid  wfdibitt  dSffldnlt|r.  Tet  the  pfam,  thoii^  hold  and 
ba^eody  was  weQ  adifited  to  the  desperate  ritoation  of  aflUlniyi^, 
an^  was  determined  On*  <»       ^ 

71.  To  eonceid  Ui^  hitention^  die  admhral  retfa«d  several 
leiignra  t^;>  tiie  river.  Buring  the  evenfaw,  a  strong  detadi- 
nent  Was  |iat  on  bdard  the  boats,  and  moved  sileatly  down  with 
thetide,  ta  the  place  of  laHdiog,  where  they  arrived  an  hour  Im- 
foie  day  br^ak.  Wolfe  leaped  tm  shore,  was  followed  by  tibe 
troops,  and  all  histantly  liegatt^  with  the  assistance  of  shrubsand 
proj^tti^  rocks,  to  clhnb  up  die  precipiee.  Th^  guard  was 
dHi^rs^  and,  by  the  dawn  of  day,  die  Whole  army  gained  the 
heigi/ts  of  Abraham,  where  Uil^  ^lUferent  corps  were  fonnsd  un- 
der thdirret^ctive  kaders. 

72.  Montcahn,  ]|t  first,  could  hot  bdieve  that  the  English  Ited  0 
ucended  the  heights.  When  convhuced  of  the  fikct,  he  compre- 
hended the  full  advantage  they  had  gained.  He  saw  t!*iit  a  battle 
waii  hievitable,  and  prepared  for  it  with  promptness  and  courage. 
Leaving  his  6amp  at  Montmori^iey ,  he  advanc^  towards  the  Eng- 
lish anny,  which  was  formed  m  onier  of  battle  to  receive  him. 

73.  The  French  advanced  briskly.  The  English  reserved 
their  fire  until  tlte  enemy  were  near^  and  then  gave  it  with  deci- 
sive effect;  Early  in  the  engagement,  Wolfe  was  wounded  in 
the  wrist,  but,  preserving'  his  composure,  he  continued  to  eneou- 
nige  his  (troops.  Soon  ailer,  he  received  a  shot  ui'  dm  groin. 
This  painful  wound  he  also  concealed,  placed  himself  at  die 
head  of  the  grenadiers,  and  was  leading  diem  to  t^  charge,  when 
he  received  a  third  tod  mortal  wound. 

74.  Undismayed  by  theM  of  theb  general,  the  Enriish  con- 
tinued their  exertions  undi^|t^pMston,  who,  in  ashort  ome,  was 
himself  wounded,  and  the  ^steriiand  devolved  upon  TownshenAi 
>ibout  the  same  tmie,  Montcalm  received  a  mortal  wound,  tM 
the  second  hi  command  also  fel|.  The  left  wing  and  oenhre  or 
the  fVendi  gave  way*  Part  were  driven  faito  Quebec,  and  part 
over  the  rfver  St  Charles. , 

75.  On  receivhig  kis  mortal  wound,  Wolfe  wasi  conveyed  Into 
the  rear,  where,  careless  about  himself,  he  dismered,  in  the 
M[oniee  of  death,  the  most  anxious  solidtude  concerning  thft'&te 
^the  da]^.    From  extreme  jUhtness,  hMmd  recUned  his  head 


!'. 


..«w 


M>i 


%> 


REVOLUTION. 

on^  annof  an  officer^  ^  was  soon  aroused  bj  the  cnr  of, 
<'  mej  fly,  they  fly.''  «  Wh^j  ?'  exclaimed  die  dyhag  kero. 
<'  The  French,"  answered  m  attendaq&«(   «  Then,"  said  he, 

tl  die  contented,"  and  unmediately  expired.    A  death  so  glo.' 
>U8,  sgid-atteoded  fagr  circumatances  so  interesting,  has  seklom 
been  recorde4iU^  history." 

,  76.  Fix?4%ys  after  the  battle,  the  city  surrendered,  and  re 
if»ived  m  Bn^ish  ffarrison.  The  French  concentrated  their 
re^almng  forces  at  nfontreal,  and,  early  in  the  spring,  made  at- 
tempts to  regain  possession  of  Quebec.  Unsuccessful  in  these, 
they  returned  to  Montreal,  towards  which  the  whole  British  force 
in  America,  under  the  command  of  gener  J  Amherst,  was  ap. 
proaching.  This  force  was  too  strong  to  be  resisted.  In  Sep. 
tember,  1760,  that  city  surrendered,  and  soon  after  all  the 
French  posts  in  Canada  fell  into  the  power  of  the  £nglish. 
,  77.  In  the  other  parts  of  the  wond,  their  anns  were  equallj 
successful ;  and,  at  the  commencement  of  176B,  a  peace,  Idghlj 
advantafl»ous  to  their  interests,  was  concluded.at  I^uis.  By  the 
treaty,  France  ceded  to  Great  Britain  all  her  northern  Settle- 
ments in  America,  which  relieved  the  colonies  from  the  conti- 
nual dread  of  savage  incursions. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


REVOLUTION 


IN  the  late  brilliant  contest,  England  had  made  unprecedent- 
ed exertions.  At  its  close,  she  found  that,  though  she  had  en- 
circled her  name  with  gloiy,  and  added  extensive  teiTitories  to  J 
her  empire,  she  had  increased,  in  proportion,  the  burdens  of  her 
subjects,  having  added  three  hundred  and  twenty  millions  of  dol 
lara  to  the  amount  oi  her  debt.  To  find  llie  means  of  defraying 
the  annual  charges  of  this  debt,  and  her  other  increased  expen- 
ditures, was  the  first  and  difficult  task  of  her  legislators. 

2.  Regard  for  their  own  interest  and  popularity  impellcai 
tliem  to  avoid,  if  possible,  imposing  the  whoU;  burden  upo:i 
themselves  and  their  fellow  subjects  at  home  ;  and  their  tbougbtii 
were  turned  to  the  colonies,  as  the  source  whence  alleviatiou 
and  assistance  might  be  derived."  On  then-  accoiuit,  it  was  :il- 


1764.3 


REVOLUTION. 


110 


iJie  ay  of, 
d^ing  kero. 
,»»  said  he, 
«th  so  glo- 
has  seldom 

«d»  and  re 
trated  their 
ig,  made  at- 
ful  in  these, 
Bri^  force 
rst,  was  ap- 
1.     In  Sep- 
ifter  all  the 
nglish. 
kvere  equally 
)eace,  highly 
iris.    By  the 
rthern  iettle- 
)m  the  conti- 


unprecedent- 
she  had  en- 


** 


leged.  the  contest  had  been  waged  ^  they  would  share  the  advw 
tages  of  its  glorious  termination,!^  justice  required  that  th4r 
should  also  defray  a  portion:  of  the  expiipses.  ^ 

3.  To  adopt  this  expedient,  the' British  ministcjtwefe  the 
more  naturally  led  by  the  opinion  which  all  the  Eoropeiui  jgj^ 
vernments  entertained  of  the  relation  between  the  moth^!iE|||l|ui|i^ 
try  and  her  coloiues.  They  were  supposed  to  be  depenoMJiir 
ler  will ;  their  inhabitants  a  distinct  and  subordinate  class  of  ^ih-, 
iects,  and  their  interests  entu^ly  subservient  to  her  aggranJiK- 
ment  and  prosperity. 

4.  Actmgupon  these  pruiciples,  Great  Britap  liad,  by  her. 
laws  of  trade  and  navigation,  confined  the  commerce  of  4lii 
colonies  almost  wholly  to  herself.  To  encourage  her  own  arti- 
zaos,  she  had  even,  in  some  cases,  prohibited  the  establishment 
I  of  manufactories  in  America.  These  restrictions,  while  they 
I  inci-eased  her  revenue  and  wealth,  greatly  diminished  the  profits 
of  the  ti^e  of  the  colonies,  and  sensibly  impeded  their  internal 
prosperity.  They  were  most  injurious  to  New-England,  where 
I  the  sterility  of  the  soil  repelled  the  people  from  the  pursuits  of 
ligriculture ;  there  they  were  most  frequently  violated,  and  there 
Ithe  arbitrary  mode  of  enforcing  them,  by  writs  of  assistance, 
|»vakened  tiie  attention  of  a  proud  and  jealous  people  to  their 
l&atural  rights,  to  their  rights  as  English  subjects,  and  to  the 
[rights  granted  and  secured  by  their  charters. 
I  5.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1764,  the  British  parliament 
[enacted  a  law  imposing  duties  upon  certain  articles  of  merchan- 
dise, to  be  paid  in  the  colonial  ports.  Mr.  Grenville,  the  prime 
linister,  also  proposed  a  resolution,  "  that  it  would  be  proper 

jto  charge  certain  stamp  duties  on  the  colonies,''  but  postponed 
ihe  consideration  of  that  subject  to  a  future  session.  As  it  was 
foreseen  that  the  law  would  be  disregarded,  if  ^tztraordliiary 
measures  were  not  adopted  to  enforce  it,  proilrioii  ^vas  made 
|iiat  all  penalties  for  violations  of  it,  and  of  all  other  revenue 
aws,  might  be  recovered  in  the  admiralty  courts.     The  judges 


territories  to  m  these  courts  were  dependent  solely  on  the  king,  and  decided 
causes  brought  before  them,  without  the  intervention  of  a 
. 
6.  Intelligence  of  these  proceeduigs  occasioned,  in  America, 
peat  and  universal  alarm.     They  were  considei^ed  the  com- 
mencement of  a  system  of  taxation,  which,  if  not  vigorously  re- 
ted,  would;  in  time,  be  extended  to  every  article  of  commerce, 
*  to  every  internal  source  of  hicomc  ;  and  if  the  colonists 
Id  be  deprlvedl  in  one  class  of  causes,  why  npt  in  |d)|  of  that 
itimab^e  pr^vdegC)  th^  ti:ial  hy  ju^y  1  >  M  •   •   ?, "  •  ^  , 

'•  V^  geoui^couitof  AfL;uchu!iett3,  at  th«ir  m^^  Ia 


iki.  = 


V: 


\l 


i. 


•i 


leo 


BETOLUTION. 


fww. 


y 


Jime,  toc^  this  law  into  comiMeratioii.    The  houae  of  irepresen- 
tatives  sent  a  spiritod  letter  oi  instructions  to  their  agtnt,  in 
iUighind,  in  which  they  denied  the  right  of  parliament  to  impose 
duties  and  taxes  upon  the  people  not  represented  in  the  house  of 
f  ^pminons ;  and  dhnected  him  to  remonstrate  against  the  duties 
^^^nqposfdj  and  the  stamp  act  in  contemplation.    Thev  alto  ac- 
^  (^piaintld  the  other  colonies  with  the  instructions  diey  had  dven 
teiheir  agent,  and  desired  their  concurrence  in  the  .mode  of  opr 
position  adopted.    In  the  course  of  the  year,  .several  other  colo. 
nies,  particularly  New-Tork  and  Yb^nia,  remonstrated  in  re- 
spectful, hufdiBtided  terms,  against  Sie  proceedings  of  pariia- 
ment  ^ 

8«  In  these  several  state  papers,  the  right  of  Great  Britam  ta 
coUect  a  tax  in  the  colonies,  was  expliciuy  denied ;  and  the  de^ 
nial  was  supported  by  clear  and  powerful  arguments.  It  was 
stated  that  the  first  emigrants  came  to  Arnica  with  the  m- 
doubted  consent  of  the  mother  country ;  that  all  the  expenses  of 
removal,  of  purchasing  the  territory,  and,  for  a  long  time,  of 
protection  from  savage  warfare,  were  defrayed  by  private  jbdi* 
viduals,  except  in  the  single  instance  of  the  settlement  of  (Geor- 
gia: that  charters,  under  the  great  seal,  were  ghren  to  the  eml- 
grantis,  imparting  and  securing  to  them  and  to  their  descend' 
ants,  all  the  rights  of  natural  bom  English  subjectB;  that  of 
these  rights,  none  was  more  indimutable,  and  none  more  higUf 
valued,  than  that  no  subject  could  be  deprived  of  his  properlj 
but  by  his  own  consent,  expressed  in  person  or  by  his  represen- 
tative;  that  taxes  were  but  grants,  by  the  representative,  of  a 
portion  of  his  own  property,  and  of  Uiat  of  those  who  had  in- 
tMHzed  Mm  to  act  iri  their  behalf.  Could  it  be  just,  itwu 
asked,  that  the  representatives  of  Englishmen  should  "  give  umI 
grant''  the  proffrert^^  of  Americaens?  With  what  safety  to  fte 
colonies,  could  the  right  of  taxing  them  be  confided  to  a  body  of  j 
men  three  thousand  miles  distant,  over  whom  they  had  no  con- 
trol, none  of  whom  could  be  acquainted  with  theur  situation  or  ^ 
resources,  and  whose  interests  would  impel  them  to  make  the 
burdens  of  the  colonists  heavy,  that  their  own  might  be  light! 

0.  But,  besides  infringing  the  rights  of  freemen,  the  measure 
was  neither  equitable  nor  generous.  The  colonies  had  domei- 
tie  governments  which  they  alone  supported;  in, the  late  war, 
their  exertions  had  been  greater,  in  proportion  to  their  abilitf» 
than  those  of  Ensland ;  they  also  had  contracted  debts  whidil 
they  must  themeelves  pay ;  the  taxes  laid  by  many  of  the  assem 
blies,  were  higher  than  those  paid  by  the  hihabHants  of  England; 
if  the  war  hs^  been  waged  on  tlMJr  account,  it  was  bedwuNi,  u\ 
c^!otti<i§$  they  w^pre  beneficial  iolm  rftotW  country;, and  fn)in| 


(1764.  I  iW^ 


RETOLUnON. 


m 


tehaMTlttiniiuitioii,  they  derived  no  advantage  wfaidi  Was  ndt 
the  Booite  of  ultiinate  profit  to  her.  ^? 

10.  Upon  men  wlio  entertained  the  atricteat  notiona  of  cole* 
1^  dependence,  and  parliamentary  anpremacy,  tiieie  ammem 
M  litUe  effect  The  mimstto?  waa  not  diverted  from  hia  puiw 
poie.  In  March,  1766,  he  laid  before  pariiam^it  a  UU,  impoabig 
fltainp  dutiea  on  certain  papem  and  dbcnmenti  need  in  the  cde- 
sles.  At  the  first  reading,  it  was  warmly  opposed ;  by  some 
because  it  was  impolitic,  by  two  only  because  it  was  a  violation 


11.  The  bill  was  supported  by  Charles  Townshend,  a  brO- 
orator,  on  the  side  of  the  ministry.  At  the  conclusion  of 
an  animated  speech,  he  demanded:  «And  these  Americans, 
chfldren  planted  by  our  care,  nourished  by  our  indulgence,  pro- 
by  our  arms,  until  ^ey  are  grown  to  a  good  degree  of 
jlien|th  and  qpulence,  will  they  grudge  to  contribute  their  mite 
'  relieve  us  (rom  the  heavy  load  of  lutional  expense  which  we 
under t" 

m.  Colonel  Barre,  immediately  riidng,  indignantly  and  elo 
mtly  exclaimed :    **  Children  ptarUed  6y  your  care!    No. 
ir  oppressions  planted  them  in  America.     They  fled  from 
tyranny  into  a  then  uncultivated  land,  where  thejr'were 
to  all  the  hardships  to  which  human  nature  is  liable ; 
among  others,  to  the  cruelties  of  a  savage  foe,  the  most  sub* 
flg  and  I  will  take  upon  me  to  say,  the  most  terrible,  that  ever 
^iuabited  any  part  of  God's  earth.     And  vet,  actuated  by  prin- 
of  true  English  liberty,  they  met  all  these  hardships  witli 
},  when  they  compared  them  with  those  they  suflered  iu 
own  country,  from  men  who  should  have  been  their  frielids* 
I.  <*  T%ey  nouriihed^  yoiw  indtUgence  I    No.    They  grew 
)ur  neglect    WlAn  you  began  to  care  about  them,  tluit  care 
exercised  in  sending  persons  to  rule  over  them,  who  were 
deputies  of  some  deputy  sent  to  spy  out  their  liberty,  to  mis- 
^represeut  their  actions,  and  to  prey  upon  them  ;  whose  beha- 
vior, on  many  occasions,  has  caused  the  blood  of  those  sons  of 
liberty  to  recoil  within  them  |  men  promoted  to  the  highest  seats 
of  justice,  some  of  whom  were  glad,  by  going  to  a  foreign  coun- 
try, to  escape  being  brought  to  the  bar  of  justice  in  their,  own. 
14.  <*  Iney  pt  oteeUd  6y  your  armt  t    They  liave  nobly  taken 
up  arms  in  your  defence.    They  have  exerted  thefar  valor,  amidst 
I  their  constant  and  laborious  hidustry,  for  the  defence  of  a  coun- 
tnr  which,  while  its  frontier  was  drenched  in  blood,  has  yielded 
•u  its  little  savings  to  your  emolument.     Believe  me,  imd  re- 
I  member  I  this  day  told  you  so,  the  same  spirit  which  actuated 
»  1^ 


■  n 


1: 


122 


REVOLUTION?. 


tne5 


tbatpieopte  at  first,  j8liBc<iiitilmf&  witbtlieiii;  but  {uMAMsce  iV 
bids  me  to  eiij^iii  myself  fartheir.  '  \  •  ■. 

15.  ,«  Ckxt-knows  I  do  not  at  this  time  speak  from  Jfitrty  beat 
Hoffiever  sup^or  to  me  in  general  Jmowledge  and  e^^rience, 
uny  one  here  knay  be,  I  clafintohnowmbre  of  Jkinericii,  having 
been  conversant  in  thut  country.  The  .'people  there  ^le^trqlv 
Ijoyal  as  any  isubjects  the  IdUghaa  $  hut;  they  are  a  peoplk  jealooa 
of  thehr  liberties,  and  will  vindicate  them  if  they  should  b^  vici 
lated.    But  dieisul^lect  is  d^cate ;  I  will  sa^  no  more*'^        4. 

16.  Eloquence  and  argument  availed  notmng.  The  bill  wa0 
almost  uaanimouisly  passed.  The  night  afler,  Doctor  Franklin, 
then  in  England  a6  agent  for  Pennsylvania,  wrote  to  Charles 
Thompson :  "  The  sUn  of  liberty  is  set ;  you  must  light  up  tli^i 
candles  of  Industry  and  economy.!'  '*  Be  assured,"  said  Mr.] 
Thompson,  in  reply,  <*  that  we  shall  light  up-  torch^  of  quH 
an  other  sort ;"  thus  predicting  the  commotions  which  fpllowf 

17.  The  act  provided  th^t  all  contracts  and  legal  pi 
should  be  written  on  stuped  paper,  which  was  to  be  iiiii 
at  exorbitant  prices,  by  the  government,  or  should  have  np 
in  law.    Information  of  its  passage  was  received  in  all  the  cc 
nies  with  sorrow  and  dismay.     They  saw  that  they  must  ei 
surrender,  without  a  struggle,  then*  darling  rigl^,  ox  resist 
government  of  a  nation,  which  they  had  been  accustomed  to' 
gard  with  filial  respect,  and  was  then  the  most  powerful  in 
vWorld*. 

18.  The  general  assembly  of  Virginia  were  in  session  wl 
the  information  arrived.     Of  that  body,  Patrick  Henry,ayoi 
man,  but  a  distinguished  orator,  was  a  member.     Near  the^  ~ 
of  the  session,  he  proposed  five  resolutions,  hi  the  first  fo] 
which  were  asserted  the  various  rights%nd  j|>riviletfes  claii 
the  colonists,  and,  in  the  fiflh,  the  rigMI  of  parliament 
America,  was  boldly  aud  explicitly  denied.    These  he  defei 
by  strong  reason  and  irresistible  eloquence,  and  they  were  1 
ed  by  a  majority  of  one. 

19.  The  next  day,  in  his  absence,  the  fifth  resolution  was  n- 
scinded ;  but  that  and  the  others  had  gone  forth  to  the  world. 
and  imparted  higher  animation  to  the  firiends  of  freedom.  They 
^vere  a  signal  to  the  resolute  and  ardent ;  they  gave  encourage- 
ment to  the  timid  and  cautious :  they  were  industriously  but 
privatdy  ch*culated,  in  the  principal  cities,  until  they  arrived  in 
Pfew-England,  where  they  were  fearlesuly  published  in  all  the 
niiwspapers. . 

SO.  Neariy  at  the  uame  time,  and  before  the  proceedings  ol 
Virginia  were  known  in  Massachusetts,  her  general  court  adopl^l 
ed  measures  to  procuie  a  cmbbie'l  oppoaiiion  to  the  oflrcn^iv; 


1765,1  RBVOLUTION.  123 

liMrs.  T|ejr  pa8»3d  al  re^ohre  proposing  thft^hiisoi^gren  df  dde- 
lafesfeltothe  sevcn^ccdeafes,  should  be  lidi it  l^-¥indEy  and 
■ddressed  lettera  tactile  Miier  ass^bUe^  euneslly  scrfieitiiig 
their concurrienceJ  *"?  "  «/  •       r^  ^  "    - 

SI.  These  legislotite  proceedlDgs  took  {daee^wHa^  tnd 
June,  1765^  Tney  were  teim)derate  and  aigiitted«xpre9si^ 
«f;«fee]ingB)  wfiich  ai^imated^  In  a  niiore  intense  djBgvefi)  a  great 
loritj  of  the  people.^  ,  Ip  N^-Englandv  aesoeiationt^^fortlkc 
osedl  resisting  the  law,  were  organized^  tepiumi]^,  froin 
rre's  speedh,  the  af^pellation  of  <*  Sons  of  liberty  *"  pam- 
Iphlets  wer^^'published  vindicating  the  rightd  of  tlie  colonies ; 
and  the  public  journals  were  filled  with  essays  pointing  out'the 
r  which  llu'eatened  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  encouraging  a 
and  manly  resistance. 
22.  Excited  by  these  publications,  a  multitude  assembled  in 
in.  On  the  14th  of  August,  burned  the  efiigy  of  Andrew 
,  wfaio  had  been  appointed  stamp-distributer,  and  deino" 
k  bni]dhig*which  they  supposed  be  had  erected  for  Ills  of* 
Fearfid  of  farther  injiiiy,  Mr.  Oliver  declared  his  mten- 
t«8igb,t  when  the  people  desisted  fh>m  molesUng  him.  ; 
Mffinddayii  afterwards,  a  mob  beset^  the  house  of  Mr. 
andfficer  of  the  detested  admiralty  court  They  broke 
~  iws,  destroyed  his  furniture,  and  burned  his  pi^rs. 
titoi  proceeded  to  the  house  of  lieutenant-governor 
»n,by  whose  advice,  it  was  suppbsed,  the  stamp  act  had 
They  entered  it  by  force.  Himself,  his  wife,  and 
ed.  His  elegant  furniture  was  carried  off  or  destroyed, 
ons  of  the  house  were  broken  down,  ^d  the  next 
hing  but  the  bare  and  desolate  wallif  remained, 
n  intelligenoe  of  these  proceedings  reached  Newport, 
Island,  the  ^peeple  of  that  place  assembled  and  com- 
ilar  outrages.  Two  houses  were  pillaged,  and  the 
ibuter,  to  preserve  his  own,  was  obliged  to  give  to 
!er  of  the  exasperated  populace  a  written  resignation  of 
ce.  In .  Connecticut,  similar  commotions  were  also 
by  the  resignation  of  the  distributer  of  stamps  for  that 
ny. 
25.  In  New- York,  the  people  displayed  equal  spirit,  but  less 
ftulence  and  rage.  The  obnoxious  act  was  priuted,  mulier 
ihe  title  of  <<  The  foUy  of  England,  and  the  ruin  of  Aniorica,^' 
and  thus  exhibited  for  sale  in  the  streets.  At  an  early  period, 
ttie  stamp-distributer  prudently  resigned  his  office ;  anci  fch'^i^ 
toe  stamped  paper  arrived,  it  was  deposited  for  safe  kef^  Tnien 
Jhe  fort.  A  mob  reciuired  the  lieutenant-^ovemor„Urfe  who  will 
%  bands.    He  refused  ;  but,  terrified  bv^**wch  a  cause,  your 

^/  hazardous.     America, 


w* 


'  t  *l 


k 


1   ' 


124 


SETOLUnOK. 


pm. 


seoled  to  deliver  it  to  the  magistrates,  who  deposited\it  in  the 
'dtjr  fadk  Ten bedm,  which  afterwards  arrived, iW«i^  sdaei 
hfr  tiie  Bee|ile,  and  CMttnitted  to  theflamiik 
'  26.  S#  general  was  the  opposition  tO  the  law,  that  the  stamp 
cheers,  in  all  Uie  colonies,  were  conppriled  to  redgn.  In  Bos- 
ton^ taste  was  taken,  on  the  one  hand,  to  prevent  tiM  recurireiiee 
of  violent  proyceedings,  and,  on  the  other,  to  ke^  in  lull  vigorj 
the  spirk  of  resistance.  A  newspaper  was  established,  hi  ' 
.'for  its  device  a  snake  divfaled  into  as  many  parts  as  there 
-colonies,  and  for  its  motto,  <*  join  or  die."  Mr.  Oliver  was 
quired  to  resign  his  office,  with  more  ceremony  and  solemnHj,^ 
under  a  large  elm,  which  had,  from  the  meetings  held  under  i}^v 
received  the  name  of  the  tree  of  liberty. 

27.  In  October,  the  congress  recommended  by  Massachv 
convened  at  New-Tork.     Delegates  from  six  provinces 
were  present     Their  first  act  was  a  Deciaratw>n  of  Rights, 
•which  they  asserted,  that  the  colo^iies  were  entitled  to  all, 
rights  and  liberties  of  natural  bom  subjects  within  the 
of  Great  Britain,  the  most  essential  of  which  w«re  the  excl 
right  to  tax  themselves,  and  the  privilege  of  trial  by  jt 
potion  to  the  king,  and  a  memorial  to  both  houses  of  pu^s 
were  also  agreed  on ;  and  the  colonial  assemblies 
to  appoint  special  agents  to  solicit,  in  epneert, 
grievances.    To  interest  the  people  of  England  in  the^ 
the  colonies,  the  merchants  of  New-Yoric  directed  thdr 
pendents,  in  that  country,  to  purchase  no  more  goods 
'Stamp  act  should  be  repesJed.    Immediately  after,  noi 
tion  agreements  were  adopted  in  the  other  colonieb, 
tions  Were  organized  for  &e  encouragement  of  dome 
factures.    To  avoid  the  necessity  of  stamps,  proceed! 
courts  of  justice  were  suspended,  and  disputes  were 
arbitration.  t  / 

28.  In  tlie  mean  time,  an  entire  change  had  taken  pf 
the  British  cabinet,  and  a  proposition  to  repeal  the 
was,  by  the  new  ministrr,  laid  before  parliament    An  inti 
debate  ensued.     Mr.  Grenville,  the  late  prime  minister, 
i*ed,  that  to  repeal  the  act  under  existing  circumstances,  w« 
degrade  the  government,  and  encourage  rebellion.     <<  Wt 
h#  demanded,  **  were  the  Americans  emancipated  t  By 
law,  by  what  reason,  do  they  ungratefully  elaim  exemption  fron 
defraying  expenses  incurred  in  protecting  them  V* 

*    2g.  William  Pitt,  he  who  had  wielded,  with  ouch  mighty  ef 
B^'^'^^^l^  power  of  England,  hi  the  late  war,  rose  to  reply.    Ha 
20.  N^iiuit.  he  had  not  been  able  to  attend  in  his  place,  and 
Virginia  were  kiiu»*.jtg  passage.    "  It  is  now  an  act  that  bif 
ed  measures  to  pror,\ii 


rrm/^ 


REVCJttTTlON 


125 


m  I  must  beg  t|ie  iiMhilg^iicle  of  lliii  luniaeto  spe^.of  it  with 
£[«edom.  Ainuredly  a  more  important  subject  nevel  eugagefl 
yoiif  atteiition ;  iSiat  Subject  onljr  excepted,  wben^  pitSij  a 
etdnty  ago,  it  wiui  Ifae  queMfon  whether  /pu  youiMlves  were 
li^  or  free?  ^ 

rSO.  ^*  Those  who  have^ken  before  me,  with:  ao  much  re- 
lence,  would  m^tain  the  aet  because  our  honor^emands  it. 
gt  can  tiie  point  Of  honor'stand  opposed  against  juaClce,  against 
son,  against  right?  it  is  my  q>inion  that  England  has  no  right 
taxL  the  colonies.     At  the  same  time,  I  assert  the  authority  of 
^kingdom  over  the  colonies  to  be  sovereign  and  supreme,  in 
ciremhstance  of  govemment  and  legislation  wnatsoever.' 
"81.  **  Taxation  is  no  part  of  die  governing  or  legislative  pow* 
The  taxes  are  a  voluntary  gift  and  grant  of  me  commons 
when,  therefore,  in  this  house,  we  give  and  grant,  we 
^and  grant  what  is  our  own.     But  in  an  American  tax*  what 
^d,o?  We,  your  majesty's  commons  of  Great  Britam,  give 
grant  to  your  majesty'— what  ?  Our  own  property?  No. 
^give  and  grant  to  your  majesty  the  property  of  your  com- 
in  Amefica.     It  is  an  absurdity  in  terms. 
.  **  It  has  been  asked,  when  were  the  Americans  -emanci 
I?  But  I  desire  to  know  when  they  were  made  slaves.    I 
said,  that  America  is  obstinate ;  America  is  almost  in 
^rebellion.     I  rejoice  ^at  America  has  resisted.    Three 
of  people,  so  dead  to  all  the  feeU^  of  liberty  as  volun- 
to  submit  to  be  slaves,  would  have  bcKBn  fit  instruments  to 
slaves  of  ourselves. 

<<  The  honorable  member  has  said,  for  he  is  fluent  in 
'of  bitterness,  that  Ame   ja  is  ungrateful.     He  boasts  of 
mties  towards  her.     But  are  not  these  bounties  intended 
for  the  benefit  of  this  kingdom  ?  The  prouts  of  Great 
I,  from  her  commerce  with  the  colonies,  are  t>vo  millions 
This  is  the  fund  that  carried  you  triumphantly  through 
last  war.     The  estates  that  were  rented  at  two  thousand 
>und3  a  year,  sevent}'  years  ago,  are  at  three  thousand  pounds 
!  present.     You  owe  this  to  £fnerica.     This  is  the  pnce  she 
^ys  you  for  protection. 

34.  «  A  great  deal  has  been  said  without  doors,  and  more 
than  is  discreet,  of  the  power,  of  the  strength  of  America.  In  a 
good  cause, -on  a  80ui\d  bottom,  the  force  of  this  country  can 
tTush  America  to  atoms.  But  on  the  ground  of  this  tax,  when 
H  is  wMied  to  prosecute  an  evident  injustice,  I  am  one  who  will 
lift  my  bands  and  my  voice  against  it.  In  such  a  cause,  your 
success  would  be  deplorable  and  victory  hazardous.     America, 

T  *> 


.!$■ 


\k  m 


i 


m 


fi 


pMMed  dedi^  dirt  <<tli#  l^„ — ^  ^   .^ 

4^y  hid  te  ^  afibelt  0fte  COM4 
ttwiito,  aad  dieaded  dirt  irtm  inm  N#^ 


l^ifhidobtaiiifiddie  cAprt  ((N^  Uk«}r  h«d 

TliBt^#i«ded  the  dedwrtOT  ^^  ••  ^  "W*"^  "^ 

.    llie  ttwetoWwi  of lev^  cokinws  voted  «W^ 
f^  and  te  otii«F«  in  fUip^aiidt  w1m>  IM  8M{i^^ 

eaitse;  wid  tbrt  of  ViB|^  i!9wwed  to  er^  m 

honor,  and  a  ma^^  rtrttt©  of  dl*  Idag,  IP  a^ 

tuide*  -•■  ■  '■•''  \^' '  '  Vr' "^ 

37.  By  lhepeopkofiPlw^*igl»nd  and  N^sw-Yoi 

^as  IfeH  and  leiligirtitadedisj^ed.  ^1^  l^w»ii 
dn  ihofr  tttrio  w«fe  ataHa^  fm^  Thecomta  of 
0!t^  wl^Ht  mrim  •«»»  frtain^d  jurisdiction  of  M 
cauflM.  T^^  tepoiWr  contest*  in*h  th^ 
wedc^ed  Ui«r  rttwdimeiil  U|  tiN  nation  th^^a«^lnted 
and  confifmcd  their  repubticaapiittcipl^^Tbej  rtiU  w 
beied  the  past  and'  eiftertained  nwpiclons  of  the  fytarj. 
da  the  veiy  next  year  events  occurred  which 
tfiese  4ni«picSons.  A  kw  of  parUawent,  w^  remaiiu 
pealed,  dh^cted  ihrt  wheneter  troops  should  he  march* 
my  of  the  coloide8,quarten!,ru»,  and  various  jwesaajy  1^, 
should  be  prodded  for  them,  rt  the  eiqpeme  of  the  ccdony, 
assembly  of  New-York  refused  obedience  to  ttus  law,  com 
4ng  it  an  tadirect  mode  of  taxing  them  without  theu-  ,coi 
•:rt  imnish  this  disobedience,  paiilament  mimediately  susp< 
the  iuAority  of  the  assembly.  It  was  easily  i^  th«t  not  ^^ 
had  been  gained,  if  ddi  power  of  su^nsion,  for  si^ch  a  cause, 
foisted  and  could  be  escereised  at  pleasure. 
"^ST^fS:  22«,  occasioned  b/ this  act  of  despotic  ik,^, 
,m  Incieahed  by  a  measure,  which,  under  Oie  w»P»<fa  f  ^  «^^ 
mtntsiry,  wbs  adopted  in  June,  1 W,  hf^W  "^^/^^^^ 
p^mn^  on  the  imporUtion  faito  the  colonies,  of  gass,  m 
Snd  <^w  enumemtel  aisles,  and  provision  was  made  for  the 


m^ 


mpmmmf' 


117 


pr fetter^  in m^ifi!kitmmi;$9§mf»iiB^  iv#%||p4HiiM»  Wiw^^  ' 

4L  Tbes0  proieMdiiigs  laceawd  aand  abniiAd  Ibe  mii^litiy. 
teed  l&Ni  mam.  oi  Ilia  eolonies  wimid  g^  thm  fitiE«ngth 

SUr  John  Bernard,  then  goveinor  of  Ma8sac4i!$Be^  to 
^  fBiicral  eouit  to  resciml  t^ jiete  <iUrecyiig  ^  chrcu- 
IHterWVieii^  sad  fai  ease  <^  refoina  toldipMlveil.  ^e 
'dMowimdeated  tbeie  uuiiiiiclioas  to  tbe  beose  of  repre- 
^  which,  bgr  a  vote  of  ii|hie!^ff4w<|  t^^4Mv 
Ji  1^  was  aeeefdin^  #Molved» 
t.  ThB  iitinipt  to  fatfanldi^  di^  hut  strength  opposition. 
aeiMmportiS^  agreementa,  which  had  Men  latmy  ahan* 
~  wefereaewedvind]a9fee9^eBidvel|^.a<k|^M«    Ijieciti- 
,^^   f 0Qetbn  Biet,  and  prepeaej  #at  a  c^venlipiQf clek^^ 
llllili  <he  aeveral  towna  in  m  pf*oi|a«^  iti^N^       h^  i^  that 
Nearly  eveiy  town  ao|HNfdfa||^j#N^JUl^a^    This 
Ion,  thbttgfa  it  diseU^ne^  all  1«|^  autlibriij,  Was  jfcg^^ 
^wtlli(iie«iun4respeeta8a;|e|^Mmat(^8^^         Its  pixM^eed- 
#eie  nnittportaikt,  hut  fa^  ito  iitB^iis  ||i  thf  ,^q^^ 
-Snglaii^'  ^  pe«9p]e  because  «Qf nstqiaed  to  |Miy  4e|»r^ce 
i  1  body  of  mm  deriving  all  iMk'  au^ritjr  froni  tbeinstruc- 
^  ef  their  constitaents. 

43.  On  so  many  oocafrfons  bad^the  refractory  c^irll  of'die 
Ijlltsens  of  Boston  be«iiK»layed,  that  general  Gage,  who  was 
eommanster-in^ief  of  afl  die  tfOK^  in  tipe  colo|iie^  was  ordered 
1o  station  a  regiment  in  the!  ti|wn,  sb  well  to  overawe  thf  citi- 
sens,  as  to  (Protect  the  officers  of  the  inevenue  in  the  discliarge  of 

^^eir  duty.  Before  the  order  was  executed,  the  seizure  o^';. 
^ec^  belonffbig  te  Mr.  Hancoclc^  a  populai*  leader,  occasioned  a 
riot,  in  whkh  those  officers  were  insulted  and  beaten.  The 
general,  on  receiving  information  of  this  event,  sent  two  regi- 
ments ine^tead  of  one,  ai)d  en  the  first  of  October  thef  arrhred  in 
thehfrbof;  V,    ^ 

44.  The  riiips  &at  bre«^  tfaem,  taldng  a  stapifr  ^  poaif 
manded  the  f^^le  tow%  lay  with  their  bnNid^les  ji^i^^  it» 
ready  to  Hfe  should  i^sl^tance  be  attempted.  «  Tm  tro^t  with 


I 


'  , 


H^ 


'ill 


jm^bfi^fmM 


[t*ut 


idS 


msMm^e^^^'^bey  nm  Ixmm  pmMoii  fj^m'^ma^  and 
gnai^  moonted  at  the  eonien.    Ilief  were  cfaidlttpd  aa  they 
pm^  syi'lie  i^#^o4f  ^  <if  ms^^  «ati^  eltui  disturbed 
theh^  if#)l^^    ^Hm^  laievrr^Ulit  intini^dation  ms  ^  oljeet,  mi ; 
f^  a  stro^g^  diMrnlia^  to  rtt^ 
their hiiidiSiifc.  ^^  ■-■■■        ■■^•,-''..^^-'-  •  ■-:.:^-  -: 

46.  R^sc^tWiH"^^  tb0  mean  time,  had  been  ^AofM  in  par- 
liament,  celiisui^iig;  'hi  the  iitfdngeit  twhaw  the  enndnct  of  the 
people  of  MassacchasenBi  aM  dtipectii^  iitm  govmrn  to  maic# 
strict  hiqteiry,  as  to  sd|  tre«»0B»  i«manltt«d  in  that  |«o 
sinc^  the  year  1667,  hi  otitef&aftthrfersoiwmort 
coimntttmg  thyiiii^ih^lbe  8«it  td  Engbad  fortjfl^ 

4t.  TheS^  rfespliitlona  r^ditied  It  snffideatly  -evident  mm 
Great  lltatt1i#^determinyi  to  a«^^  to  the  system  of  me^ 
si«^  W^^idbp^r  IhM%^^llw5rwere^tonte*o%Md# 
ration  bi^lhe  hoiie  W  biirttP^  Insnndfyresc 

hiO^^^  r^os^rlld  th^¥^df  iheiM)^^  to  be  exetnpteo 
from  pa^&^i^  taiii^  ^^  seising  persona 

in  ifc^^iloniesi  sn^^cydof  1^^ 
and  seiid^  fh^  beyoi^  li»to^  triid,  violi^ed  the  ffehts 
Brltiahi^eets,  ad  it'de|>ri(«d  thdm  of  1h»  hieitima|»le  i%ht 
being  tridd  by  a  J117  of  the  vieii^,  and  of  producing  witiielsw^ 

ontheii^trial*  ^    >  . 

48.  t\Me  these  i«80lu^tt8wef*'and€T  discussion,  the  house, 

apprehensive  of  an  hnmediat^  #i^tion  should  the  subject 
of  ttieir  deUbeWiioiis  be  kni>#ii  to  tib  governor,  cloi^  their 
doorl.  The  tostant  they  mmi  opeufld,  «  measa^  was  m^ 
npnnced^  requertmg  theh*  atten^tence  biiiife  him.  "  Mr.  Speak- 
S,'»  said  he,  "and  gentlemwiof  theho«i#oCbui^esse8.  Ibave 
heard  of  your  resolves,  andiuglir  «of  th^i^ecls.  ¥ouh^« 
made  it  my  duty  to  dissolve  you,  and  you  are  diasohed  ^cord- 

49.  Tlis,  like  every  previous  measure  of  intlmlda«on,^x 
cited,  to  a  atin  hiAer  degree,  the  spirit  of  opposHion,    The 
m^biit  aswmUed  at  a  private  bottie,decte*their  speaker  to 
nie^  M  nlod^^r,  and  unanimously  formed  a  non4mporu- 
tion  agreement  similar  to  those  previously  adopted  at  the  nortn 


■»  ■■  •«. 


'■'t^ 


OH  tticl  e^cfung 


^^^*M 


fl^  dauj  between  them  wad  the  popuiac^  uk 
ijte  of  ei«il^  lo  Miigpvennlkle,  JiMUtosd*    At  Jen 

^44ved  to  iMne,,^^  , 

iodkM  of^idr l^low, citijif^,  sihm  fax »  Cauqe  $Mtt> !j^|^em  all, 
id  ^  itt^ick  a  larger<to 
^j^jielr.ew)^        {&  this  jrtajte  of^cilmpi^  tbe^  w^ 

^  The  neyt  day,  eap^/Preaton  and  h»9|^^^^  in^ 
id  and  committed  tojpriiBon.    The  citizens  met'iuidiii^^u 
eop^dttee  to  demami  the  hmnediate  removal' ojf  the  tnkm 
die  lown.  *  At  this  meeting,  Ssunuel  Adams,  an  jnileipj^e 
tjlpt, was  dktinguished  forhls  (decision  and  boldne^kv  A 
some  he^tation,  on  the  part  of  the  commanding  officer,  they 
wire  sent  to  castle  Wi^kpi,cfn(i^  wei|f  ficcompamed  by  several 
eflicevs  of  the  customs  who  dreaded  the  indignation  of  tlie  people, 

58,  Three  days  afterwards,  the  funeral  of  the  deceased  took 
flaee.  It  was  cond^6ted^it4f|9^  P^fJP  and  unusual  ceremo- 
liis,  emessive  of  mt  piibli<b  teim$'  The  shops  were  <Josed. 
Hm  beUs  of  Boston,  Rozbury,  and  Charlestown  were  tolled. 
JPour  jprecefsionSy  moving  &<>m  different  parts  of  the  town,  met 
piilm  fiitiBlmtil^jui4^w^  thence  towards  the  place  of  in* 

Jerment    l%u£ptMmdj^rocession  comprised  an  to 
Hear  of  people  (^  foot  and  in  carriages,  all  displaying  the  dei^peet 
nief  and  m;ili|^iiation.    The  bodies  were  deposited  tog^ttier  i|i 
me  same  vault 

54.  When  the  pasrions  of  the  people  had  in  some  decree  sn1>- 
4M,  eaptahi  Pieston  and  his  soloiers  were  brou^  to  t^. 
They  were  defended  by  Jfdhn  Adams,  and  Josiah  QMlhc^,;^two 
aUe  lawreie,  anid  dlsUnguished  leaders  of  the  popular  pt^. 
Fpr  nemy  i^  W6eks,/ihe  court  were  employed  i^  eyar^ifning 
witnesses,  aiid  In  fistenhig  to  the  aipmients  of  coim^*  Ci^l^ 
Bpiston,  ta«4  hvi4o$  ordered  his  men  to  fire,  was  uk^^iMi  by 
tto  jiiiy.    Of  tbe  s^iers^  six  were  also  acquitted,  the^  beli^ 


'%! 


I     i^' 


f    Ni 


1     1'^"  i' 


I 


if*',) ' 


ii 


H#f#^tl^li6K. 


*i: 


no  {MtAtfTdittstmioiiy  tSi^^f  fi^ 

were  iMSqililled  of  iKmr^er.  as  greatjpifo'rbeatMB  ^'ti||il^  |^ 

}e  tiiese  evetrts  wcliw  bc^arrliig.  in  ttw  eolonlafi  im 

'lie  i^ku#iit,  yrtth  a  mijctiiie  <#  li^aiittlaN;^^  #ibi7, 
aia]i|^i4%  oC  the  «ouiiefl»  of  ikie  imtkm  at  lli(itl^Md»d,  relin- 
quil|i^  aU  'ithe  dtiiiie^  bitt  that  on  tea,  v^  tliis  mpf  tmmely 
i^iaiiiPtl'ftfsert  and  ^]»j  theilr  aupremai^- #rir1le  colonies. 

Sel'^hid  j^^ali^eid  piwiitced  no  change 
of  ^^jifeOj^le^'^f'JBy  tendering  tfaiB'ebtitast  oiiore  c^€»riy  a  contest 
bf-|^i^cijp[e,'lt  NlctSded  their  cdndUct  ih  thefar  own  view  an! 
eimofilsd  it  In  thsit  of  the  w;orld.    The  non-impoitalimi  aM«e. 
"^^^^Itowev^,  wei«  madeto  coil»il|^^^^^^       alliMttiir. 


vdi%)  bi^  ^^hided  irom  the  eonnt^l  M  thftij^n 


Wa^  lyy^  from  the  tthhB  mill  wh^  f<re#^ftw^f 


■>  i  ■.? 


CfiAPTER  X?I. 


REVOiUTIOgf. 


THE  years  1771  |ind  l77d  were  not  di^|iyjpa|^ed,' %  akiy 
hnportaht  event.  The  southern  ieoI6h|eB,~1tt^ 
thixii  cominercial,  suflTered  butli^e  ft^  thef^^f^i^^ 
laDivii^  trade,  and,  having  most^popnlar  ffOV^drs^tlentinued 
traincitBI.  In  Massachusetts,  various  eaasiMeoiM>tited|  to  in^ 
grease  the  .discontent  whidti  previously  existed.  '  Governor 
l£citehinson)  having  adidi>rped  the  genovl  court  ib  Ssdem,  re- 
*f\i6ii$  notwithstancung  reiterated  reiyiphsferkncea,  to  peii^it  tbeih 
tolfet^rii  to  Boston.  He' withdrew  the  ptoyinciai  flobps  from 
the  castle  and  supplied  their  place  wifli  rc'gulars,  te  the  Britu^ 
troops  w^  then  called.  He  declined  receiving  his  indaiy  from 
the  cok^D^  tieasury,  staUng  that  his  majjestyl^  aidgned  to 
bioi,  and  also  to  the  juii|^i  permaiient  ind  hOflionlile  salaries, 
to  she  paid  in  Great  Britain.     These  measures  were  iUghljr 


=P*».  I  iWJ^j 


ttffifoi^t^ra^^ 


m 


,.,j. 


eq^ffjMh  diyifltwlbicb  Kleased  thoie  Moen 
loton^tct^ .piles'        ^  i  '    '.    . 

di0  renuiM  pcrts  (^  ^'pro^riildli'  by  diUbiriiig  iMkgfiitoe,  ii^ 
dMilbiitiiiig. Mjl^      earn;  ai(d  to  poducecoQceiet  lii  ipl- 

^ii«d  l|f  mprfiliiiri^  in  m^  Vwn,  >{f  eommH^  #Wi*- 
foMiBnf<B»  '  %  iitf  «f^ii^  of  ti^,  fMdtotftons  and  tflliSraMeSy 
nfamuffihlStMA^^  sointod/weM  m 

iMfthig  tp  |»enevenifeB  in  ^  canae  of  lib«%*  Hii  «taMi(ple 
W8S  so4^A  aiBier  followed  in  otiber  ieploniaa ;  loid  iii  ITlH,  at  m 
^q^gesBpn  of  tfie  Tiininia  aaaerobly  |  aiandki^  c^bcmlitt^  were 
npointed,  bf  llie  colonial  leglilatiirQa,  to  cOitesponci  with^u^ 
o£er.  Thii  inatitution,  when  more  actl^  opposition  became 
necessafj,  waa  found  extremely  useful. 

3.  In  tfiis  jear,  Dr:  Fra^llffin  obMiiOdin  London  a  number 
of  original  letters  from  gpvemor  Hutchinson,  lienteaaht^or- 
emor^lhrpaAdotberSjto  dii»ir  corrf»pondentB  in  parliament 
In  these  letter?,  the  oppositldn  in  Massachusetb  was  stated  to 
be  confined  to  a  few  factious  ihdivklualB  who  had  been  em 
boldened  by  the  weakness  of  the  means  used  to  restrain  them. 
Measures  more  vigorous  were  recommended :  and  the  ministry 
were  urged  to  take  from  the  people  and  exercise  themselves 
the  power  of  appomtmg  counsdlorB  and  all  colonial  magistrates* 
Thes^  letters  netisanlniitted  to  ti(wton. 

4.  The  source  and  Ojccasion  of  the  ofTen' 've  proceedings  of 
parliamen)t  lirere  now  disclosed,  ilie  passions^  of  the  people 
were  higher  hiflamed,  and  the  weight  of  popi^ar  indignation 
fell  upon  the  autbors  of  these  letters.  The  central  committee 
of  core^pondence,  at  Boston,  sent  printed  copies^  enclosed  in 
a  spirited  circular,  to  all  the  towns  in  the  province.  And  the 
general  court.  In  several  resolutions  which  were  also  published, 
animadverted  with  severity  upon' the  misrepresentations  and 
advice  contained  ^in  the  l^rs,  thus  increasing  the  irritation 
tvhich  their  difcoverjf  and  pOrusal  had  occasioned. 

5.  Al^anwtdle' ^e  tea  of  the  East  India  company,  not  find- 
ing a  market  in  Amelrica,  accumulated  in  their  warehouses  ih 
England.  Enconragjed  by  the  government,  they  resolved  to 
esport  it  on  their  own  account,  and  unpointed  consipiees  In  ^e 
various  sea-ports,  hi  the  colonies,  llose  in  PMadel|^hia  wel^ 
induped,  by  the  dlsa^proballDn  expressed  by  the  citizens,  t6 
^b^|ie  ttMsir  appoiiitment.    In  New-York,  spirited  hani|billi3 


wen  drcolated  jhetuu^uig  with  ruui  eyery  p^on  who 
^toBcemed  in  vendkig  tea,  and  requiring  the  pilots,  at  thelV 


I    . 


»,i 


H    I 


} 


!.1 


?  i 


I; 


18) 


REVOEUTXdl^ 


ivm. 


peHI,  not  to  conduct  ships,  toadecl  with  that  arjti^e,'  iiiio  the 
liarbor.  jbtinudaled  by  these  proceedings,  the  dajpfcaina  of  the 
lea  ^pfl,  boiuodtto  diose  ports,  r^umed  wi&  theq?  oirgoes  to 

£|ifflaiid» 

6.  In  Boston,  inflaoninatonr  )ii«idbin8  were  abo  circulated, 
and  meetiiigs held;  but  the  CQnidgnees, being  moid; Irelatit^ 
oFthe  if^ernor,  and  r^|u^  P|i1^^  support,  refWed  to  decline 
tiieir  appointments.'  l%ehr  refusal  enraged  th^  cititens,  and 
the  compittiity  became  M^  by  the  pperatif^  of  mghtf  ex 
citaid  pas^ons.  Me^a^B  were  mdre  frequently  he^d.  The 
cclmimttees  of  c6ri«sp6ndence  were  every  where  aqtiye.  The 
people  of  the  country  eiihortod  theur  brethren  In  Bostoxi  to  act 
worthy  of  theur  former  chiiracter,worfliy  of  "Sons  of  Liberty," 
upon  whose  conduct,  in  die  present  emergency,,  eViiery  thing 
depended. 

7.  Op.  the  29tb  of  November,  ^  ship,  laden  wfth  tea,  came 
into  the  harbor.  Notifications  ivere  immediately  posted  up 
inviting  every  friend  to  his  country  to  meet  forthwith  and  lcon< 
certimited^  resistance  to  the  arbitral^  measures  of  Britain!  A 
crowded  meetmg  was  held,  and  a  resolution  adopted,  "that 
the  tea  should  not  be  landed,  that  no  duty  should  be  paid,  and 
that  it  should  be  sent  back  in  the  same  vessel.''  A  wktch  was 
also  organized  to  prevent  it  firom  behig  secretly  brought  on 
shore. 

8.  A  short  tune  was  then  allowed  (or  tiie  captain  to  prepare 
to  return  home  with  his  cargo.  Governor  Hutchinson  refused 
to  grant  him  the  requisite  permission  to  pass  the  castle.  Otlier 
vessels,  laden  with  tea,  arrived.  The  s^a^tation  hicreased,  and 
on  the  18th  of  December,  the  inhabitants  of  Boston  and  the 
adjoining' towns  assembled  to  determine  what  coiirse  should  bo 
pursued.  At  this  important  meeting,  Josiab  Quincy,  desirous; 
that  the  consequences  of  the  measures  to  be  adopted  should  be 
first  seriously  contemplated,  thus  addressed  his  (ellow  citizens. 

0.  "  It  is  not,  Mr.  Moderator,  the  spirit  tJbat  vapors  within 
these  walls  that  will  sustain  us  in  the  hou^  of  need.  The  pro- 
ceedings of  this  day  will  call  forth,  events  which  will  make  a 
very  different  iqpirit  necessary  for  our  sahaUon.  Whoever 
■Deposes  that  shouts  an^*  hosannas  will  termkiate  our  trial:;, 
Oiftertahif  a  childish  fimcy.  We  must  be  ^prossly  ignorant  of 
the  value  of  the  prize  for  which  we  contrad ;  we  must  be 
equally  ignorant  of  the  power  of  those  who  have  combined 
agahiBt  usj  we  must  be  blind  to  that  inveterate  malice  and 
iimtiable  refienge  which  actuate  our  enemies,  abroad  and  in 
our  boiom,  to  l^pe  that  we  shall  end  this  controversy  without 
the  sharpest  conflicts— or  to  flatter  ourselves  that  popular  re 


1774.] 


RETOLUnOK. 


solves,  popular  harangues,  and  popular  acclamadons,  will  iran- 
qulsh-our  foes.  Let  us  consider  die  issue ;  let  us  look  to  the  end ; 
iet  us  weigh  and  deliberate,  before  we  advance  to  those  mea- 
sures which  m^st  bring  on  Uie  most  tiying  and  tenible  struggle 
this  country  ever  saw.'* 

10.  In  the  evening  the  question  was  put, «  Do  jou  abide  by 
four  former  resohition  to  prevent  the  lan^Ung  of  the  tea  T**  The 
rote  was  unanimous  in  the  affirmative,  jlpplication  was  again 
made  to  the  governor  for  a  oass.  After  a  short  delaj,  his  re* 
Aisal  was  communtcated  to  Uie  assembly.  ^.Iiistantfy  a  person, 
disguised^hke  an  Indian,  gave  the  tHv  whoop  from  the  gaUery. 
At  this  signal,  the  people  rushed  out  of  the  houiiMUS^,  hastened 
10  the  wharves.  About  twenty  persons,  in  the  dre^  of  Mo- 
nawks,  lK)arded  the  vessels,  and,  protected  by  the  crowd  on 
shore,  broke  open  tiiree  hundred  and  forty-two  chests  of  tea 
and  emptied  their  contents  into  the  ocean.  Their  purpose 
accomplished,  ^e  multitude  returned  without  tumult  to  their 
habitations.  '^ 

11.  These  proceedings  excited  the  anger  of  parliament  and 
the  displeasure  of  the  British  nation.  Punishment,  not  a  change 
of  measures,  was  resolved  upon.  An  act,  closing  the  port  of 
Boston,  and  removing  the  custom  house  to  Salem,  was  passed, 
and  was  to  continue  in  force  untjl  compensation  should  be  made 
for  the  tea  destroyed  ;  another  act  was  passed,  taking  from  tiie 
general  court  and  giving  to  the  crown  the  appointment  of  coun- 
sellors ;  and  general  Gage  was  made  governor  in  the  place  of 
Mr.  Hutchinson. 

12.  Intelligence  of  the  Boston  port  bill  occasioned  a  meeting 
of  the  citizens  of  the  town  ;  they  were  sensible  that  «  tiie  most 
trying  and  terrible  struggle**  was  indeed  now  approaching,  but 
felt  unawed  by  its  terrors.  They  sought  not  to  shelter  Siem- 
selves  from  the  storm  by  submission,  but  became  more  reso- 
lute as  it  increased.  They  declared  the  act  to  be  unjust  and 
inhuman,  and  invited  their  brethren  in  the  other  colonies  to 
unite  with  them  in  a  general  non-importation  agreement. 

13.  A  similar  spirit  pervaded  and  animated  the  whole  coun- 
try. Addresses  from  the  adjacent  towns,  and  from  every  part 
of  the  continent,  were  sent  to  the  citizens  of  Boston,  applaud- 
ing their  resolution,  exhorting  them  to  perseverance,  and  assur- 
ing them  that  ^ey  were  considered  as  suffering  In  a  common 
cause.  In  Virginia,  the  first  day  of  June,  when  the  law  bwn 
to  operate,  was  observed  as  a  public  and  solemn  faft.  fnth 
devout  feelings,  the  divine  interposition  was  implored,  fai  all 
the  churches,  to  avert  the  evils  of  civil  war,  and  to  glvtt  to  the 

M 


m 


184 


REVOLUTION. 


fin4 


people  one  heart  and  one  mind,  firmly  to  oppose  emy  invasion 
of  their  liberty. 

14.  The  same  day  was  observed,  with  sfanilar  iNilemnity,  in 
most  of  the  other  colonies ;  and  thus  an  opportunity  was  pre- 
sented  to  the  ministers  of  the  gospel  to  dispense  political  in- 
struction, to  paint,  in  vhrid  colon,  the  su£RBriE«s  of  the  dtizens 
of  Boston,  and  to  wipn  their  congregations,  that,  should  Great 
Britain  succeed  in  War  schemes,  the  danger  to  their  religious 
would  be  as  great  as  to  their  civil  privileges  ;  that  a  tame  sub< 
mission  to  tl^  will  of  pariiament,  would  inevitably  be  followed 
by  bishops,  tithes,  test  acts,  and  ecclesiastical  tribunab. 

15.  The  sufferings  of  the  inhabitants  of  Boston  v^ere  indeed 
severe.  Nearly  all  were  compiled  to  be  idle.  Many,  by 
loss  of  employment,  lost  their  sole  means  of  support.  In  this 
extremity,  contributions  in  money  and' rrovisions  were  for- 
warded to  them  from  all  the  colonies,  as  proofs  of  sympathy  in 
their  distresses,  and  of  approbation  of  their  having  met  and 
manftilly  withstood  the  first  shock  of  arbitrary  power. 

16i  Gradually  and  constantly  had  the  minds  and  feeliitts 
of  the  Americans  been  preparing  for  this  important  ciw. 
That  enthusiastic  patriotism  which  elevates  the  soul  above  all 
considerations  of  hiterest  or  danger  had  now  become  their  ml 
ing  passion.  The  inhabitants  of  Salem  spumed  advantages  to 
be  derived  from  the  punishment  inflicted  on  aeister  town,  for 
its  zeal  in  a  sacred  and  common  cause.  *<  We  must,''  said 
they,  in  a  remonstrance  to  the  governor,  ^*  be  dead  to  every 
idea  of  justice,  lost  to  all  feelings  of  humanity ;  could  we  in- 
dulge one  thought,  to  seize  on  wealth,  and  raise  our  fortunes 
from  the  ruin  of  our  sufferbg  neighbors." 

17.  In  June,  the  general  court  assembled  at  Salem,  and 
among  their  first  acts  were,  the  recommendation  of  a  continental 
conffress,  which  had  been  suggested  by  the  committee  of  corres- 
pondence in  Virginia,  and  the  choice  of  delegates  to  attend  it. 
While  engaffed,  wiUi  closed  doors,  in  this  business,  |(ovemor 
Gage,  who  had  received  a  private  intimation  of  their  purposes, 
dissolved  die  court  by  a  proclamation  which  was  read  upon  the 
steps.  In  all  die  other  colonies,  except  Gfeorgia,  delegates 
were  also  chosen. 

18.  Oh  the  6th  of  September,  these  delegates  met  at  Phila- 
delphia. Pevton  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  was  uni^nimously 
elected  president,  and  Charles  Thompson,  secretary.  It  was 
determined  that  each  colony  should  have  but  one  vote,  whatever 
might  be  the  number  of  its  deputies,  and  that  all  their  transac- 
tioni,  except  such  as  they  might  resolve  to  publish,  should  ba 
kept  inviolably  Becr^^ 


:  -1 


1774.] 


KEVOLUTION. 


135 


19.  Resolutions  W^re  then  adopted,  expreF'^ing  the  fjrmpathy 
of  congress  in  the  sufferings  of  their  country,  len  in  Massaehu- 
Retts,  and  highly  approving  the  wisdom  and  fortitade  of  their 
conduct.  They  uso  resolved  that  the  importation  of  goods 
from  Great  Britain  should  cease  on  the  first  day  of  tlie  succeed- 
ing December,  and  all  exports  to  that  country  on  the  10th  of 
September,  1775,  unless  American  grievances  should  be  sooner 
redressed.  These  resolutions  poss^sed  no  legal  force,  but  never 
were  laws  more  faithfully  observed. 

20.  In  other ,  resolutions,  they  enumerated  certahi  rights, 
which,  as  men  and  English  subjects,  **  they  claimed,  demai^ed, 
and  insisted  on ;"  and  recounted  numerous  violations  of  those 
rights  by  parliament.  Addresses  to  the  people  of  6reat#ii||dn, 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Canada,  and  to  their  constituents,  were  liiMt- 
pared  and  published ;  and  an  affectionate  petition  to  the  khug 
was  agreed  upon. 

21.  In  these  able  and  important  state  papers,  the  claims, 
principles,  and  feelinm  of  thehr  constituents  are  clearly  aikl 
eloquently  set  forth.  They  glow  with  the  love  of  liberty,  they 
display  a  deteimiuation,  too  iirm  to  be  shaken,  to  defend  and 
preserve  it  at  every  hazard ;  they  contain  the  strongest  profes- 
»ion8  of  attachment  tp  the  mother  country,  and  of  loyalty  to 
the  king.  A  desire  of  independence  is  expressly  disavowed. 
**  Place  us,*'  say  the  congress,  **  in  the  situation  we  were  in, 
at  the  close  of  the  last  war,  and  our  former  harmony  will  be 
restored.'*  «We  ask,**  >  say  they  in  their  petition,  **but  for 
peace,  libei iy,  and  safety.  We  wish  not  a  diminution  of  the 
prerogative,  nor  do  we  solicit  the  grant  of  any  new  right  in  our 
favm-.  Your  royal  authority  over  us,  and  our  connexion  with 
Great  Britain,  we  shall  always  carefully  and  zealously  endeavor 
to  support  and  maintahi.'' 

22.  These  papers,  going  forth  to  the  woiid,  made  the  cause 
of  Uie  colonies  loiown  thrmighout  Europe,  and  conciliated  those 
who  had  embraced  liberal  principles  in  politics,  or  felt  disple%« 
sure  at  the  pride  and  haugntiness  of  Bntam.  Their  tone  oC 
manly  energy,  and  the  knowledge  they  displayed  of  political 
science,  excited  universal  applause  and  admiration. 

23.  « When  your  lordships,"  said  Mr.  Pitt,  in  the  British 
senaU),  **  have  perused  the  papers  transmitted  to  ni  from  Ameri- 
<.a;  when  you  consider  the  aigidty,  the  firmness,  and  the  wisdom, 
\vitu  n'hich  the  Americans  have  acted,  you  cannot  but  re^|pect 
their  cause.  History,  my  lords,  has  been  my  favorite  study ; 
and  in  the  celebrated  writings  of  antkmify  I  have  often  admhred 
the  patriotism  of  Qreece  ai^  Rome ;  but,  my  lords,  1  miMl  de- 
I  ^lare  and  avow,  that  m  the  master  states  of  the  worid^  I  know  not 


m 


V 


''  '  il 

'•<  i 

■  n.  i\ 

U;) 

4  A 


<\ 


I 


186 


REVOLUTION. 


[m4. 


the  people  nor  tihe  senate,  who,  in  such  a  complicaMon  of  diffi- 
cult dFCumstances,  can  stand  in  preference  to  the  delegates  of 
America  assembled,  in  general  congress,  at  Philadelphia.  I 
trust  that  it  is  obvious  to  your  lordships,  that  all  attempts  to  un- 
pose  servitude  upon  such  men,  to  establish  despotism  over  such 
a  mighty  continental  nation,  must  be  vain,  must  be  (iitfle." 

24.  In  America,  the  proceedings  of  congress  weve  read  with 
enthusiasm  «uul  veneration.  Their  reasonings  confirmed  the  con* 
viction,  strongly  felt  by  nearly  the  whole  people,  of  the  perfect 
justice  of  the&  cause.  In  the  address  to  themselves,  they  were* 
admonished  *<to  eiEtend  their  views  to  mournful  events,  and  to 
be  in  all  respects  prepared  for  eveiy  contmgency."  Great  ef 
fort^,|Mre  consequently  made  to  provide  lurms  and  all  the  muni« 
ti^inS  of  war.  Independent  companies  were  fonned ;  voluntaiy 
ti^mngs  were  frequent ;  Ae  old  and  the  young,  the  rich  and 
the  poor  devoted  their  hours  of  amusement  and  of  leisure,  to  ex- 
ercises calculated  to  fit  them  to  act  a  part  in  the  anticipated  con- 
flict. The  countiy  was  alive  with  the  bustle  of  preparaa|pn, 
and  ui  every  countenance  could  be  read  the  expectation  of  iin- 
portant  transactions,  hi  which  all  must  participate. 

25.  Complete  unanimity,  however,  did  not  exist.  Some  of 
the  late  emigrants  from  England,  the  most  of  those  who  held 
offices  by  her  appohitment,  many  whose  timidity  magnified 
her  power,  chmg  to  her  authority,  and  as  the  crisis  approached, 
declared  themselves  her  adherents.  These  were  denommated 
tories ;  ^e  friends  ofliberty,  whigs — ^names  by  which  the  ad- 
vocates of  arbitrary  power,  and  the  friends  of  constitutional 
liberty,  were  disUnguished  ui  England. 

26.  General  Gage,  who  had  been  recently  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts,  withdrew,  from  other  posts  on  the  conti- 
nent, several  regiments  of  troops,  and  encamped  them  on  the 
common,  in  Boston.  He  afterwards  erected  fo'.lificationB  on  the 
Neck,  a  narrow  lathmus  which  unites  the  town  with  the  main 
land ;  and  on  the  night  of  ^  first  of  September,  he  seized  the 
powder  deposited  in  the  provincial  arsenal  at  Cambridge, 

27.  The  people,  meanwhile,  were  not  idle.  They  appointed 
delegates  to  a  provincial  congress,  which  assembled  in  the  be- 
gimmiff  of  October.  Mr.  Hancock  was  chosen  presklent,  and 
tne  defegates  resolved,  that,  for  the  defence  of  the  pfovince,  a 
military  force,  to  consist  of  one  fourth  of  the  militia,  should  be 
organised  and  stand  readly  to  march  at  a  minute's  warning ;  that 
money  should  be  raised  to  purchase  militak7  stores ;  and  tliey  ap- 
pohiteda'committeenf  supplies,  and  a  committee  of  safety,  to 
sit  during  the  recess. 

28.  "[nit^lQore  southera  provinces,  ptrticularly  PennsylvRniai 


1TO.J 


REVOLUnONAllY  WAR. 


187 


Virgmia,  and  Maiylaud,  displayed  the  same  love  of  liberty  and 
determination  to  resist ;  provincial  congresses  were  convened, 
committees  appointed,  and  resolutions  passed,  designed  and 
adapted  to  animate  those  who,  in  Massachusetts,  stood  in  the  post 
of  danger,  and  to  excite  in  all  hearts  that  devotion  to  country 
which  is  alone  capable  of  sustaining  a  people  in  an  ardiious 
etruggle  with  a  superior  foe. 

29.  In  the  parliament  of  Great  Britain,  American  affairs 
came  on  to  be  discussed,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1775. 
Several  plans  of  conciliation  were  brought  forward  by  the  oppo^ 
sition  and  rejected ;  but  one,  proposed  by  lord  North,  the  prime 
minister,  was  adopted.  The  purport  of  it  was,  that  if  any  colo* 
ny  would  engage  to  contribute  a  sum  satisfactory  to  his  majesty, 
for  the  common  defence,  the  parliament  would  forbear  to  /tax 
that  colony,  so  long  as  the  contribution  was  punctually  paid. 
This  plan  conceded  nothing.  To  weaken  the  colonies  by  divid- 
ing them  was  so  evidently  the  object,  that  all  indignantly  spurned 
the  proffered  terms. 

30.  In  connexion  with  this  conciliatory  proposition,  as  it  was 
called,  measures  of  punishment  and  intimidation  were  adopted. 
The  northern  colonies  were  prohibited  from  fishing  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland,  additional  restrictions  were  imposed  upon  the 
trade  of  all  of  them,  and  several  ships  of  the  line,  and  ten 
thousand  troops,  were  sent  to  America. 

31.  In  the.  debates  in  parliament,  the  friends  of  the  colonies, 
although  few,  were  animated  in  their  praise  and  eloauent  in 
their  defence.  The  adherents  of  the  ministry  indulged  in  the 
grossest  abuse  and  ridicule.  The  Americans,  they  said,  were 
naturally  cowards,  habitually  lazy,  and  constitutionally  feeble ; 
they  were  incapable  of  discipline ;  and  a  small  force  would  be 
sufficient  to  conquer  them.  This  ignorance  of  their  character, 
which  was  general  throughout  England,  doubtless  caused  the 
ministry  to  persist  in  measures  which,  had  their  information  been 
correct,  they  would  never  have  ventured  to  undertake. 

82.  On  the  evening  of  the  18th  of  April,  general  Gage  des- 
patched from  Boston  a  body  of  eight  hundred  troops,  to  destroy 
a  quantity  of  provbions  ,and  military  stores  deposited,  by  the 
committee  of  supplies,  at  Concord.  IntelUsence  of  thb  move* 
mept  was  sent  to  Lexington  and  Concord  a  tew  hours  before  the 
troops  embarked.  The  ringing  of  bells  and  the  firing  of  signal 
guns  brought  the  minute  men  together.  Eariy  the  next  morning, 
those  of  Lexington  assembled  on  the  green  near  the  meeting- 
house. A  few  minutes  aflerwards,  the  advanced  bo<hrof  t&e 
regulars  approached  within  musket  shot.  Mi^oi^  FIMJftiy 
ridinjc  forward,  exclaimed,  **  Disperse,  you  rebels,  thr^w  down 

1M  9 


1          ■: 

* 

s 

1? 


'i  :       L 


I'  i 


ftirOLUnONARY  WAK. 


[1W6. 


your  aims  and  disperse."  Not  being  instantly  obeyed,  he  di^ 
chai^ged  his  pistol  and  ordered  his  men  to  fire.  They  fired  and 
killed  sevenu*  The  miHtia  dii^rsed  ;  but  the  firing  continued, 
in  the  whde,  eight  were  killed,  some  of  whom  were  shot  in 
their  concealment  beliind  the  fences. 

33.  The  detachment  proceeded  to  Concord.  The  minute 
men  of  that  town  had  also  assembled ;  but,  being  few  m  number, 
they  retired  on  the  approach  of  the  regulars.  These  entered 
the  town  and  destroyed  the  provisions  and  stores.  The  minute 
men  #ere  reinforced  and  advanced  again  towards  the  regulars. 
A  skirmish  ensued,  in  which  captain  Davis,  of  Acton,  w^  Idlled. 
Th6  British  troops  were  compelled  to  retreat,  leaving  behind 
them  several  killed  and  wounded. 

34.  The  whole  country  was  now  in  arms,  and  the  troops  re- 
treated with  precipitation.  The  militia  not  only  pressed  upon 
their  rear,  but  placed  themselves  singly  behind  trees  9Jad  stone 
wa)^,  and,  from  these  secure  coverts,  fired  upon  them  as  they 
passed.  At  Lexington  they  met  a  reinforcement  under  lord 
Ferfcy,  which  general  Gage  haA  despatched  on  receiving  informa- 
tion of  the  occurrences  there  in  the  morning.  \ 

35.  After  resting  a  moment,  the  whole  body  proceeded  towsurds 
Boston.  In  theur  progress  they  were  more  and  more  harassed 
by  the  provuicials,  whose  number  hourly  increased,  and  who  be- 
came in  proportion  more  adventurous.  Having  an  intimate 
knowledge  of  all  the  roads,  they  could  pursue  with  less  fatigije, 
and  meet  the  enemy  unexpectedly  at  the  various  windings ;  and 
being  all  experienced  marlcsmen,  their  shots  seldom  foiled  ot 
efiect  At  sunset,  the  regulars,  alrafost  overcome  with  fatigue, 
passed  along  Gharlestown  Neck,  and  found,  on  Bunker's  Hill, 
a  place  of  security  and  repose. 

86.  In  this  engagement,  sixty-five  of  the  royal  forces  were 
killed,  one  hundred  and  eighty  wounded,  and  twenty-eight  made 
prisoners.  Of  the  provincials,  fifty  were  Idlled,  thirty-four  were 
wounded,  and  four  were  missing.  The  killed  were  lamented 
and  honorsd  as  the  first  martyrs  in  the  cause  of  liberty.  In  the 
various  sections  of  country  from  which  they  came,  hatred  of 
Great  Britain  took  still  deeper  root ;  and  New-England,  con- 
nected more  than  any  other  part  of  the  world,  as  one  great 
family,  by  the  closest  intimacy  of  all  the  inhabitants,  universallv 
felt  the  deprivation  with  a  mixed  feeling  of  sorrow  and  rage. 

37.  Intelligence  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  spread  rapidly 
through  Massachusetts,  and  the  adjoining  provinces.  The 
farmrr  left  hi»  plough  hi  the  furrow,  the  mechanic  dropped  the 
utenail  in  his  hand,  and  seizing  their  arms,  all  hastened  to  the 
ttufirotn  of  Boston.   In  a  few  days,  a  large  army  was  assembled, 


n75.] 


REVOLUTIONART  WAR. 


m 


vrhlehf  under  the  command  of  general  Ward,  of  Massachusetts, 
and  general  Putnam,  of  Connecticut,  closely  invested  the  town, 
and  alarmed  general  Gage  for  the  safety  of  his  garrison. 

38.  In  the  remoter  provinces,  the  intelligence  waseonsl^red 
of  solemn  and  alarming  import.  The  great  drama  was  opened, 
and  the  part  which  each  should  take  must  it  :»ediately  be  diosen. 
By  many  a  resort  to  arms  had  never  been  anticipated.  To  them^ 
the  decision  was  more  painful;  but  all. the  colonies,  except 
Georgia,  adopted  at  once  the  heroic  reiiolution  to  unite  their 
fortunes  with  those  of  New-England.  »t 

39.  Connecticut  had  poured  fortli  her  full  proportion  o(  hardy 
yeomanry  to  man  the  lines  around  Boston ;  but  severalf  who  ^ 
mained  at  home,  conceived  the  project  of  suiprising  Ticondei^ 
ga,  a  fortified  post  on  the  western  shore  otlake  Clmmplain,  tod 
commanding  tibe  entrance  into  Canada.  They  communicated 
their  design  to  colonel  Ethan  Allen,  of  Yermont,  Wha,  upon 
their  arrival  at  Castleton  with  forty  men,  met  them  there  at  the 
head  of  two  hundred  and  thirty  Green  Mountain  hoysi  The 
next  day,  captain  Benedict  Arnold,  of  Connecticut,  who,  upon 
the  first  alarm,  had  hastened  to  Boston,  arrived  firom  that  place, 
having  conceived  the  same  project  and  been  authorized,  by  the 
committee  of  safety  in  Massachusetts,  to  undertake  it 

40.  Allen  and  Arnold,  at  the  head  of  die  Green  Mountain 
boys,  hastened  to  Ticonderoga,  and  the  remainder  of  the  paity 
to  Skeensborough.  On  the  night  of  the  ninth  of  May,  about 
eighty,  all  that  the  boats  could  carry,  crossed  the  lake,  and,  at 
dawn  of  day,  landed  near  the  fortress.  They  advanced  to  the 
gateway.  A  sentinel  snapped  his  fusee  at  colonel  Allen  and  re- 
treated. The  Americans,  foUowmg,  found  the  commander  in 
bed.  Colonel  Allen  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort  <*By 
what  authority  do  you  demand  it?"  <*  In  the  name,"  replied 
Allen,  ^*  of  the  Great  Jehovah  aiud  the  Continental  Con|;refl0." 
The  British  officer,  having  but  fifty  men,  saw  that  resistance) 
would  be  vain,  and  agreed  to  surrender. 

41.  When  the  remahider  of  the  party  arrived,  (hey  were  des- 
patched, under  colonel  Seth  Warner,  to  take  possession  of 
Crown  Point ;  and  Arnold,  hastily  manning  a  schooner,  sailed 
to  capture  a  sloop  of  war  lying  at  the  outlet  of  the  lake.  These 
two  expeditions,  as  well  as  that  against  Skeensborougll,  wire 
succesifiil ;  and  thus  was  obtained,  without  bloodshed,  the  com- 
mand of  those  important  posts,  together  with  more  than  one 
hundred  pieces  ofeannon,  and  other  munitions  of  w^r.  Tha 
unexpected  news  of  this  brilliant  success  imparted  higher  courtga 
and  animatitn  to  the  Americans. 

42r  Most  of  the  militia,  who  had  n^paired  to  Boston,  return^ 


t^  soon  after  to  their  homes,  but  a  sufficient  number  remained, 
posted  near  the  Neck,  to  prevent  the  British  from  leaving  the 
town  by  land.  Between  detachments  from  these  and  parties 
of  regu&rs,  who  were  often  sent  to  collect  forage  on  the  islands 
in^e  harboY,  frequent  skirmishes  took  place,  in  most  of  which 
the  Americans  were  successful. 

43.  In  the  beginning  of  June,  several  transports,  filled  with 
troops,  commanded  by  generals  Howe,  Clinton,  and  Burgoyne, 
arrived  from  England^  and  general  Gage  began  to  act  with  more 
decision  and  vigor.'  He  issued  a  proclamation  declarmg  those 
In  arms,  and  all  who  aided  tnem,  rebels  and  traitora,  and  threatw 
ened  to  punish  them  as  such,  unless  they  immediately  returned 
lo  their  peaceful  occupations.  He  promised  his  majesty's  par. 
ion  to  sdl  who  should  in  this  manner  give  proof  of  their  r^en. 
tance  and  amendment,  excepting  Samuel  Adams  and  John  Han- 
cock, whose  crimes,  he  alleged,  were  too  flagitious  to  admit  of 
pardon. 

44.  This  proclamation,  and  the  arrival  of  the  troops,  far  from 
dismajing,  aroused  the  people  to  greater  activity  and  watchful. 
ness.  Ag^ain  the  militia  assembled  and  surrounded  Boston. 
Unwilling  to  endure  the  inconvenience  and  disgrace  of  this  con- 
finement, general  Gage  made  preparation  to  penetrate,  with  a 
portion  of  his  army,  into  the  country.  To  prevent  Uiis,  the 
provincial  generals  resolved  to  occupy  Bunker's  Hill,  an  emi> 
nence  in  Charlestown,  situated  on  a  peninsula  that  approaches 
near  to  Boston. 

45.  On  the  evening  of  the  16th  of  June,  a  thousand  men, 
under  the  command  of  colonel  Prescot,  of  Massachusetts,  Co). 
Stark  from  New-Hampshire,  and  eaptam  Knowlton,  from  Con- 
necticut, were  despatched  on  this  service.  They  were  conduct- 
ed, by  mistake,  to  Breed's  Hill,  which  was  nearer  to  the  water 
and  to  Boston,  than  Bunker's.  At  twelve  o'clock,  they  began  to 
throw  up  entrenchments,  and  by  da^vn  of  day,  had  completed  a 
redoubt  eight  rods  square.  As  soon  as  they  were  discovered, 
they  ware  fired  upon  from  a  ship  of  war  and  several  floating 
batterieis  lying  near,  and  from  a  fortification  in  Boston  opposite 
the  ledoubt  The  Americans,  nevertheless,  encouraged  by  gen- 
eial  Putnam,  who  often  visited  them  on  the  hill,  continued  to 
Iflbonintil  they  had  finished  a  slight  breastwork  extending  from 
uk  redoubt  eastward  to  the  water.  And  in  the  morning  they 
rec»iv«d  a  reinforcement  of  five  hundred  men.  v 

46.  The  temerity  of  the  provincials  astonished  and  uicensed 
aeatmX  Gage,  and  he  determined  to  drive  them  hnmediateljr 
from  thefar  position.  About  noon,  a  body  of  three  thousand 
regnlara,  commanded  by  general  Howe,  left  Boston  in  boat« 


\H 


k«  ■ 


m6i 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


141 


and  landed  in  Charlestown,  at  th«  eictreme  point  of  the  peninsula. 
Generals  Clinton  and  Burgojne  took  their  station  on  an  emi- 
nence in  Boston,  commanding  a  distinct  view  of  the  hill.'  The 
spires  of  the  churche3,the  roofi  of  the  houses,  and  all  the  heights, 
in  the  neighborhood  were  covered  with  people,  waitfaig,  in 
dreadful  anxiety,  to  witness  the  approaching  battle. 

47.  The  regulars,  forming  at  the  pkce  of  la^umg,  mftrched 
slowly  up  the  Mil,  halting  frequently  to  allow  time  to  Uie  arCille- 
ly  to  demolish  the  works.  While  advancing,  the  village  of 
Cltftrlestown,  containing  about  four  hundred  houses,  was  set  on 
fire  by  order  of  general  Gage.  The  flames  ascended  to  a  lofty 
height,  presentmg  a  sublime  and  magnificent  spectacle.  The 
Americaris  reserved  their  fire  until  the  British  were  within  ten 
rods  of  the  redoubt ;  then,  taking  a  steady  aim,  they  began  a  fu- 
rious discharge.  Entire  ranks  of  the  assailants  fell.  The  ene- 
my halted  and  returned  the  fire ;  but  that  from  the  fedonbt  con- 
tinuing incessant  and  doing  great  execution,  they  retreated  in 
haste  and  disorder  down  &e  hdl,  some  even  taking  «efiige  in 
their  bbats. 

48.  The  officers  were  seen  runnmg  hl^er  and  thither,  col- 
lecting, arranging  and  addressing  their  men,  who  were  at  length 
induced  again  to  ascend  the  hill.  The  Americans  now  reserved 
their  fire  until  the  enemy  had  approached  even  nearer  than  be- 
fore, when  a  tremendous  volley  was  at  once  poured  upon  them. 
Terrified  by  the  carnage  arouwl  them,  they  again  retreated  with 
precipitation,  and  such  was  the  panic  that  general  Howe  was 
eft  almost  alone  on  the  hill  side,  his  ti*oops  having  deserted  him 
and  nearly  evevy  officer  around  him  being  killed. 

49.  At  this  moment,  general  Clinton,  whp  had  observed  from 
Boston  the  progress  of  the  battle,  feeling  that  British  h<tnor  was 
at  stake,  hastened  with  a  reinforcement  to  the  assistance  of  his 
countrymen.  By  his  exertions,  the  troops  were  a  thlKtl  tune 
rallied,  and  were  compelled  by  the  officers,  who  mardied  behind 
them  with  drawn  swords,  to  advance  again  towards  the  Ameri- 
cans. The  fire  from  the  ships  and  batteries  was  redoubled,  and 
a  few  pieces  of  cannon  had  been  so  placed  as  to  rake  the  inte* 
rior  of  the  braast  work  firom  end  to  end. 

50.  The  provincials,  having  expended  their  ammiuiltion, 
awaited  in  silence  the  approach  of  the  regulars.  The  latter  en- 
tered the  redoubt.  The  former,  having  no  bayonets,  defended 
themselves,  for  a  short  time,  with  the  Iratt  end  of  their  muskets. 
I^rom  this  unequal  contest  they  were  soon  compelled  to  retire. 
As  they  retreated  over*  Charlestown  Neck,  the  fire  from  the 
floating  batteries  was  uicessant ;  but,  provklentlally,  a  few  only 


I 


:■{  ( 


I  ' 


6 


r   1 


142 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


Tim 


were  Idlled.    The  enemy  had  sustained  too  much  injihr  to  ihbk 
of  pursuit  ■ 

51.  In  this  desperate  and  bbody  eonflict,  the  royal  fortes 
consisted,  35  has  been  stated,  of  three  thousand  men,  and  the 
provincials  of  but  fifteen  hundred.  Of  the  former,  one  thou, 
sand  and  fifty-four  were  Idlled  and  wounded ;  of  ^he  latter,  four 
hundred  and  fifty-three.  This  disparity  of  loss,  the  steadiness 
and  bravery  displayed  by  their  recent,  nndiscipBned  levies,  oc- 
casioned  among  the  Americans  the  highest  exultation,  and,  in  i 
their  view,  more  than  counterbalanced  the  loss  of  position,  tf 
this  is  a  British  victory,  how  many  such  victories,  they  triiim.| 
phantly  asked,  can  their  army  achieve  without  ruin  ? 

52.  But  deep  and  heart-feit  sorrow  was  mtermingled  witii{ 
their  rejoicings.  Among  the  killed,  was  doctor  Warren,  a  pa. 
trlot,  wno,  at  an  early  period,  had  espoused  with  wannth  Ike 
cause  of  freedom ;  who  had  displayed  great  intrepidity  in  seve- 
ral skirmishes ;  had  four  days  before  been  elected  major  gene- 
rai ;  and  had,  on  the  fatal  day,  hastened  to  the  field  of  batSe,  to  i 
setve  his  country  as  a  volunteer.  For  his  many  virtues,  am  ele* 
gant  manners,  his  generous  devotion  to  his  country,  his  high  at* 
tainmf  nts  in  political  science,  he  was  beloved  and  respected  hif 
his  republican  associates ;  and  to  him  their  affections  pointed  as 
a  future  leader,  in  a  cause  dear  to  their  hearts,  and  intimately 
connected  with  their  glory. 

53.  In  the  midst  of  thcise  military  transactions,  a  continental 
congress  assembled  at  Philadelphia.  It  comprised  delegates 
from  twelve  colonies,  all  of  whom  were  animated  with  a  deter- 
mined spirit  of  opposition  to  parliamentary  taxation.  A  majori- 
ty, however,  had  not  yet  formed  the  hardy  resolution  to  separate] 
from  the  mother  country,  and  aim  at  independence.  The  mea*J 
sures  partook  of  the  opposite  feelings  or  the  members.  Mr.  I 
Hancock,  the  proscribed  patriot,  was  chosen  president ;  diejl 
resolved  that  another  humble  petition  for  redress  of  grievances,] 
should  be  presented  to  the  king ;  but  they  also  resolved 
means  of  defence  should  be  immediately  prepared,  and  procee(t| 
ed  to  the  choice  of  otficersto  command  their  united  forces. 

54.  To  induce  the  friends  of  liberty  inihe  southern  provioee9,'| 
to  ^mbark  more  warndy  in  the  cause  of  resistance,  the  northemj 
delegates  determined  to  give  their  suffrages,  for  fi  commauder^j 
in-chief,  to  a  person  residins  in  that  quarter.    Fortunately, 
was  found  eminently  qualified .  for  the  office.    By  unaidn 
vote  of  the  congress,  George  Washington,  then  present  asi 
legate  from  Virginia,  was  elected.     He  had  served  with  hi 
reputation,  in^e  late  war  with  France;  was  distinguished  ii^ 


im 


BEVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


143 


))is  native  province  for  his  military  knowledge,  his  great  wealth, 
tib  dignity  of  his  deportment,  his  unsuspected  integrity,  and  his 
mient  attachment  to  the  interests  of  his  country. 

55.  The  president,  addressing  him  in  his  seat,  announced  to 
iiini  the  choice  which  the  congress  had  made.  Washington  de- 
I  dared  his  acceptance  unth  a  diffidence  which  gave  to  his  great 
talents  a  bright^  lustre;  and  assured  congress  that,  as  no' 
peconiary  compensation  could  have  tempted  him  to  accept 
'the  office,  at  the  sacrifice  of  his  domestic  ease  and  happi- 
ness, he  would  receive  no  pay,  and  would  ask  only  the  remune- 

I  ration  ,of  his  expenses.  Art^nas  Ward,  Charles  Lee,  Philip 
Scboyler,  and  Israel  Putnam,  were  then  chosen  m$yor  eenerals, 
and  Horatio  Gates  adjutant  general.  ]Lee  had  lately  neld  the 
[office  of  colonel,  and  Gates  that  of  major,  in  the  British  army. 

56.  Congress  also  resolved  that,  for  defrajring  the  expenses 
jwhich  mijght  be  incurred,  bills  of  credit,  or  paper  money,  to  the 
amount  of  three  millions  of  dollars,  should  be  issued,  and  pledged 
the  colonies  for  their  redemption.  A  solemn  and  dignified  de- 
[dwation,  setting  forth  the  causes  and  necessnty  of  taking  up 
[irms,  wai^  prepared  to  be  published  to  the  army  in  orders,  and 

liie  people  from  the  pulpit.    After  particular^ing  the  aggres* 
of  Gnreat  Biitain,  with  the  energy  of  men  feeling  unmerited 
pi^ry,  they  exclsum : 

57.  <<  But  why  should  we  enumerate  our  injuries  in  detail?  By 
statute  it  is  declared  that  parliament  can  of  right  make  laws 

bbd  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever.    What  is  to  defend  us  against^ 

enormous,  so  unlunited  a  power  ?    Not  a  single  man  of  those 

rho  assume  it,  was  chosen  by  us,  or  is  subject  to  our  control  or 

lueace ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  they  are  all  of  them  exempt 

the  operisition  of  such  laws,  and  an  American  revenue,  if 

diverted  from  the  ostendble  purposes  for  which  it  is  raia^y 

Id  actually  l^ten  their  own  burdens,  in  proportion  as  it 

iases  ours.    We  saw  the  misery  to  which  such  despotism 

roidd  reduce  us.    We,  for  ten  years,  incessantly  and  ineflec- 

'iy  besieged  the  tl^rone  as  supplicants ;  we  reasoned,  we  re- 

sd  vritb  parliament  in  the  most  mild  and  decent  Ian* 


58.  «  We  acre  now  reduced  to  the  aHemative  of  choosing  bn 

iconditionid  subn^ision  to  the  v/iH  of  irritated  mmisters,  or  re- 

iCe  by  fi)rce.    T^e  latter  is  our  choice.    We  have  counted 

cost  of  this  contest,  and  find  nothing  so  dreadful  as  voluntary 

.    Honor,  justice,  and  humanity  forbid  us  tamely  to.auv* 

that  fireedom  which  we  recehred  from  our  gallant  ances- 

and  which  our  innocent  posterity  have  a  right  to  received 

m  us.    W«  eaonot  exidtire  the  infamy  and  guilt  of  ^signing 


/  'A 


i:'i\ 


■:it ; 


•  i  il 

'I, 


n  Kv- 


i  i 


144 


EEVOLUTIONAKY  WAR. 


ims 


sacceeding  generations  to  that  wretchedness  which  inevitably 
awaits  them  if  we  basely  entail  hereditary  bondage  undhi  them. 

59.  <*  Our  cause  is  just  f  our  union  is  perfect.  *  Our  internal 
resources  are  great ;  and,  if  necessary,  foreign  assistance  is  un- 
doubte(fly  attainable*  We  gratefully  acknowledge,  as  a  signal 
instance  of  the  dhine  favbr  towards  us,  that  his  providence  would 
not  permit  us  to  be  called  into  this  severe  controversy,  until  we 
were  grown  up  to  our  present  strength,,  had  been  previously  ex- 
ercised in  warlike  operations,  and  possessed  ^e  means  of  de- 
fending ourselves. ' 

60.  «  With  heatts  fortified  by  these  animating  reflections,  we 
most  solemnly,  before  6od  and  the  world,  dsolare,  that  exert- 
ing the  utmost  energy  of  those  powers,  which  our  beneficent 
Creator  hallijtaciouin^  bestowed,  the  arms  we  have  been  com- 

Eelled  by  our  enemies  to  assume,  we  will,  in  defiance  of  eveiy 
azard,  with .unsdratu^  firmness^aad  perseverance,  employ  for 
the  preservation  of  our  liberties,  being,  with  tsae  mind,  resolved 
to  die  fireemen  rather  than  to  live  slaves." 

^1.  Soon  after  his  election,  general 'Washington,  accompa- 
nied by  general  Lee,  and  sevenil  other  gentlemen,  set  ot|t  for 
Ike  camp  at  Cambridge.  In  every  plMe  through  which  lie 
passed,  he  received  the  highest  honors.  A  committee  from  the 
provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts,  met  him  at  SpringfieM, 
and  ccmducted  him  to  head-quarters,  where  an  otiier  committee 
pi«sented  him  a  respectfiil  and  aflectionate  address. 

62.  He  found  the  army,  consisting  of  fourteen  thousand  men, 
posted  on^e  heights  around  Boston,  forming  a  line  which  ex- 
tended from  Roxbury  on  the  right,  to  the  river  Mystic  on  the 
left,  a  d&Staoce  of  twelve  miles.  The  troras  were  ardently  de* 
voted  to  the  cause  of  liberty,  but  destitute  of  discipline,  averse  to 
subordinsttion,  without  powder,  without  tents,  and  without  most 
of  the  conveniences  ustuiUy  provided  for  regular  annies. 

63.  With  the  assistance  of  general  Gates,  he  introduced  some 
degree  of  regularity  and  i^tem.  Several  barrels  of  powder 
were  obtained  from  New-Jersey,  and  captam  Manly,  comman- 
der of  the  privateer,  Lee,  cnqptur^  an  ordnance  ship,  containing 
arms,  ammunition,  and  a  complete  assortment  of  such  woridog 
t;ool8  as  weit  most  needed  in  the  American  camp.  This  provi-  ^ 
dential  capture  was  foUowed  by  others  wfaidi  suppHed  the  most 
pressing  wants  of  the  army,  enabled  it  to  continue^  through  the 
yes^,  the  blodtade  of  Boston,  and  conMbiited  greatly  to  distress 
the  enemy,  for  whose  use  the  cargo^  were  destined;;^  I 

64.  Etenti  occurring  this  year,  in  the  southern  coloides,  stil 
farther  figsakened  tiiie  attachment  of  the  people  to  Great  Britais.! 
In  Virginia,  Lord  Dumnore^  the. governor,  seized  by  night,  sontfj 


[iw.  I  m5.] 


BEVOLUTIONARY  WAR 


145 


powder  belonging  to  the  colony,  and  conveyed  it  on  board  a 
British  shto  in  James  river.  Intelligence  of  this  transaction 
reaching  Patrick  Henry,  he  placed  hSnself  at  the  head  of  the 
independent  companies  in  his  vicinity,  and  marched  towards  the 
seat  of  government,  with  the  avowed  purpose  of  obtaining,  by 
force,  restitution  of  the  powder,  or  its  value.  He  was  met  by  a 
messenger,  who  paid  him  the  Value  of  the  powder,  wl^  he  and 
the  militia  returned  to  their  homes. 

65.  Alarmed  by  this  display  of  spurit  and  patriotism,  lord 
Punmore  fortified  his  palace.  From  this  castte,  he  issued  a 
proclamation  charging  Henry  and  his  associates  with  rebellious 
practices,  which  offended  the  people,  who  highly  approved  their 
conduct  Other  causes  increasing  the  popular  ferment,  he 
quitted  his  palace,  and  repaired  to  a  ship  of  war  then  lying  at 
Xorktown. 

66.  In  November,  he  issued  another  proclamation,  offering 
fi'eedom  to  those  slaves  belonging  to  rebel  masters,  who  should 
join  his  majesty's  troops  at  Yorktown.  Several  hundred,  in  con- 
sequence, repaired  to  that  place.  A  body  of  militia  unmediately 
assembled,  and,  while  posted  near  the  city,  were  attacked,  with 
great  bravery,  by  the  regulars,  royalists,  and  negroes.  The 
militia,  repelling  the  attack  with  equal  bravery,  gained  a  decisive 
victory;  jLord  Dunmore  then  evacuated  the  city,  and,  followed 
by  his  white  and  black  forces,  sought  refuge  on  board  the  ships 
of  his  majesty.  Soon  after,  Norfolk,  set  on  fire  by  his  order, 
was  mostly  consumed,  and  its  destruction  was  completed  by  the 
provincials,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  deriving  supplies  from 
taat  quarter. 

67.  The  governor  of  North  CaroUna,  following  the  example 
of  lord  Dunmore,  forti^ed  his  palace  at  Newbem.  Tins  caused 
a  commotion  among  the  people,  which,  induced  Mm  to  retire  on 
board  a  ship  in  the  harbor.  While  Uiere,  he  made  zealous  ex- 
ertions to  organize  a  party  in  favor  of  the  royal  cause ;  and  a 
band  of  Scotch  Highlai^rs,  settled  ui  the  interior  country, 
listened  to  his  persuasions.  On  their  march  to  the  sea  coast, 
they  were  met  by  a  party  of  militia,  who  attacked  and  dispersed 
them,  l^his  esAy  victory  secured  the  predominance  of  tlie 
whigs,  and  crushed  the  hopes  and  spirits  m  the  tones. 

68.  South  Carolina  hsul  always,  with  great  unammity  and 
eeal,  resisted  pariiamentary  taxation ;  and  soon  after  the  battle 
of  Lexington,  the  governor,  lord  WiUiam  Can^bell,  apprehen 
sive  of  dtuiger  to  h^  person,  retired  from  the  province.  In  July, 
Georgia  chose  delegates  to  the  continental  congress,  increajUDf 
io  TuiRTB^-the  number  of  the  united  colonibs. 

69.  The  province  of  New-York  contained  many  warm  ad^ro  • 

N 


]| 


t         i 


i" 


1^ 


I 


:   !' 


m 

i 


im 


H 


?;. 


M  :. 


14(S 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[ITrt 


i 


Cates  *fi)r  freedbm ;  but  its  capital  had  so  long  been  fhe  head- 
<]uarteA  of  the  British  army  in  America,  that  mai^  of  the  princi- 
pal  mhabitants,  having  contracted  intimate  relations  with  British 
officers,  had  become  devoted  to  the  roj^  cause.  The  assembly, 
acting  under  their -influence,  declined  to  choipse  delegates  to  tiie 
continental  congress  held  in  May,  1775 ;  but  the  people,  a 
majority  of  'whom  were  actuated  by  diffefent  feelings,  elected  q 
provincial  congress,  by  whom  those  delegates  were  chosen. 

70.  When  intelligtfkce  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  reached  the 
ci^,  captain  Sears,  a^  active  and  intrepid  leader  of  the  "sons  of 
liberty,'*  took  effectual  measures  to  prevent  vessels  bound  to 
ports  in  America,  where  the  royal  cause  prevailed,  from  sailing. 
An  association  was  also  formed,  consisting  of  one  thousand  of 
the  principal  inhabitants,  who  bound  themselves  to  assist  in  car- 
rymg  into  execution  whatever  measure  might  be  recommended, 
by  the  continental  congress,  to  prevent  the  execution  of  the  op- 
pressive  acts  of  the  British  pariiftment.  ^ 

71.  The  ministry,  desirous  of  retaiiiing  in  obedience  this  im 
portant  colony,  appointed  Mr.  Tryon,  to  be  governor  ov^r  it. 
He  had  before  filled  the  same  office ;  Tvas  a  man  ofaddress^  and 
greatly  beloved  by  the  people.  He  came  fuli)i^empowered  to 
gain  adherents  by  dispensing  promises  and  money  at  his  discre- 
tion. The  success  of  his  intrigues  ahrmed  congress,  who,  hav- 
ing particular  reference  to  hhn,  recommended  that  <*  all  persons 
whose  going  at  large  might  endanger  the  liberties  of  America, 
should  be  arrested  and  secured."  Gaining  early  intelligence  of 
this,  he  cdso  sought  refuge  on  board  a  ship  in  the  harbor. 

72.  Although  the  autumn  of  1775  was  not  distinguished  by 
any  brilliant  e3mloit,  yet  the  tune  of  congress  and  of  th^  com- 
mander^m-chief,  was  not  uiq)rofitably  employed.  Constani  at- 
tention was  paid  to  the  discipline  of  the  troqps ;  arrangements 
were  made  to  obtain  a  supply  of  military  stores ;  the  building  and 
equipment  of  a  naval  force  was  commenced ;  two  expeditions 
ivere  organized  and  despatched  against  Cankda,  one  by  the  way 
of  lake  Champlain,  the  other  of  the  river  Kenhebeck;  and 
general  Lee,  with  twelve  hundred  volunteers  from  Connecticut, 
was  dh«cted  to  proceed  to  New- York,  and,  with  the  aid  of  the' 
inhabitants,  fortify  the  d^  and  the  highlaiKls. 

7.3.  The  abolition  of  all  legal  authority  In  the  colonies  was  an 
evil  for  which,  though  less  than  had  been  anticipated,  it  was  jret 
expedient  to  provide  a  renr^dy.    New- Hampshire  applied  to* 
congreiB  for  id^e  on  this  subject.    A  favorable  opportunity 
was  thus  presented  to  the  sealous  patriots  hi  coi^reis,  to  pH)«' 

gose  a  remedy  lor  the  I'vtt,  which  should,  at  the  same  time,  ex* 
ib«t  m  prtrirtlceftje  fundaniontal  principle  of  their  political  cieed.' 


trrB.-] 


RETOLUTlONARr  WAR. 


147 


that  all  legitimate  authority  must  lie  iierived  from  the  j^ple ; 
and  should  also  prepaid  the  iraj  for  their  darling  object^  a  de« 
elaratioii  of  independence. 

74.  A  resolution  was  introduced,  recommending  that  a  con- 
vention of  representatives,  finely  elected  by  the  people  of  that 
colony,  should  be  called,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  aueh  a 
f  tbrm  of  government  as  they  mig^t  deem  proper.    It  wsm  warm- 

ty  opposed  by  those  members  who  were  y^  desirous  of  an  ac- 
commodation with  the  mother  country.    An  amendment  being 
^made,  providing  that  the  government  established  should  con*' 
pnue  in  Ibrce  no  longer  man  the  existing  contesi  with  Gr^at 
i^Biitain,  the  resolution  passed.    Representatives  were  accord- 
ingly chosen,  who,  on  the  6th  of  January,  1776,  adopted  a  writ- 
ten constitution,  acknowledging  no  source  of  power  but  the 
people.    In  o^er  colonies,  the  same  course  was  soon  aflenvards 
pursued.  ,  " 

75.  A  transaction,  displaying  the  vindictive  feelings  of  the 
British,  occurred  in  October.  The  ministry  had  issued  orders 
to  the  officers  of  the  navy  to  proceed,  as  in  the  case  of  actual 
rebellion,  against  all  the  colonial  seaports  accessible  to  ships  of 
n-ar,  wnich  should  discover  symptoms  of  attachment  to  the  cause 
of  liberty.  Falmouth,  a  nourishing  town  in  Massachusetts, 
having  given  some  particular  ofience,  its  destruction,  under  color 
of  these  orders,  was  resolved  on,  and  captain  Mowatt,  witli  four 
ships,  was  despatched  on  that  service. 

^  76.  The  cithseni  made  an  eiTort,  by  negotiation,  to  avert  theit 
niin ;  but  as  the  terms  which  were  offered  could  not  be  accept- 
ed without  dishonor,  they  were  at  once  rejected.  The  boin*- 
bardment  immediately  commenced,  the  town  was  set  on  fire, 
I  .and  four  hundred  buildings  reduced  to  ashes.  This  wanton  act 
uf  devastation  was  strongly  reprobated  throughout  America, 
tiiid  served  to  inflame,  rawer  than  to  intimidate,  the  people. 
The  town  has  smce  been  rebuilt,  its  name  changed  to  Portland, 
,  and  it  is  now  the  capital  of  Maine.  / 

^77.  As  the  year  1775  drew  near  to  a  close,  the  condition  of 
^army,  employed  in  the  blockade  of  Boston,  engaged  tlie  at- 
don  of  congress.    A  speedy  adjustment  of  the  dispute  beuig 
expected,  the  men  had  been  enlisted  tdlierve  only  untu 
[first  of  January.    No  prospect  now  appeared  of  an  hnme- 
i  accommodation.     It  was  therefore  resolved  to  form  a 
army,  to  consist  of  twenty  thousand  men,  and  to  ^  oyM* 
i&r  as  practicable,  firom  the  troops  iten  in  service.   iS^m" 
iotely  it  was  mtermined,  that  the  enlistments  shouU  be  jpiile 
pbr  one  year  only,  an  error  the  consequences  of  which  wen»  a^, 
rwards  very  severely  felt. 


f 


i-M 


.  if 

f"'.4 


A  i? 


14S 


REYOLUTIC^ART  WAR. 


tWfi. 


*tB,  It  was  supposed  that  most  of  those  whom  patriotism  had 
impaled  to  join  the  army,  would  continue  in  the  senrbe  of  their 
country ;  but  when  the  experiment  was  made,  it«  was  found  that 
their  ardor  had  Gonsiderably  abated.  The  blockade  of  Boston 
presented  no  opportunity  of  acouuring  glory,  by  deeds  of  noblo 
daring ;  the  fatiguing  duties  of  the  camp  wore  upon  their  spirits, 
aflected  their  health,  and  produced  an  unconquerable  longing  to 
revisit  their  homes.  Notwithstanding  the  great  exertions  .o( 
genend  Washington,  no  more  than  half  the  estimated  numUbr 
had  been  enlisted  at  the  close  of  tiie  year,  «i< 

79.  The  people  and  the  troops,  supposing  the  wtmr  to  ben 
stronger  than  it  was,  expressed  great  dissatisfaction  at  the  ihac-J 
tivity  of  the  commander-in-chief,  which  some  imputed  to  dis 
honorable  motives.    An  attack  upon  Boston  was  loudly  dts 
manded.    Washington  three  times  proposed  it  to  a  council  of 
war ;  but  in  every  instance  the  decision  was  unanimous  affaiust 
it    At  the  last  time,  however,  the  council  recommended  that 
the  town  should  be  more  closely  invested.     On  the  evening  of 
the  fourth  of  March,  1776,  the  attention  of  the  enemy  .being 
diverted,  by  a  brisk  cannonade,  to  a  different  quarter,  a  partf  of 
troops,  under  the  conmiand  of  general  Thomas,  took  possession, 
in  suenco,  of  Dorchester  heights,  and  with  almost  incredible  in 
dustry,  erected,  before  moriSng,  a  iine  of  fortifications  jirhicli 
commanded  the  harbor  and  the  town. 

80.  The  view  of  these  works,  raised  like  an  exhalation  from 
the  earth,  excited  the  astonishment  of  getieral  Plowe,  who,  on 
the  resignation  of  general  C9«ge,  had  been  appointed  comman« 

'  det -in-cnlef.  He  saw  that  he  must  inmiediately  dislodge  the 
Americans  or  evacuate  the  town.  The  next  day  he  entered 
SOOO  men  to  embark  in  boats  and  proceeded,  by  iiv-ay  of  Caitle 
Island,  to  aHack  the  works  on  the  heights.  A  furious  stonn 
dispersed  them ;  the  fortifications,  in  the  mean  time,  were  res- 
dered  too  strong  to  be  forced ;  and  general  Howe  was  com- 
pelled to  seek  safety  in  an  immediate  departure  fVom  Boston.^ 

81.  Of  the  determination  of  the  enemy  to  evacuate  the  tot 
general  Washington  was  soon  apprized.     The  event  being 

,   tain,  he  did  not  jsLsh  by  an  attack  to  liasten  it,  as  the  forUi 
tions  at  New-Wflt,  to  which  place  he  presumed  they  m 
repair,  were  nut  in  sufficient  forwardness  to  protect  it. 
embarkation  was  made  on  the  17th  of  March  ;  a  few  days  i 
the  whole  fleet  set  snU,  and  the  American  ai*my  hastened,' 
divisions,  to  New- York. 

82.  The  acauision  of  this  important  town  occasioned 
and  general  rejoicing.    The  thanks  of  congress  were  voted 
general  Washington  and  his  troops,  for  their  wise  and 


m-] 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


140 


m 


and  a  medal  of  gold  was  ordered  to  be  stnick  in  eom- 
ion  of  the  event    Th^  Britisli  fleet,  instead  of  ^onvejr- 
the  troops  to  New-Tork,  steered  for  Halifax,  having  on 
a  large  i^umber  of  tories  and  their  baggage. 


CHAPTER  XVH. 


IXPEDITION  AGAINST  CANADA. 


has  been  already  stated,  that  two  expeditions  were  des- 
a^inst  Canada.     The  command  of  that,  which  was  to 
by  way  of  lake  Champlain,  was  gh^en  to  general  Schuy- 
if  New»Yorl<.    The  number  of  troops  to  be  employed  was 
"^    Ihree  thousand,  and  they  were  to  be  drawn  irom  New- 
Id  Ne^fEngland.     'rovemor  Carleton,  gaining  intelli- 
C  the  project,  despa   ...     about  eight  hundred  men  to 
len  the  W6rks  at  St  J^.IaI^i  on  the  river  Sovel,  a  position 
nding  the  usual.entrance  into  Caii&da. 
IBgadier  g^ral  Montgomery,  a  young  officer  of  brilliant 
and  ambitious  of  glory,  was  ordered  to  proceed  in  ad* ' 
,  with  the  troops,  then  in  readiness,  and  attack  this  hnpor- 
lition,  before  it  had  been  made  too  strong  to  he  taken, 
commencing  his  career,  the  glory  and  fate  of  Wolfe  were 
to  his  thoi^ts,  and  to  his  wife  his  parting  words  were, 
shtdl  never  blush  for  your  Montgomery.*'     General 
lyler  soon  followed,  and  on  arriving  at  Isle  aux  Nolx,  in  the 
^ty  of  the  Britisln  works,  he  addressed  a  proclamation  to  the 
Hans,  exhorthip^  them  to  joUi  their  brethren  in  the  canse  of 
im,  and  declanng  tjhat  the  American  army  came  as  friends 
inhabitants,  and  as  enemies  only  of  the  British  garrisons. 
fthe  fortification  at  St  Johns  lieing  found  stronger  than 
Icipated,  general  Schuyler  returned  to  Albany  to  hasten 
^  irture  of  uie  remaining  troops,  artillery,  and  munitionn  of 
'^He  was  preventedj.by  a  severe  illness,  fmm  n«;ain  joining 
r,  and  toe  chief  command  devolved  upon  Montgomery, 
a  reinforcement,  he  invested  St.  Johns :  but  bt^iig 
destitute  of  battering  oannon  and  of  powder,  he  made 
in  the  siege.    And  the  soMiers,  carrying  with  them 
field  that  attachment  to  liberty  and  equality  which  gave ' 

TV  ft 


■1- 


'■i,i 

a'.Ti    II 


^,      t\ 


w 


}60 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


rm5.| 


birth  ta  the  contest,  displayed  such  utter  aversion  \o  dimiMml 
And  subordination  as  increased,  in  a  great  degpree,  h^  di|^3£|^| 
and  vexations..  t   '"""SFI 

4.  Colonel  Allen,  the  hero  of  Ticonderoga,  had  a  c( 
under  Montgomery.      Having  be<m  despatched,  with 
Brown,  into  the  interior  of  Canada,  ne  was,  on  his  return, 
juaded  by  the  latter  to  undertake  the  rash  project^of  attac 
Montreal.     He  divided  his  detachment,  consisting  of  lesi: 
three  hundred  men,  into  two  parties,  intending  to  9mM  ih0\ 
at  opposite  pointis.     Major  Brown  was  prevented  from^fssi 
his  part  of  tne  enterprise.     Colonel  Allen  and  his  m^: 
opposed  by  the  wliole  force  of  the  enemy  under  governor 
ton,  jfbught  with  desperate  valor.     Many  were  killed ;  thtf 
Tivers,  overpowered  by  numbers,  were  compelled  to 
The  governor,  viewing  Allen,  not  as  the  intrepid  soldier,  bi 
a  iactiou'i  rebel,  loaded  him  witii  irons  and  sent  him  to  £i 
for  triiEi-i. 

/  6.  On  the  18th  of  October,  a  fortu.iate  event  bri^t 
prospects  of  the  Americ&ns.    Fort  Chamblee,  situated 
miles  noriii  of  St.  Johns,  *^as  supposed  to  be  bey^pd  thel 
and  vna  but  slightly  f;uarded.    A  di^tachmfNIt  under  :| 
Brown  and  Livingston,  ixttacking  it  unexpectecT 
sion  of  it  with  little  loss.     SeveriU  pieces  of, 
aarrels  of  f  owder,  were  the  fruits  of  the  violory. 
cans,  encouraged  by  success,  immedlatelv,.'*in  d^^iu^ 
continual  foe  of  the  enemy,  erected  a  oattery  near 
lohn't,  and  made  preparations  for  a  severe  cannonMle, 
assault,  if  necessary. 

6*  .^.t  this  juncture,  Montgomery  received  intell%enc^ 
aolion  between  governor  Carleton  and  a  body  of  Green  s 
tain  boys  commanded  by  colonel  Warner.     The  former^ 
by  his  victory  over  Allen,  collected  about  eight  hundred  ii 
militia  and  Indians,  with  the  view  of  raisinff  the  iiege 
John's.    In  full  confioence  oi^  success,  they  led  Monim 
baiiced  m  boats,  and  pioceeded  towards  the  soutbenit  shot^i 
St  Lawrence.     In  tne  bushes  at  the  water's  edge  coloi^ ; 
ner,  having  received  information  of  their  purpose,  coi 
tlmie  hundred  men,  who,  when  the  enemy  approached  th^ 

Soured  upon  them  a  fire  so  unexpected  and  destructive^ 
otilla  returned,  in  confusion,  to  Montre«|| 
7.  On  the  first  of  November,  3iC?2lto|»ery  comr 
heavy  cannonade  of  tlie  enemy's  works,  which  wiui 
through  the  day.    In  the  evening,  he  sent  to  tlMl  Br 
nttider,  by  one  of  fovemor  Carleton's  men,  wholiad  beBl 
[prisoner  bf  colonel  Warner,  intelligence  of  the  i^vemoP^I 


rw5.|  mM 


JIEVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


161 


.Hi 


l||i^  tird  deniaiid«LllM  saivender  of  the  fait    It  was  aceoid- 
mrrendered^  and  the  niuct  moming  entorad  by  the  Ameri- 
troofM. 

,  Montgomery  hastened  to  Montreal,  and,  at  the  enmetfane, 

ateihed  down  the  Sorel,  the  month  of  which  i§  below  that 

',  a  naval  force  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the  Britiah  to  Quebec. 

p^avnoftCarleton,  believing  the  city  not  tenable,  quitted  it  in 

;y|htPind,  in  a  boat  with  muffled  oars,  was  conveyed  through 

squadron.     The  next  day,  general  Montgomery 

city,  and  although  no  terms  were  sranted  to  the  hi- 

1^  he  treated  tliem  with  the  kindness  of  a  fellow  citizen, 

that  the  property,  rights,  and  religion  of  every  indivi- 

Ike  sacredly  respected. 

By  his  benevolence  and  address,  h'a  gained  the  affections 

\  Vinadians,  many  of  whom  joined  his  standard.     More, 

eiyef  his  own  troops,  whose  term  of  enlistment  had  eX" 

ioiiited  on  returning  to  their  homes.     So  dear  to  them 

4e  delights  of  the  domestic  fireside,  and  so  vividly  were 

'[  to  memory  by  the  severe  duties  of  the  campaign, 

mip/eharacter  of  the  commander,  his  address,  hie  en- 

avwSled  nothing  to  induce  them  to  proceed  on  the  expe- 

WHk  the  remnant  of  liis  army,  consisting  of  no  more 

hundred  men,  he  began  his  march  to^wds  Quebec, 

to  meet  there  an  other  body  of  troops  sent  to  act  in 

litk  him. 

troops  were  a  detachment  from  the  army  before 

I  coaetsting  of  one  thousand  men,  and  commanded  by 

4^old;  who,  as  a  soldier,  was  adventurous,  impetuous, 

riess ;  as  a  man,  overbearing,  avaricious,  and  profligate. 

lr>oute  lay  k'  >ng  the  coast  to  (he  mouth  of  the  Kennebec, 

Maine,  thence  up  that  rirer  to  its  source,  and  thence,  over 

y  mountains,  through'  a  wilderness  unexplored  by  chrilized 

,  to  the  river  St.  Lawrence.     They  were  unable  to  begin 

mafch  before  the  middle  of  September ;  on  the  22d,  they 

^ed  in  boats,  at  Oerdner,  on  the  Kennebec,  and  proceeded 

iieend  that  river. 

|l.  They  found  the  current  rapid,  and  the  navigation  inter- 

^    d  by  frequent  cataracTa.    Around  these  they  were  obliged 

^raw,  by  hand,  their  provisions,  arms^  and  even  their  boats. 

or  Was  their  route  on  land  less  difficult    They  liad  deep 

ps  to  pass,  and  craggy  mountains  to  ascend.    The  toil  was 

iessanl,  and  the  fat^e  so  great,  that  many,  falling  sick, 

sent  back,  and  along  with  these  the  rear  division,  com- 

,2uied  by  coloTie!  Enoe,  returned  without  the  knowleidge  of 

'4iio!d. 


m:: 


'  ,'4 


>      .V 


152 


RfiVOttmONARY  WAE; 


[ins 


12^  Be^ro  they  Kacbed  the  hei^t  el  land)  provisk^ 
scarce.     Bogs,  caitiidge  b<»ce8,  ami  shoes  were  eafteo.  \  i^  d^ 
summit,  the  whole  stock  was  divided  equally  amon^  thein»«ad^i 
receiving  but  two  ipiarts  of  flour  as  bis  portion.    The  oid^^«f| 
march  was  no  longer  observed.    The  soldiers  were  directed 
proceed,  olngly  or  b/ 6Qnipanies,  as  they  might  choose,  8l<ml|^ 
or  with  speed,  as  they  wei«^able,  to  the  nearest  Canadian  sr'"* 
ment,  then*  one  hundred  miles  distant.    When  the  kSmi 
whose  superior  strength  enaUed  them  to  keep  in  advance^^ 
thirty  miles  from  any  human  habitation,  the  last  morsel  cf 
had  been  consumed.  ''^^ 

13.  In  this  extremity,  Arnold,  with  a  few  of  the  most^ 
inade  a  forced  march  to  the  first  village,  and  returned  to 

most  famished  companions,  with  fo^  sufficient  to  satisfy^  (lir> 
fii'st  wants  of  nature.     Refreshed  and  strengthened,  they  h^ 
tened  forward,  and,  on  the  fourth  of  November,  arriv^  fut  t]^ ; 
French  settlerhents  on  the  river  Ghaudiere,  having  beeli'  t|ii|t| 
two  days  without  seeing  the  abodes  of  civilized  man;  and'~ 
in  th«t  time,  performed  a  march  unexampled  for  its  temerit|^l 
hardship.  f""^ 

14.  The  hihabitants  welcomed  them  with  cordial  he 
Though  separated,  in  a  great  measure,  from  the  world,  th^^ 
heard  of  the  dispute  between  Great  Britain  and  hor,  color 
and  as  the  very  name  of  liberty  is  dear  to  the  heart  of  mt 
sympathies  were  all  enlisted  on  the  side  of  the  latter, 
distributed  proclamations  among  them  similar  to  those  isst 
general  Stefanyler.    As  soon  aft  the  scattered  soldiers  were 
sembled,  he  continued  his  march,  and,  bn  the  ninth  of  N#ember^ 
arrived  at  Pdnt  Levi,  opposite  Quebec. 

15.  Nothing  could  exceed  the  surprise  and  astonishment  of 
the  citizens  on  seeing  a  body  of  hostile  t^bops,  emerginff  from 
^lie  southern  wilderness.    Had  Arnold,  at  this  moment  of  panic, 
been  able  to  cross  the  river,  the  city  ^ust  have  fallen  an  -easr 
conquest ;  but  boats  were  not  at  hand/  and  a  furious  storm, 
curnng  at  the  time,  rendered  crossing  impossible. 

16.  Having  procured  boats,  and  the  storm  having  abated,  Ifil] 
crossed  the  river  on  the  night  of  the  13th,  and  landed  near  ' 
place  where  Wolfe  htil  laiSted  hi  the  preceding  war.    Mount 
the  same  steep  ascent,  he  formed  his  troops  on  ^  plains 
Abraham,  and  marched  towards  the  city.    Convinced,  by 
cannonade  from  the  walls,  thai  the'garrison  were  ready  to  ii^^ 
celve  him,  he  returned,  encamped  on  the  plain,  and  on  the  ISli^ 
marched  to  Pobit  aux  Trembles,  twenty  miles  from  QuebUe, 
where  he  determined  to  await  tihe  arrival  of  Montgomery. 

1 7.  He  came  on  the  first  of  December.  How  great  was  the  joy^ 


1775] 


REYOLUTIONART  WASL. 


163 


and  how  lively  the  gratulatiioiis,  ihqr  oii]|r ,  can  knagiue,  who, 
after  long  absence  and  siifietringy  mn  inet»  in  a  fon%i  land, 
their  friends  and  former  companions.  Arnold's  tvoops  had>  fai^ 
deed,  great  cause  of  rejoicing.  Thej  were  entlreljr  destitute 
/$f  winter  clothing,  and  had^idured  ei^treme  distress  from  the 
reritjr  of  the  cold.  Montgomenr  had  broni^  a  snpply  frcmi 
[ontKal,  which  he  immediately  dptrihiited  «aumf  tb^. 

18.  Tbdr  united  force  amounted  to  no  nKir^  wan  nine  hun- 
^ective  men.     On  ^e  fifth,  the  general,  at  the  head  of 

3,  ap|)eared  before  the  city,  and  sent  a  ^ig  with  a  sununons 
»i||rrender.  The  delay  whi<^  had  taken  place,  had  enabled 
|pr  Carleton  to  increase  the  streng^  of^^ie  works,  and  to 
Vthe  sentiments  of  the  citizens  firom  friendship  for  the 
Americsms,  to  hostility.  I(e  ordered  his  troops  to  fire  upon 
the  bearer  of  the  flag.  .     . 

19.  Montgomery  soon  discovered&e  defection  of  his  friends, 
and  perceived  that  he  must  depend  upon  his  own  force  alone  for 

rd)fe  ^complisbment  of  his  obiectn    When  he  com|»red  this 

liorce  with  that  of  the  enemy,  wno  were  fifteen  hundred  strong ; 

'viiheni  he  reflected  that  his  troops  were  recent  levies  whose 

ienii  was  nearly  expired,  and  whose  thoughts  were  fixed  upon 

tl^  homes,  his  hopes  of  success  became  faint,  and  his  fore- 

igs  gloomy  .  He  believed,  how^^r,  that  success  was  pos- 

)Ie,  and  his  hi^  sense  of  honor  and  of  duty  impcjQed  him  to 

hazard  '^ery  thing  to  obtain  it  for  his  countiy. 

^'20.  He  first  detf  mined  to  batter  the  wsals,  and  harass  the 

'^^i  hy  repeated  and  furious  attacks,  hoping  that  an  opportunity 

ihight  occur  of  strildng  some  decisive  blow.  He  raised  a  mound, 

cotnposed  of  snow  and  water,  which  soon  became  ice,  and 

thtre  planted  his  cannons,  si^^  only  in  number.    After  a  short 

tilal,  uey  were  found  inadequate,  and  this  plan  was  abandoned. 

.    21.  Meanwhile,  the  snow  fell  incessantty,  the  cold  became 

Intense,  and  the  sufferings  qf  the  troops,  from  the  rigor  of  the 

Ifeation  and  their  conthiusu/t6il,  surpassed  aH  that  they  had  evei 

j;befor6  felt,  or  witnessed,  or  imagined.     To  increase  their  dis- 

^tress,  the  small  pox  broke  out  in  the  camp,  presenting  death  in 

"^  new  shape,  and  adding  to  the  severity  of  their  labors,  by  les- 

ming  the  nuniber  to  bear  them.     In  the  midst  of  these  trials, 

^ir  attachment  to  the  cause,  and  devotion  to  their  commander 

^mained  unabated  ;  but  these,  he  reflected,  must  soon  give 

^Way  before  such  severe  and  constant  suffering ;  and  for  himself, 

Vhe  determined  to  make  immediately  a  bctld  and  desperate  effort. 

22.  Assembling  his  officers,  he  proposed  tc  storm  the  city. 

He  placed  before  them  the  motives  which  operated  upon  his 

lOWQ  mind.    He  did  not  deny  that  the  enteiprise  was  highly 


U 


( ■  t 


154 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR, 


[1775. 


if 


difficult  and  ^ge^i»)  but  maintained  thut  succass  was  possi« 
ble.  He  addreiiMMl  a  band  of  heroes^  whose  sf^dments  were 
congenial  with  his  own,  and  the  decision  was  unanimous  in 
favor  of  his  proposition^  The  plan  and  time  of  attack  wer^ 
concerted,  and  to  each  ofl|cer  was  assigned  his  particular  dut^ 

23.  On  the  last  day  oM)eeember,  at  (bur  o'clock  in  the  morK. 
ing,  while  a  violent  8now|Minn  vn^  n|^ng,  the  troops  march 
from  tlie  camp  in  four  coramns,  commanded  by  Montgomei 
Arnold,  Livingston,  and  Brown.  The  two  latter  weije  direcl 
to  nake  feigned  attacks  npoB^the  upper  town,  in  order  to  di 
tract  the  attention  of  the  garrison ;  while  the  two  former  pr 
ceeded  to  assault  the  lower  town  at  opposite  points.  a^- 

24.  Livingston  and  Brown,  impeded  by  the  snow,  did  not  ar- 
rive in  season  to  execute  their  feints.  Mon^omery,  advancing, 
at  the  head  of  his  column,  along  the  bank  of  the  river,  came  to 
a  barrier  or  stockade  of  strong  posts.  Two  of  these  he  sawed 
off  with  his  own  hands.  The  guard  within  were  luarmed,  and 
fled  to' a  block-house,  fifty  yards  distant,  where  several  pieces  of 
cannon  were  stationed.  He  passed  through  the  opening  m  the 
barrier,  encouraging  his  men  to  follow.  The  troops  at  the  block- 
honse,  to  whom  Uie  guard  had  communicated  their  terror,  began 
to  desert  it 

25.  At  this  moment,  Montgomery  halted,  to  allow  the  troops,^ 
near  him  to  form  in  a  body.  Observing  this  delay,  a  Canadian, 
who  lingered  behind,  returned  to  the  block-house,  seized  a 
match  which  was  burning,  and  discharged  a  cannon  loaded  with 
grape  sMit,  and  fortuitously  pointed  at  the  little  band.  The 
discharge  was  instantly  fatal  to  Montgomery,  and  to  several 
favorite  officers  standing  around  him.  The  men,  seeing  theu'^ 
beloved  leader  fall,  shrunk  back ;  colonel  Campbell,  the  next 
in  command,  ordered  a  retreat,  and  that  portion  of  the  garrison ' 
stationed  at  the  block-house,  ^vas  left  at  liberty  to  hasten  to  an* 
other  part  of  the  city,  already  in  commotion  from  the  attack  of  ' 
Arnold.  ^ 

26.  This  officer,  marching,  like  Montgomery,  at  the  head  of  ' 
his  column,  had  entered  the  town.     Advancing  along  a  narrow  1 
street,  which  was  swept  by  the  grapci  shot  of  the  enemy,  he  re-^ 
ceived  a  severe  wound  in  tJtie  leg,  and  was  carried  to  the  hos- 
pital.    Captain  Morgan,  afterwanls  distinguished  by  his  exploits 

'  the  souto,  assumed  the  command.^    Placing  hiniself  at  the , 
iad  of  two  companies,  he  boldly  approached  the  enemy's 

worlii(  and  entering  through  the  embrasure,  drove  the  men  from 

their  gittts. 

27.  Here  he  hatted  until  the  rear  of  the  column  came  up. 
When  time  was  given  for  reflection,  the  danger  of  their  situa- 


,i:>i 


[1775.  I   IW-I 


REYOLUTIONART  WAR. 


151^ 


Uon,  asmall  band  in  (he  heart  of  a  hostile  cHy,  filkd  even  the 
bosoms  of  the  brave  with  c|read.  Moi|^  relaiBed  ^nrnmess ; 
and  when  the  morning  dawned,  with  a  voice  that  resounded 
through  the  city,  summoned  his  troops  to  the  assault  of  a  second 
battery,  a  short  distance  in  advance  of  the  first 
>    28.  Before  this,  a  fierce  combat  ensued.    Many  of  the  ene- 
my were  lolled,  but  more  Americaip,  who  were  exposed  to  a 
^Mructhre  fire  of  musketry  from  the  windows  of  the  houses. 
.JSosae  of  the  most  daring  mounted  the  wall,  but,  seeing,  on  Uie 
tf^fimer  side,  two  ranks  of  soldiers,  with  thehr  mmdcets  on  the 
^  ground,  presentmg  hedges  of  bayonets  to  receive  Uiem,  should 
ttiey  \m  forward,  they  recoiled  and  descended. 

29.  Weary  with  exertion,  uid  benumbed  with  cold ;  exposed 
to  a  deadly  fire  from  every  quarter ;  their  arms  rendered  useless 
by  the  snow  which  continued  to  fidl,  the  soldiers  sought  refiige 
in  the  houses.  Perceiving  that  all  farther  attempts  wouU  be 
vain,  Morgan  gave  the  signal  of  retres^.  Some  of  the  mra  fled, 
but  most  were  unwilling  to  encounter  another  tempest  of  ^ot 
They  refused,  however^  to  yield,  until  assnred  of  the  fate  of 
Montgomery ;  when,  losing  all  hope  (tf  success  andesci^,  they 
lurremiered  themselves  prisoners  of  war. 

30.  Tie  loss  of  the  Americans,  in  this  desperate  enterprise, 
was  above  four  hundred,  of  whom  one  hunbred  add  fifty  were 
killed.  The  whole  continent  bewailed  the  deat}i  of  Montgomc- 
rv*  He  was  conspicuous,  even  hi  those  times  of  enthusiasiii,  for 
&  ardent  devotion  to  the  cause  of^^^eedom.  He  was  endeared 
t&  the  good,  by  the  exercise,  in  the  midst  of  war,  of  th#aniiaMe 
virtues.  His  soldiers  adored  hkn  for  his  lofty  spbrH  and  daring 
braveiy.  The  enemy  respected  him  for  bis  honorable  conduct, 
an4  distinguished  inilitary  qualities.  Untft  Us  last  enterprise, 
continual  success  bore  testunony  to  the  greatoess  of  his  talents ; 
and  defeat,  when  he  was  no  more,  connr;tned  the  testimony  of 
success.  Congress  resolved  that  a  monument  should  be  erected 
to  perpetuate  his  fame.  It  lives  yet  fresh  in  the  memory  of 
.imericans.    In  1818,  New-York,  his  adopted  state,  removed 

3  remains  from  Quebec  to  her  oiyn  metropolis,  where  the 
%onument  had  been  placed,  and  near  that  they  repose. 

31.  Some  of  the  Americans,  on  thehr  escape  firom  Quebec, 
ret^ated  precipitately  to  Montreal  Arnold,  with  difficulty, 
detafaied  about  four  hundred,  who,  brealdng  up  thehr  camp,  re- 
ihred  three  miles  from  the  city.    Here  this  he^raie  baod,  though 

^^'much  hiferior  hi  number  to  the  garrison,  kept  it  hi  eon^mad 

awe,  and,  bypreventmg  all  communication  with  the  coi|||i^ 

ndttced  it  to  greiA  distress  for  the  msA  of  provhdons.  a 

92.  Congress,  on  mceiyhig  hiformaUon  of  the  disastvti 


^^M 

r '  i 

■P 

W 

^^^^^nS' 

f$J 

i                     1 

if.   ; 

k^ 

i'  j^E 

^^^^^I^mI 

H 

1^ 

^1 

m^B 

Wf '    '' ' 

m  '^ 

;>. 

w 

/ 


25d 


RETaLUTIONAKY  WAR. 


[ITTO. 


/ 


Slit  of  Ilpeiibi^y  dfeieted  i^lmfbrecooniAslo  be  setit  to  Oanadii  • 
aad  ift^lite  bc#torfaf  of  MaMv  AMold^  pint|riirai  ateRMt 
iMIf  iMpnlMilidt^ tho  atfiffal  of  nnaH  bodiet  o^  lnio[^»  But 
llfalMglfa^4Maotiii6iteiB«ritiiltt  namlMro.  ffao  small-pox 
still  continued  iti  ittvifel;  IMgue^  witfaoiit  lio|M,  depressed  the 
splbritB  of  thi  siidieviri  ttedlfi^f  of  obtakiiiig  provisions  be- 
tmtn^imaf  dtfyptuAmy  and  ^  harsh  nteasiires  adopted  by 
AffioM  tof rieoVillMW^  esiiM^^  <fae  mhatutaiile  sffound  Idhi. 

d9i  te  tift  Ami  (tfM«ff|eierBl  Thomas,  who  hriid  been  ap. 
pointid  to  iiMceed^BloAlgiiiiMfifv  mv^ed  ttom  the  i^p  at  Rox- 
hatft  ^i«iewiiig  Mit  imf,iefoiHid  itto  eonsisfc  of l^ss  tlmn 
two  thousand  mi^  of  v^oilir  Intf  #ere  not  it  for  dtri^.  A  coun- 
cil of  war  #tti  heldyiiHio  resolpfMltfaBe  it  was  eiqpedient  to  take  a 
MWiedfcfcniiMi paaftion Msfoeriqp Ijbe  &t.  Lawrence.  To th*^ 
deeMott^liwi^  wtil^led  l^  urn  hiidwiedge  that  the  ice  was  kav« 
hAgik»  liii^  ttllA  l^iiie  ejqpeetidion  that  rekiforoements from 
£nglttid  mmM  iMriledialify  eoise  vs^  The  next  morning,  in 
hi^  HAiiltB  Hmv  AlttiMsans  iaafe  engi^ed  in  removbg  the  siek, 
siivttinil  ild|>8i  appeared  in  a^ht^  and  eiitered  the  harbor.  A  mul- 
titttde  of  tfisepa  w«l«f  ini]»edfaileil^  poured  into  the  dtjr.       ■ 

34.  At  one  o'clock,  CMetoii  made  asor^  ^  the  head  of  a 
thousaaxl  1neii«  As^fiaat  tfaese,  fenerai  Thoanas,  at  tihat  itioment, 
could  oppoae  bti^iiifei^lHindred«  AU  tibe  stores,  amd  many  of 
the  eioB,  M  info  tepowisr  of  the  enemy.  The  Mtter  were 
treatedi  bf  ikm  fprnma^^iMt  great  tendaiiess  ^  and  when  re- 
6tore4  f^  iw>idl^wef0  tts^sM  to  retm^  to  diehr  homes.  The 
Anieilate'  rtareiHtiii  to^ie  imiiith  of  te  fiord,  where  ,th|f  were 
joiiinid  bjr«tf«efidt<Jgimhhts^  and  whera 
di«d«f  ^0  siiNiK^poxy  wiicfa  f^  prevailed  ha  the  camp. 

M  WhUe  pmoliBA  and  vaior  wer»,  ift  this  quarter,  unsuc- 
c»9sAi%  oOAtcttd&ig  with  a  superior  force,  the  JUnerieans  sus- 
taitted  a  heavy  and  unexpected  calanyty,  resulting  from  coward- 
ice, ift  ait  other.  At  a  fortified  jliee,  caUed  the  Cedars,  forty 
mil^'^t^Kyre  Montreal,  colonel  Bedell  was  stationed  with  four 
hundred  men,  and  two  pieces  of  eaanon.  Assembly  a  force 
of  six  hundred^  Biesdy  Indian  warriors^  oaptun  Foster,  who 
command«id  at  Oswagitf^ze,  descended  the  river  to  attack  thl& 
post. 

86.  Colonel  Bid^leav^  malar  Butlerfield  in  command, 
repaired  to  Moolreal  to  obtain  assistwlee.  Shorty  afterwardB, 
o^^  Foster  apfsared^  astf  Invested  the  fort.  He  had  no  ar- 
mtfipf  andln  thaaaivrBe  of  Ifwo  dag^y  fa«l  one  mwi  i»u  wouad- 
^  iloiaeiielent  tfaaa  Ma  anas*  mm  tiia  hMteatiQiiy  thstif 
any  of  theMMaii0«hoiddl«MlkdfltiwoidiiM>lha  m^l^^ 
to^^lMMii  tiiemir^iii^tiie  om^  Intoldated 


trre.] 


EEVOLUTIONART  WAR. 


157 


lii 


b|r  tfai%  major  Bntterfidd  maneeadtmd  hkitiFhote  pMf  {prisoners 
of  war,  8tq|»uktiiig  only  for  thair  baggage  and  their  Mvas. 

a7.  Upon  the  reprewntiitiim  of  comid  BedeU,  a  reinfoite- 
ment  wasy ordered  to  miMreh  frem  Montreal;  bul  he  deelihed 
jrekwniiig  with  it,  and  the  oomttiahd  waa  given  to  wmjor  Shea^ 
borne.  The  day  after  the  Mirmider  of  tl&  Ibrt,  of  nvmdi  event 
the  major  waa  ignorant,  and  about  fouritiAee  fiNMn  it,  he  was  met 
by  a  hage  body  of  Indians,  lo  whom,  after  an  obsHnaCe  and 
bloody  conflict,  he  was  obl%ed  to  snereiider.  l%e  wfiole  loss 
ef  the  AmericMMfWas  at  least  five  hondved. 

38.  General  Sullivan  wda  ap|>oititid  to  succeed  general  Tho- 
mas, and  on  the  first  of  Jun^,  anrihred  at  the  liver  Sorel,  where  he 
foimd  between  four  and  fivo  thousand  men.  But  the  army  of 
the  enemy  had,  in  the  mean  time,  been  augmented  to  thirteen 
thousand.  Commanding  a  force  sO  decidedly  superior,  governor 
Carleton  pressed  fiwwayd  in  pursuit,  and  the  AmefkHfltns  retreated 
slowly  and  reluctantly  before  him.  At  St.  Johns,  the  pimmit 
ceased ;  but  general  Sullivan,  in  obedience  to  orders  from  general 
Schi^iyler,  continued  his  march  to  Crown  ^on&t,  at  tiie  head  of 
lake  Champloin. 

39.  Thus  terminaM  the  expeditimi  against  Canada.  In  its 
conception  it  was  singularly  bold  and  romantic  In  its  progress 
were  displayed  fbrlilude  and  bravery  seldom  equidled  in  military 
annals.  Ife  faiiure  Was  a  painful  disappointment  to  the  patriots 
of  the  day.  it  is  now  consoling  to  reflect,  that  success  would 
probably  hare  proved  injurious  to  the  cause  of  mdependence. 
To  protect  the  province,  the  military  force  of  the  confibdera^ 
must  have  been  too  much  extended,  and  colonies  more  fonfiMtaiit 
have  been  leftdefentceiess. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1776. 


THE  last  humble  petition  of  congress  to  tiie  kki|  pm  pte« 
lenled  by  Mi».  P^nn,  the  late  governor  of  Peim(liflvai&^  A  ftw 
dlj«aft«wan)s,he  was  tcM  by  the  minister#ial  tnmnm'irmM 
be  made  lo  it.  The  haughty  spirit,  which  dlotMed^  tfell  ibji^y, 
prvaded  both  houses  of  parliament. 


1'^^ 


it 

ft 


I  ^\ 


1^8 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


lirrs. 


2.  1^ J^ieember,  alitw  was  parsed  amoimtii)|f  tp  fidedaration 
of  war  ugainst  Uie  colonies.  Treaties  were  oliade  with  the 
Landgk^ve  of  Hesse  Gassel  and  other  Grerman  princes,  hiring  of 
them  seventeen  thousand  men,  to  be  employed  against  the  Ameri- 
cans ;  and  it  was  determmed  to  send  over,  in  additinn  to  these, 
twenty-five  thousand  tlnfflish  troqis. 

3.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1776,  a  fleet  under  Sir  Peter. 
Parker,  and  two  thousand  five  hundred  troops  commanded  by 
earl  Gomwallis,  were  despatched  u{fon  an  expedition  against  the 
southern  colonies.  Soon  after,  admiral  Hotham  set  sail  with  a 
large  number  of  transports,  carrying  the  first  division  of  Hes- 
sians ;  and,  in  May,  followed  admiral  lord  How6,  tcvho  had  been 
appointed  commander  of  the  naval  force  on  the  American  station. 
He,  and  his  brother,  general  Howe,  had  also  been  appointed 
joint  commissioners  to  grant  pardons  on  submission. 

4.  On  the  first  of  May,  the  fleet,  under  sir  Peter  Psurker,  ar- 
rived on  the  coast  of  Nordi  Carolina,  where  sir  Henry  Clinton, 
arriving  at  the  same  time  from  New- York,  took  command  of\the 
troops.  The  late  defeat  of  the  highland  emigrants  had  so 
dispirited  the  loyalists  in  this  colony,  3iat  he  determined  to  pro 
ceed  farther  south,  and  attack  Charleston,  the  capital  of  South 
Carolina. 

5.  Fortunately,  an  official  letter,  announcing  the  speedy  de- 
parture of  the  expedition  from  England,  had  been  intercepted 
early  in  the  spring,  and  time  was  thus  given  to  place  this  city  in 
a  state  of  defence.  A  strong  fort  was  buOt  on  SulHvan's  island, 
aposition.from  which  ships,  on  entering  the  harbor,  could  be 
graatly  annoyed ;  the  streets,  in  different  places,  were  strongly 
barricaded ;  the  stores  on  the  wharves,  though  of  great  value, 
were  pulled  down,  and  lines  of  defence  ereeted  along  the  water^s 
edge. 

6.  On  learning  the  near  approach  of  the  enemy,  the  militia 
of  the  country  were  summoned  to  defend  the  capital.  They 
obeyed  with  alacrity,  increasing  to  five  or  six  thousand  the  num- 
ber of  troops.  General  Lee  had  been  sent  from  New-York  ttf 
take  the  chief  command ;  and  his  high  miUtary  reputation  gave 
confidence  to  the  soldiers  and  inhabitants.  Under  him  were 
colonels  Gadsden,  Moultrie,  and  Thompson. 

7.  In  the  mormng  of  the  2dth  of  June,  nine  ships  of  war, 
carnring  two  hundred  and  fifty  guns,  began  a  furious  attack  upon 
the  lo^,9Mbe  island>  which  was  garrisoned  by  about  four  hundred 
i|)en,  uii4er  lhe  conuoand  of  colonel  Moultrie.  At  the  same 
time,,^ ^^lachiaent  of  troops  was  landed  on  an  ac(ioiiaing  island 
auflrdire^ilJBdtoi  pross  over,  at  a  place  where  the  sea  was  supposed 
to  b1»,  fallow,  and  attack  it  in  the  rear. 


iTr6.j 


KB YOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


159 


a  The  heavy  and  hicessant  fijpe  of  the  enemy  w^  veceked 
«d^  coohtess,  and  returned  «dth  skill.  Many  of  their  ships  suf- 
fered r^everely,  and  particulariy  the  Bristol,  on  bosffd  of  which 
was  eommodore  Parker.  She  was  twice  in  flames,  her  csqptain 
was  killed,  and  so  dreadful  was  the  slaughter,  that,  at  one  time, 
the  commodore  was  the  only  person  upon  deck  uidrart. 

9.  In  the  midst  of  the  action,  general  Lee  vinted  the  garri- 
son. He.  was  delighted  with  the  enthusiasm  they  e^bited. 
Nolidng  seemed  capable  of  quenching  their  ardor.  Soldiers, 
mortslly  wounded,  exhorted  their  comrades  never  to  abandon 
the  standfud  of  liberty.  .  >'  I  die,"  said  sergeant  M'Donald,  in 
his  last  moments,  *f  JTor  a  glorious  cause ;  bixi  I  hope  it  will  not 
ejqjire  with  me."    V 

10.  The  British  troops,  destined  to  attack  the  fort  in  the  rear, 
found  it  impossible  to  reach  the  island.  The  engagement  with 
the  fleet  continued  until  d^rk.  The  ships,  having  received  too 
mtich  injury  to  renew  it,  moved  off  in  the  night ;  and  a  few  days 
flJterwaids,  the  fleet,  with  the  troops  on  board,  set  sail  for  New- 
fcnk,  where  the  whole  British,  foiwe  had  been  ordered  to  as- 
•en^le. 

11.  The  killed  and  woimded  on  the  part  Of  the  enemy, 
amounted  to  near  two  hundred*  Of  the  Americans,  ten  were 
killed,  and  twenty-two  wounded.  The  troops,  for  their  gallan- 
try, received  the  thinks  of  congress,  and  high  and  well  merited 

§  raise  from  th^  oomitlrymen. , .  Theii^  success  was  auspicious  to 
le  cause  of  fisef^doi]^.  In  a  part  of  the  country  where  resist- 
ance by  force  hiKl  been  but  Uttl#  contempl^ited,  it  aroused  tlie 
people  to  exertion,  and  inspired  them  with  confidence. 

12.  Notwithstanding  the  active  war  carried  on,  the  cblomes 
still  professed  aUeg&nce  to  the  British  king ;  and  protested  that 
the  sole  object  of  aU  their  measures,  was  a  redress  of  grievances, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  contest,  these  professions,  in  most  in- 
stances, were  sincere ;  but  a  state  of  hostility  produced  a  rd^ti 
change  of  sentunent.  Ih  place  of  attachment  to  monarchy  and 
to  Great  Britain,  succeeded  devotion  to  republican  principles, 
and  wishes  for  independence. 

13.  The  temporary  constitutions  adopted  by  New-Hampshire, 
and  several  other  colonies,  had  shown  with  wliat  facuity  all 
bonds  of  connexion  with  the  mother  country  could  be  dissolved. 
Essays  in  the  newspapers,  and  pamphlets  industriously^  circular 
ted,  appealing  to  the  reason  and  to  the  passions  of  the  people, 
enf<Mrced  the  necessity  and  policy  of  a  separation.  R^istance, 
It  was  oha&nred,  had  been  carried  too  far  to  allow  the  hope  that 
cordial  harmony  could  ever  be  restorad;  submission  on  any 
terms,  to  irritated  masters,  would  be  totally  unsafe ;  ami  the  al«. 


* 


160 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[ITTd. 


ternative  was  presented  of  raing  to  the  honorable  rank  of  aa 
independent  nation,  or  sinking  into  a  state  of  vassalage  which 
every  future  year  would  render  more  oppressive  and  degrading. 

14.  A  pamphlet,  entitled  <<  Common  Sense,"  and  written  bj 
Thomas  Paine,  an  Englishman,  was  universally  read,  and  moat 
highly  admired.  In  language  plain,  forcible,  and  singuiariy  well 
fitted  to  operate  on  the  public  mind,  he  portraved  the  excellen 
cies  of  republican  institutions,  and  attacked,  with  happy  and  sue* 
cessful  ridicule,  the  principles  of  hereditaiy  government.  The 
effect  of  the  pamphlet.  In  making  converts,  was  astonishing,  and 
is  probably  without  precedent  in  the  annals  of  Uterature. 

15.  As  a  step  preparatory  to  independence,  congress,  on  tb« 
15th  of  May,  recommended  ^to  those  colonies  that  had  not  yet 
adopted  constitutions,  to  establish,  without  any  limitation  oi 
time,  <<  such  governments  as  might  best  conduce  to  the  happi« 
ness  and  safety  of  the  people. '^  The  recommendation'  was  ge* 
nerally  complied  with,  and  in  every  instance  the  government 
was  not  only  entirely  elective,  but  elective  at  such  short  periods 
as  to  impresc  upon  rulers  their  immediate  accountabkness  to\the 
people,  and  upon  the  people  a  just  opinion  of  their  own  impor* 
tance,  and  a  convictidn  of  thetr  safety  from  misnile. 

16.  The  colonies  had  become  accustomed  to  coniemplato 
themselves  as  sovereign  states ;  and  the  ffOVvfimentB  of  many 
expressed  their  desire  that  congress  wouUTdidlare  them  such  to 
the  worid.  On  the  7lh  of  June,  a  reaoluHaD  to  that  effieet  was 
proposed,  m  that  body,  by  Richard  Henry  Lee,,  of  Yfarginia,  aad 
seconded  by  John  Adamtf^  of  M  assachusdts.  Wbib  under  con 
sideration,  tb^  colonies,  which  had  not  expressed  their  approba* 
tkm  of  the  measure,  declared  thehr  concurrenee.  A  committee, 
consisting  of  Messrs.  Jefferson,  Adams,  FrankUn,  Sherman, 
aiid  Lhrhigston,  were  instructed  to  preoare  a  Dedantton  of  In 
dependence,  which,  on  the  fourth  of  Jiuyi  a  memorable  day,  wai 
almost  unanimously  adopted. 

17.  "  We  hold  these  truths,*'  aays  this  celebrated  state  paper, 
<Uo  be  self  evident,  tliat  all  mankhid  are  created  equal ;  that 
they  are  endowed  by  thehr  Creator  with  certabi  unalienable 
rights ;  thai  «^.iOng  these,  are  life,  liberty^  and  the  pursuit  of  hap- 
piness ;  that  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are  instituted 
among  !nen,  deriving  thehr  jusi  powers  from  the  consent  of  the 
governed ;  that  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes  de- 
structive of  these  ends^  it  is  the  right  of  the  peojpls  to  alter  or 
abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  government,  laymg  its  founda 
tions  on  such  principles,  and  orffanising4ts  powers  m  such  form. 
as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  hup 
riness.'* 


RKTOLtmaNART  WAR. 


161 


18.  7o  justify  the  ezercife,  on  the  present  occa^ion^  of  the 
ri^t  here  asserted,  a  long  enumeration  is  made  of  the  ipjuries 
inflicted  upon  the  colonies,  by  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  ifdiich 
is  closed  by  declaring  that  <<  a  prince,  whose  chanicter  ia  thus 
mariced  by  every  act  which  may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be 
the  ruler  ofa  free  people."        " 

19.  The  appeals  which  had  been .  made  to  the  people  of 
Great  Britain,  are  also  recounted  ;  <*  but  they  too  have  been 
deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  consanguinity.  We  must  there- 
fore acquiesce  to  the  necessity  which  denounces  our  separation, 
and  hold  them,  as  we  h^  the  rest  of  mankind,  enemies  in  war, 
in  peace  friends. 

20.  <<We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  in  general  congress  assembled,  appealing  to  the 
Supreme  Judge  of  the  World  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions, 
do,  in  the  name,  and  by  the  authority,  of  the  good  people  of  these 
colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare,  that  these  United  Colo- 
nies are,  and  of  right  out  to  be,  free  and  indepenoent  states  ; 
that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown, 
and  thai  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  state  of 
Great  Britain  is,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved  ;  and 
that,  as  fiee  and  independenletates,  they  have  full  power  to  levy 
war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  establish  commerce, 
and  do  all  other  acts  and  things  which  independent  states  may  of 
rifffat  do.  And  for  the  support  of  this  declaration,  with  a  firm 
rniance  on  the  protection  of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually 

to  each  other  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred 


n 


r. 


21.  This  declaration  was  conunuiUcated  to  the  army,  and 
received  with  ^enthusiastic  plaudits.  A  great  majority  of  the 
people  welcomed  it  with  joy,  which  was  displayed,  in  almost 
every  city,  by  extraordmary  public  festivities.  Those  who  had 
been  denominated  tories,  were  averse  to  a  separation.  Many 
joined  the  royal  armies,  and  exhibited,  during  tne  war,  the  most 
cruel  hostility  against  the  whigs^  their  countrymen. 

22.  During  the  spring  and  summer,  unremitted  exertions 
were  made  to  fortify  the  city  of  New- York,  against  which,  it 
was  supposed,  the  whole  strength  of  th«  enemy  would  be  next 
directed.  In  this  crisis,  the  people  of  that  state  act^  with 
spirit  and  firmness.  One  fourth  of  the  militia  of  the  counties 
contiguous  to  the  city,  were  called  Into  the  public  service.  Yet 
the  means,  in  the  power  of  the  commander-in-chief,  were  not 
RdequtM  to  the  emergency.  He  had  under  his  command  but 
fourteen  thoonuMl  effective  men  ;  and  was  almost  destitute  of 
nnaiiy  trticlet  which  impart  strength  as  well  as  comfort  to  an 

0  2 


.  <if  ^  ■ 


v!  i 

1);: 

1   ) 

,,"!, 

Jl' 

i 

! 

1 

168 


REYOLUTIONABT  WAE. 


lips. 


ii  " 


anny.  A9  it  was  in  the  power  or  the  enemy  to  choose  tl^eir 
point  of  attack,  this  force  was  necessarilj  divided.  A  jpart  wiere 
stationed  in  the  citj^  ^  part  at  Brooldyn,  on  hohg  Iramd,  and 
small  detaclimenfeB  alt  various  other  posts. 

23.  In  the  beginninff  of  Jidy,  admiral  and  genera!  Howe  ar- 
rived in  the  harbor  of  Kew-Tork.  They  were  accompanied  by 
a  powerful  naval  force,  and  by  an  army  of  twenty-four  thousand 
men,  abundantly  supplied  with  military  stores.  The  troops 
were  landed  on  Staten  Ishmd,  a  position  from  which  ulterior 
movements  could  most  conveniently  be  made. 

24.  General  Washington,  presuming  that  the.  first  attack 
would  be  made  upon  the  posts  at  Brooklyn,  strengthened  it  by  a 
detachment  of  troops  from  the  city,  and  gave  tbe  command  of 
it  to  general  Putnam.  On  the  22d  of  August,  the  British  forces 
were  landed  on  the  opposite  side  of  Long  Island.  The  two  ar- 
mies  were  now  about  four  miles  asunder,  and  were  separated 
by  a  range  of  hills,  over  which  passed  three  main  roads.  Va- 
rious circumstances  led  general  Putnam  %o  suspect  that  the  ene- 
my intended  to  approach  H*.m  by  the  road  leading  to  his  rkht, 
which  he  therefore  guarded  with  most  care. 

25.  Very  early  in  the  morning  of  the  26tb,  his  suspicions 
were  strengthened  by  the  approach,  upon  that  road,  of  a  column 
of  British  troops,  and  upon  the  centre  road,  of  a  column  of 
Hessians.  To  oppose  these,  the  American  troops  were  mostly 
drawn  from  their  camp,  and  in  the  engagements  which  took 
place,  evinced  considerable  bravery. 

26.  These  movements  of  the  enemy  were  but  feints  to  divert 
the  attention  of  Putnam  from  the  road  which  led  to  his  left, 
along  which  general  Clinton  was  silently  advancing  with  the 
nudn  body  of  the  British  army.  The  report  f  T  ::annon  in  that 
direction  gave  the  first  hitimation  of  the  danger  which  was  ap- 
proaching. The  Americans  endeavoured  to  escape  it,  by  re- 
turning, with  the  utmost  celerity,  to  their  camp.  They  were 
not  able  to  arrive  there  in  time,  but  were  intercepted  by  general 
Clinton,  who  drove  them  back  upon  the  Hessians. 

27.  Attacked  thus  in  front  and  rear,  the>  fought  a  succession 
of  skirmiBhes,  in  the  course  of  which  many  were  killed,  many 
made  prisoners,  and  several  parties,  seizing  favourable  oppor* 
tunitic%  forced  their  way  throu^  the  enemy,  and  regained  the 
camp.  A  bold  and  vigarous  charse,  made  by  th^  American 
general,  lord  Steriing,  at  the  head  of  a  Maryland  regiment, 
enabled  a  large  body  to  escape  in  this  manii^r.  This  regiment, 
fighting  with  desperate  bravery,  kept  a  force  greatly  superior 
engaged,  until  their  comrades  had  passed  bv,  when  the  few  who 
survived,  ceasing  to  resist,  surrendered  to  the  enemy. 


iW.3 


RETOLTJTIONABY  WAB. 


103 


28.  The  loss  of  the  Aimeiicans,  in  kHled^  WQiupic(i^  a^d  pri- 
sonefSi  coBsiclerably  exceeded  a  thousand.  Amonff  the  latter 
were  generals  Sullivan,  Sterling,  and  WoodfauU.  Tne  total  loss 
of  the  enemy  was  less  than  fopr  hundred,  ^hey  encamped  at 
night  before  the  American  lines ;  and  the  next  day  began  to  erect 
batteries  withui  six  hundred  yards  of  their  left. 

29.  While  the  battle  was  ragiug,  general  Washhigton  passed 
over  to  Brooklyn,  where  he  witnessed,  with  inexpressible  anguish, 
the  destruction  of  his  best  troops,  from  which,  such  was  the  su- 
periority of  the  enemy,  it  was  impossible  to  save  them.  Finding 
the  men  dispirited  by  defeat,  he  determined  to  remove  them  to 
the  city.  The  retreat  was  effected,  on  the  night  of  the  28th, 
with  such  silence  and  despatch,  that  before  we  sui^icions  of 
the  enemy  were  excited,  the  last  division  of  boats  wa  >  beyond 
the  reach  of  their  fire. 

30.  So  disheartened  were  the  militia,  that  they  deserted  by 
companies ;  and  even  the  regular  troops  were  infected  by  their 
example.  Near  the  middle  of  September,  the  commander-in- 
chief,  fearing  to  be  enclosed  in  the  city,  retired  to  the  heights  of 
Haerlem.  The  enemy  immediately  took  possession.  A  few 
days  afterwards,  a  fire  broke  out  which  consumed  about  a  thou- 
sand houses. 

31.  General  Washington^  after  icflecting  upon  the  events 
which  had  already  occurred  ;  after  considering  the  inexperience 
of  his  troops,  the  condition  of  the  country,  and  the  distance  of 
the  enemy  from  their  resources,  detennined  to  adopt  a  cautious 
8)^em  of  warfare ;  to  risk  at  present  no  general  engagement ; 
to  harass  and  wear  out  the  enemy  by  keeping  them  in  continual 
motion;  and  to  inspire  his  own  troops  with  courage,  by  engaging 
them  in  skirmishes,  in  all  cases  where  success  was  probable.  In 
one,  fought  on  the  sixth  of  September^  the  brave  colonel  Knowl- 
ton  was  kilied ;  but  the  result  was  so  decidedly  favorable  to  thr 
Americans,  that  the  troops  recovered  their  spirits ;  and  the  general 
was  confirmed  in  tlie  system  he  had  adopted. 

32.  The  movements  of  the  enemy,  in  the  beginning  of  October, 
indicated  an  intention  of  gaining  the  rear  of  the  Americans,  and 
cutting  off  their  communication  with  the  eastern  states.  Tlie 
army,  tlierefore,  quitting  Haerlem,  moved  northward  towards. 
White  Plains.  General  Howe  pursued,  making  several  attempts 
to  bring  on  a  general  engagement,  which  Washington  avoided 
by  skilful  changes  of  position.  A  partial  action  was  fought,  on 
the  18th  of  October,  in  which  the  luss  on  both  sides  was  nearly 
equal. 

S3.  Finding  his  antagonist  too  cautious  to  be  drawn  into  the 
<DfD  field,  and  too  strong  to  be  attacked  hi  his  entrenchments. 


I 


164 


RE^bttJTIONAHt  WAR. 


iirre. 


gen^til  Howe  deteinninied  to  return  towanls  New-Toi4(,  and  at- 
tack forts  WsB^ington  and  Lee,  situated  opposite  to  each  other 
on  the  banksrof  the  lludson,  and  about  ten  miles  above  the  city. 
In  these  forts,  garrisons  had  been  left,  from  a  wish  to  preserve' 
the  command  of  this  important  river.  That  in  fort  Washington, 
consisting  in  part  of  militia,  amounted  to  two  thousand  seven 
hundred  men,  under  Oblonel  Magaw. 

34.  On  the  16th  of  November,  four  divisions  of  the  enemy's 
army,  led  by  their  principal  officers,  attacked  it  in  four  different 
quarters.  The  garrison,  and  particiilr' 'y  the  riflemen  under 
colonel  Rawlings,  fought  bravely.  Th«  Germans  were  several 
times  driven  back,  wifii  great  loss,  "^ut  liiese  combined  and 
vigorous  attacks  were  at  length  successiul.  The  sn^munition  in 
the  fort  being  nearly  exhausted,  and  all  the  out  posts  driveii  in, 
the  commander,  on  being  a  second  time  summjned,  agreed  to 
capitulate,  on  honorable  terms.  This  was  the  severest  blow  the 
Americans  had  yet  felt.  The  loss  of  the  enemy,  however,  in 
killed  and  wounded,  was  supposed  to  be  twelve  hundred  men. 

35.  Fort  Lee  was  immediately  evacuated,  the  garrison  jomlng 
general  Washington.  He  had  previously,  with  one  division  of 
his  army,  crossed  over  into  New-Jersey,  leaving  the  other,  under 
the  command  of  general  hr.%  in  New- York.  His  force,  even 
when  augmented  by  the  ganison,  consisted  of  but  three  thousand 
effective  men,  and  they  were  destitute  of  tents,  of  blankets,  and 
even  of  utensils  to  cook  their  provisions.  His  first  station  was 
Newark ;  but  the  enemy  pursuing  him,  he  was  compelled  to 
retreat  successively  to  Brunswick,  to  Princeton,  to  Trenton,  and 
finally  to  cro|^  the  Delaware  into  Pennsylvania ;  and  so  close 
was  the  pursuit,  that  the  advance  of  the  British  army  was  often 
In  sight. 

36.  Small  as  was  his  force  when  llie  retreat  began,  it  dimi- 
nished daily.  On  the  last  of  November,  many  of  his  troops 
were  entitled  to  theur  discharge,  and  not  one  of  them  could  bt) 
persuaded  to  continue  an  other  day  in  service.  Such  he  t'eared 
would  be  the  conduct  of  the  I'emainder,  whose  time  would  expire 
at  the  end  of  the  year.  In  this  extremity,  he  urged  general  Lee 
to  hasten  to  his  assistance ;  but  that  officer,  having  other  pur- 
poses in  view,  delayed  his  march.  He  called  on  the  militia  of 
New-Jersey  and  Pen  \sylvania,  but  none  obeyed  his  call.  The 
population  around  him  were  hostile  or  desponding,  and  withheld 
all  aid  firom  an  army  whose  career  seemed  near  its  termination. 

87.  In  this  darkest  hour  in  American  historv,  general  Howe 
iftuec'i  a  proclamation  offering  pardon  to  all  who  woukl  declare 
tlieir  ttubmiMiQn  to  royal  authority.  The  contrast  betweeiiu 
rag|«d,  sufierltigy  retreating  army,  and  a  full-clad,  powerful, 


fine.     W'^^^l  EEVOLUTIONARY  WAR, 


165 


rk,  and  at- 
sach  otiiier 
re  the  city. 
0  preserve ' 
atmington, 
iand  seven 

le  enemy's 
IT  different 
nen  under 
ere  Sf-veral 
ibinod  and 
minition  in 
driveii  in, 
agreed  to 
St  blow  the 
jwever,  in 
dred  men. 
son  joining 
division  of 
ther,  under 
fbrcie,  even 
ie  thousand 
mkets,  and 
station  was 
mpeiled  to 
•enton,  and 
d  so  close 
r  was  often 

n,  it  dlmi' 
his  troops 
I  could  he 
1  he  leared 
ould  expire 
eneral  Lee 
other  pur- 
militia  of 
call.  The 
td  withiield 
(rmination. 
eral  Howe 
Lild  declare 
betweei-i  u 
powerful. 


emltiiiff  foe,  induced  many,  despairing  of  success,  to  abandon  (he 
Iciuse  ujey  had  e^oused,  and  accept  of  paidon.  Among  them 
Ivere  B(r.  GaUoway,  and  Mr.  Allen,  who  had  been  members  of 
Idta  continental  Congress. 

38.  As  the  British  army  approached  Philadelphia,  congress 
Illumed  to  Baltimore,  having  previously  invested  general 
InashingtCL  with  '<  full  power  to  onler  and  direct  all  things  re- 
llative  io  the  department,  and  to  the  operations  of  war."  Such 
luDliirited  authority  could  not  have  been  placed  in  hands  more 

wollhy  to  hold  it.  To  the  elastic  enei^  of  his  mind,  and  his 
pfsct  self-possession  in  the  most  desperate  circumstances,  is 
I  ^rica,  in  a  great  degree,  indebted  for  her  uidependence. 

39.  On  the  day  that  he  was  driven  over  the  Delaware,  the 
JMtifih  took  possession  of  Rhode  Island.  On  the  13th  of  De- 
cember, general  Lee,  having  wandered  from  his  amiy,  was  sur- 
prised and  taken  prisoner^  In  the  experience  and  talents  of  this 
I  officer,  the  people  reposed  great  conndence,  and  they  lamented 

loss  like  that  of  an  army.  In  its  consequences,  his  capture 
I  was  fortunate.  The  command  of  his  division  devolved  upqn 
I  general  Sullivan,  who  conducted  it  promptly  to  general  Wash- 
ington, augmenting  his  anny  to  nearly  seven  thousand  effective 

40.  Stfll  80  much  stronger  were  the  enemy,  that  they  regard- 
ed the  rabels,  for  so  they  delighted  to  call  the  patrioid  of  that 
day,  as  almost  subdued,  and  doubted  net  that  a  vigorous  attempt, 
whenever  t^ey  should  be  disposed  to  make  it,  would  place  in 
tkir  powor  the  handful  of  men  before  them.  They  rioted  upon 
the  plunder  of  the  country,  and  enjoyed  in  prospect  the  fruits  of 
IQ  aaaured  and  decisive  victory. 

41.  Wavhington  saw  that  this  tide  of  ill  fortune  must  be  stem- 
med— miut  even  be  rolled  back  upon  the  enemy— or  It  would 
soon  overwhelm  his  country.  He  resolved  to  hazard  all  that 
wai  left  in  one  vigorous  effort  for  victory.  On  the  night  of  the 
2IHh  December,  at  the  head  of  two  tliousand  four  hunmred  men, 
he  crossed  the  Delaware  at  Trenton,  ^^urprised  a  body  of  He:)- 
sians  stattoned  at  that  place,  took  r.me  hundred  prisoners,  and 
immediately  recrosaed,  having  lo*2l  but  nine  of  his  men. 

42.  This  sudden  and  severe  blow  awakened  the  enemy  to  ac- 
tivity. Cnmwallis,  who  had  repaired  to  New- York,  intinisting 
to  his  inferior  officers  the  task  of  finighini^  the  war,  returned, 
vrith  additional  troops,  to  regain  the  ground  that  had  been  lost. 
He  concentrated  his  tbrces  at  Princeton ;  and  soon  after,  Wash- 
ington, having  been  joined  by  a  body  of  Pennsylvania  militia, 
and  persuaded  the  New-England  troops  to  seiire  six  weeks  lo'^- 
gpr,  again  crossed  the  Delaware  and  took  post  at  Trenlon.    • 


I  r- 

■'§> 


I-'   , 


Ml 


I 


:'M 


ri 


I) 

i ,' , '  ■■  ■  f 

I 

P 

^1 


160 


EEVOLUTIONARl  WAR. 


erne 


0  ,i 


'  43.  On  the  2d  of  Janutviry,  1777,  the  greater  part  of  the  Bri. 
dsh  army  marched  to  att^u^k  the  Americans.  >  In  thfe  evening 
they  encamped  near  Trenton,  m  full  expectation  of  a  battle  and 
victory  in  the  morning.  Washington,  sensible  of  the  infenority 
of  his  force ;  sensible  too  that  flight  would  be  almost  as  fatal  as ' 
defeat,  conceived  another  bold  project  which  he  resoked  in. 
stantly  to  execute. 

44.  About  midnight,  fakvbg  renewed  his  fires,  he  silently  de- 
camped, and  gaining,  by  a  cifcuitous  route,  the  rear  of  the  ent* 
my,  marched  towanls  Princeton,  wheri!:  he  presumed  Comwai- 
fis  had  left  a  part  of  his  troops..  At  sunrise,  the  van  of  ih 
American  forces  met  unexpectedly  two  British  regiments.  A  i 
sharp  action  ensued ;  the  former  gave  way.  At  tbie  crisis,  when 
^1  was  at  stake,  the  commander'-in-Ghief  led  the  main  body  to 
the  attack.  TLe  tnemy  were  routed  and  fled.  Fortunotdythe 
heroic  Washington,  though  exposed  to  both  fices,  and  but  a  few 
yards  distant  fi'om  either  party,  escaped  unhurt. 

45.  Instead  of  pui^uing  f  hem,  he  pressed  forward  to  Prince- 
ton, where  one  regiment  jyi  remained.  Part  saved  themselves 
by  a  precipitate  flight ;  about  tiiree  hundred  were  made  prison- 
ers. The  British  loss  in  kilicHv  was  upwards  of  one  hundred ; 
the  American  was  less,  but  in  me  number  were  the  brave  gene- 
ral Mercer,  and  several  valuable  officers.  Among  the  wounded 
was  lieutenant  James  Monroe,  afterwards  raised  to  the  highest 
ofRce  hi  the  gift  of  his  fellow  citizens. 

46.  Iii  consternation,  the  British  army  immediately  evacuated 
Trenton,  ai^'d  retreated  to  New-Brunswick.  The  iifliabitants, 
resuming  tht^k*  courage,  and  giving  full  force  to  their  rage,  which 
fear  had  smothered,  took  revenge  for  the  brutalities  they  had 
suffered.  The  enemy  were  driven  from  all  their  posts  in  New- 
Jersey,  except  Amboy  and  Brunswick,  and  the  American  army 
obtained  secure  winter  quarters  at  Morristown. 

47.  The  brilliant  victories  at  Trenton  and  Princeton  raised, 
from  the  lowest  depression,  the  spirits  of  the  American  people. 
They  regarded  Washington  as  the  saviour  of  his  country.  He 
became  ue  theme  of  eulogy  throughout  Europe.  And  having 
displayed,  as  occasions  demanded,  the  opposite  qusdities  of  cau- 
tion and  impetuosity,  he  received  the  honorable  and  appropriate 
appellation  of  the  American  Fabius. 


*     'l 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


CAMPAIGN  OF  17^7 


THE  ^rmness  manifested  by  congress,  when  disaster  and  de*, 
tnt  had  alnrmnt  annihilated  die  American  army,  eddttes  the 
metvibers  to  ihv  ^titude  and  admiration  of  eveiy  friend  of  free- 
Jom  Tbey  eiUbited  no  symptom  of  terror  or  dismay.  They 
roted  to  raise  an  army  to  take  me  place  of  that  which  was  to  be 
disbanded  at  the  end  of  the  year ;  and,  made  sensible  by  ex- 
perience that  short  enlistments  had  been  the  cause  of  most  of 
^misforti^iiies  af  their  country,  they  resolved  that  the  new  le« 
vies  should  he  enlisted  to  serve  three  years  or  during  the  war, 
tt  the  ci. ion  of  the  individual  recruits.  To  defray  expenses, 
they  made  large  emissions  of  paper  money.  And  to  evince  their 
firm  determination  to  the  world,  they  solemnly  declared  that 
they  would  listen  to  no  terms  of  peace  which  required  a  relin- 
quishment of  their  independence,  or  which  should  deprive  other 
nations  of  a  free  trade  to  their  ports. 

2.  Relying  on  the  inveterate  enmity  of  France  against  C^f^ 
Britain,  they  sent  commissioners  to  that  court,  with  instructions 
to  solicit  a  loan  of  money,  a  supply  of  munitions  of  war,  and  an 
acknowledgment  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States* 
These  commissioners  were  Ur.  Franklin,  Silas  Dean,  knd  Ar- 
thur Lee.  Franklin  arrived  at  Paris  in  December.  The  cause 
of  which  he  was  the  advocate,  and  his  own  great  fame  as  a  phi- 
losopher, procunnl  him  a  flattering  reception  from  all  ranks  of 
people.  America,  her  minister,  her  struggle  against  oppression, 
became  the  themes  of  popular  discourse,  and  the  government 
itsek"  was  rendered  in  secret  propitious  to  her  cause. 

3.  Tbe  ministry  permitted  arms,  covertly  taken  from  i& 
public  arsenals,  to  be  conveyed  to  the  United  States.  They 
connived  at  the  sale,  in  tbeir  West  India  islands,  and  even  in  the 
ports  of  France,  of  the  prizes  taken  by  American  privateers. 
The  value  of  these  prizes  made  in  the  year  1T76,  was  compu- 
ted at  five  millions  of  dollars,  and  far  exceeded  that  of  the  cap- 
tures made  by  the  enemy. 

4.  So  popular  was  the  cause  of  the  United  States,  and  so 
exalted  the  character  of  their  military  leader,  that  niiny 
French  ofiicera  sought  an  opportmiity  of  engaffing  in  thel^^^- 

I  vice.    Among  these,  the  young  Marquis  de  la  >  ayette  was  most 
Konspicious  for  his  rank,  and  most  distinguished  for  his  ardor 


I?    * 


11-" 


m 


:,hI 

i  -i   II 


168 


KEVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[imJ 


and  enthusiasiiu  At  aa  eariy  peridd,  he  communicated  to  the 
American  agents  his  wish  to  join  the  republican  armies.  Atl 
first,  ihej  encouraged  his  zeal,  but  learning  the  disasters  whict 
preceded  the  vi^tp^:  at  Tr«n|on,  they,  inrlth  honorable  frankness] 
communicated  the  Information  to  him,  and  added  that  they  wer 
so  destitute  of  funds,  that  they  could  not  even  provide  for  his  pa 
sa^  tcroBs  the  ocean. 

5.  •« If  your  country,"  replied  the  gallant  youth,  "is  indeed! 
reduced  to  this  extremity,  it  b  at  this  moment  that  my  dsparturel 
to  join  her  airmies  wUl  render  her  the  most  essential  serviee."! 
He  immediately  hired  a  vessel  to  convey  him  to  America,  wher  J 
heart-ivedinthespringof  1T57.  He  was  received  with  cor-l 
dial  aiffeetioB  by  the  people^*  became  the  bosom  friend  of  WashJ 
ington,  soHcit^  permission  to  serve  without  pay,  rjid  wasap«| 
pointed  major«geueral  in  the  army.  I 

6.  In  the  fast  campaign,  more  prisoners  had  been  taken  byl 
the  British  than  by  the  Americans.  They  were  detained  atl 
New- York,  and  were  confined  in  churches  and  prisdb  ships,! 
where  they  endured  the  eiEtremity  of  wretchedness.  Tbeyl 
were  exposed,  without  fire  and  almost  without  clothes,  to  the! 
inclemency  of  a  severe  winter ;  were  oflen  whol^  days  without| 
food,  and  when  food  was  ofiered.  It  was  but  a  miserable  pittance, 
damaged  and  loathsome.  Many  died  of  hunger,  and  pore  ot'| 
diseases,  produced  by  their  complicated  sufferings. 

7.  Washington  remonstrated  with  warmth,  and  threatened! 
retaliation.     Afler  his  victories  in  New-Jersey,  their  treatmeotl 
was  less  inhuman.     An  exchange  was  agreed  upon,  but  many, 
when  attempting  to  walk  from  their  places  of  confinement  to  the 
vessels  provided  to  convey  them  away,  fell  and  expired  in  the 
streets.     Yet  in  the  midst  of  these  unparalleled  sufferings,  thejj 
had  exhibited  fortitude  more  rare,  and  more  honorable  to  hu* 
man  nature,  than  the  highest  display  of  valor  in  battle.    To  eu-l 
t^ce  them  to  enlist  in  the  royal  army,  they  were  promised  relief 
from  misery,  and  the  enjoyment  of  sJjundance.     They  rejected! 
the  offer  vritb  disdain ;  thus  giving  to  the  world  the  noblest  proof 
of  the  absence  of  all  mercenary  motive,  and  of  the  sinceritj  [ 
and  fervor  of  their  devotion  to  their  country. 
.   8.  Near  the  end  of  May,  the  American  army»  which  had  I 
6een  augmented  by  recruits  to  almost  ten  thousand  men,  moved 
^m  Aforristown,  and  took  a  strong  position  at  Middlebrook. 
The  British,  soon  after,  left  their  encampment,  and  general 
Howe  endeavored,  by  various  movements,  to  induce  general 
Washington  to  quit  his  strong  hold  and  meet  him  on  equal  | 
ground.     But  the  latter,  adhering  to  his  Fabian  system  of  war* 
fare,  determined  to  remain  in  the  position  he  had  chosen. 


[1777J 

icated  to  thd 
armies.  All 
lasters  whicl 
>le  franknessj 
lat  they  wer 
le  for  his  pa 

1,  "  is  indeed! 
ny  departure! 
tial  service."! 
kerica,  wberj 
ed  with  corl 
sod  of  Wash-I 
,  rjid  was  ap<| 

sen  taken  byl 
B  detained  at! 

prisdn  ships,! 
biess.  They! 
clothes,  to  thel 
I  days  withoutl 
■able  pittance,! 

and  pore  otj 

id  threatened! 
keir  treatmeotl 
n,  but  manj,! 
lementtotbe 
»ired  in  the 
;erings,  theyj 
lorable  to  hu- 
tie.  To  ea- 
omised  relief! 
hey  rejected 
tiOblest  proof 
the  sincerity  I 

,  which  hwi! 
men,  moved 
fiddlebrook. 
and  general 
\uc9  general 
im  on  equal 
Btem  of  war*  I 
hoeen. 


me.] 


RETOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


16^ 


d.  General  Howe*  changing  hia  purpose,  traiunorted  his  army 
to  dtatein  Island.  He  ti^ere  embb^ea  idxte^n^  uio^^^  troops 
on  boa(rd  a  lai'ge  Iket,  and,  leaving  Sir  Hemy  dfin^n  in  com- 
mand at  New-Tork,  pi;it  out  to  ses^  on  the  Si6t(i  of  July.  His 
destination  t^duremly  ioipt  sieeret  On  the  20th  of  August, 
the  f!eet  ^ht6red  Chesapeake  bay,  and  rendered  it  certain  ihat  an 
attack  upon  Philadelphia  was  intended.  The  troops  were  landed  , 
fit  Elk  ferry,  m  Maryland,  fijfty  miles  Wutb  of  that  city. 

10.  The  ^ericaln  ariiiy  mitaiediately  crossed  the  Delaware, 
and,  {fa^u^  throiigh  PbOadelpbaa,  directed  Jtes  march  towards 
the  enemy,  the  neo^fiej,  ^eary  of  delays  and  indecisive  move- 
ments^ d^nianded  tuai  a  general  ehga^ment^iould  be  hazarded 
for  the  delTeince  df  the  m^ropo^.  Washington,  yielding  to  their 
wishes,  took  a  pdatioh  op  the  eastern  bank  of  Brandywme  creek, 
^  in  th^  dirabiion  of  the  enemy's  route. 

11.  On  the  eleventh  of  Sc^ptetnber,  t^e  British  army  appeared, 
and,  c^iodshig  ^  cr^  at  several  fords,  comni^cea  an  attack 
upon  ibe  Aihierican  rijidht,  which,  after  a  short  resistance,  gave 
way.  I  The  o&er  divimbns.  successively  attaclced,ga^e  way  un 
Bice  matmer,  and  the  nmt  Deconilng  general,  a  retreat  was  or- 
deftd  to  Chesfei^. 

12.  SeveMj^brtlbns  of  the  American  anny,  particularly  a 
brigade  from  Yurginku  ^exhibited  in  this  battie  great  fimmess  and 
braveiy.  The  miscimict  of  others  rende^  their  bravery 
nnavsdlhig.  The  Amei^|^  loss  amounted  to  twelve  hundred ; 
die  BrhMk  to  no  more  tl&i  half  that  number.  The  Marquis  de 
la  S^yette  took  part  hi  ^e  engagement  and  was  wounded.  The 
next  da^,  (iie  ahny  retured  to  Philadebhia,  -and  soon  after  to 
filing,  whei%  a  quantity  of  stores  had  been  deposited.  The 
reireatwasperfonned  without  a  murmur,  althou^  many  marched  ^ 
widiout ^oed,  iiiid  dlept  on'  the  ground  witlio{%  blankets.  On" 
the  26th  of  September,  general  Howe  entered  Philadelphia  in 
triumph,  Gongi^ss  having  previously  removed  to  Lancaster. 

13.  Th^  transactions  m  the  contending  armies  ^  the  north, 
since  the  termination  of  the  e3qpe(|ition  to  Canada,  now  demand 
our  attention.  The  Americans  halted  at  Grownpomt,  the  British 
&t  St.  Johns,  and  both  employed  the  remainder  of  the  summer 
m  building  vessels  and  maJkhig  preparations  to  secure  the  com- 
mand of  lake  Ghampldn. 

14.  On  the  11th  of  October,  1776,  the  American  and  British 
iquadrons  met,  colonel  Arnold,  who  had  been  a  sailor  in  his 
)^outh,  commanding  the  former.  After  a  short  contest,  the 
^my,  not  being  then  able  to  bring  their  whole  force  into  action, 
i^th<ed.  The  hext  day,  they  returned  td  the  combat,  and  being 
9^t1y  superior,  drove  the  American  squadron  before  them,  to 


W 


'  t. 


<,  / 


■■t  1 


Hi. 


i 


f.  1 


170 


KEVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[1776 


the  head  of  the  lake.    A  ^arp  action  then  took  place ;  theofii 
cers  and  men  foiight  gallantly,  but  Arnold  losing;  a  part  of  h^ 
force,  and  perceiving  defeat  to  be  inevitsJ)le»  ran  the  remainder 
of  his  vessels  on  shore  and  set  them  on  fire. 

15.  Winter  approaching,  governor  Garleton  returned  with  his 
troops  tP  Canada.  General  Bu]*goyne,  who  had  served  under 
him  dunng  th6  lastt;ampaugn,  made  a  voyage  to  England  to  coq. 
carta  plan  for  future  operations.  It  was  determined  that  a 
powerful  army,  departing  from  Montreal,  should  proceed,  by 
way  of  lake  Champlam,  to  the  Hudson,  with  the  view  of  obtain- 
ing, by  the  co-operation  of  the  army  at  New-Tork,  the  entire 
command  of  that  river.  All  communication  between  the  states 
of  New-England,  and  the  others  lying  south  of  them,  would  thus 
be  prevented.  Either  section,  alone  and  unsupported,  could,  it 
vras  supposed,  be  easily  subdued ;  and  the  whole  strength  of  tlie 
nation  might  then  be  directed  against  the  other. 

16.  Nothing  was  omitted  which  might  insure  the  success  of 
this  project  Seven  thousand  choice  troops,  to  be  sent  from 
England,  were  allotieu  to  the  service.  They  were  supplied  with 
an  excellent  train  of  brass  artillery,  and  with  every  thing  which 
could  add  to  their  efficiency  as  an  army.  The  command  was 
given  to  Bm^gojme,  and  several  officers  of  distinguished  reputa- 
tion  were  selected  to  serve  und^r  him. 

17.  General  Schuyler  of  New-York,  a  worthy  officer,  whose 
talents  were  solid  but  not  brilliant,  had  the  chief  command  of 
the  i^rthem  department.  He  was  indefatigable  in  making  pre- 
parations for  defence;  and  such  was  his  zeal  in  the  cause  or  in- 
dependence, and  such  his  deserved  popularity  in  his  native  state, 
that  he  doubtless  accomplished  more  than  any  other  person  could 
have  done.  StiU,  at  a  late  period  in  the  spring,  the  fortifica- 
tions were  mcomplete,  and  but  few  troops  or  munitions  of  war 
were  collected. 

18.  Very  early  in  the  season,  Burgoyne  arrived  at  Quebec. 
He  immediately  despatched  colonel  St.  Leger  with  a  party  of 
regulars,  tories,  and  Indians,  by  the  way  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to 
Oswego,  directing  him  to  proceed  thence  to  the  Mohawk,  and 
join  him  at  Albany.  With  the  main  army,  augmented,  in  Cana- 
da, to  ten  thousand  men,  he  hastened  to  Ticonderoga,  before 
which  he  appeared  on  the  first  of  July,  On  his  way,  he  held  a 
conference,  at  the  river  Bouquet,  with  a  large  number  of  savages, 
^vhom^Britisl  agents  had  persuaded  to  jom  the  army. 

19.  The  sn^rison  of  Ticonderoga,  which  was  then  commanded 
by  general  St.  Clair^  was  msumcient  to  defend  it  agamstso 
powerfild  a  force.  It  ym  ovacuatf^  in  the  night  of  the  5th,  the 
troopi  crpssing;  lake  Champlam  and  recreating  towards  Castleton, 


ITJt.] 


REVOLtrriONART  WAR. 


1)1 


ja  Yermont  The  enemy  pursaed,  and  on  the  morning  ,of  the 
Tlh,  their  van  overtook  and  attacked  the  American  rear,  under 
colonels  Francis  and  \jfxtner.  The  action  was  wann  and  well 
contested ;  but  other  troops  a.Tiving  to  the^aid  oi  the  BritSah, 
the  Americans  were  compelled  to  give  way. 

20.  The  retreat  now  became  precipitate  and  disorderiy ;  the 
pursuit  rapid  and  persevering.  At  length,  the  republican  army, 
diminished  in  number,  exhausted  by  fatigue,  and  di^irited  by 
misfortunes,  arrived,  by. various  routes,  at  fort  Edward,  on  the 
Hudson,  the  head-quartef^  of  general  Schuyler.  These  disas- 
trous events  spread  terror  and  dismay  throughout  the  land.  The 
people,  ignorant  of  the  weakness  of  the  army,  attributed  its  re- 
treat to  cowardice  or  treachery,  and  trembled  at  the  dan'gers 
which  j^^aeed  them  from  the  British,  Germans,  and  savages. 

2L  ffie  iroyal  forces,  elated  by  success,  proceeded  through 
the^wUdemess  towards  fort  Edward.  Their  progress  was  slow 
and  toilsome.  General  Schuyler,  on  their  approach,  evacuated 
the  fort,  and  retired  across  the  Hudson  to  Saratoga.  Soon  af- 
ter, he  descended  the  river  to  StiUwater ;  suid,  the  British  con- 
tinuing to  advance,  he  retreated,  on  the  14th  of  August,  to^e 
islands  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson,  a  few 
miles  north  of  Toroy.  About  the  same  time,  intelligence  was 
received,  that  St.  Leger,  having  penet«ated  from  Oswego  to  the 
Mohawk,  had  laid  siege  to  fort  Schuyler,  situated  m  the  present 
townshhs  of  Rome. 

22.  The  American  general,  before  leaving  fort  Edward,  is- 
sued a  proclamation  calling  to  his  aid  the  militia  of  New-Eng- 
land and  New-Tork.  Aroused  by  the  danger,  multitudes  obeyed 
his  call.  Vermont  poured  form  her  daring  Green-Mountain 
boys ;  the  other  states  of  New-England  their  hardy  yeomanry, 
ardent  in  the  cause  of  freedom ;  New-Toik,  her  valiant  sons, 
indignant  at  this  invasion  of  her  territory,  and  det^rmmed  to 
protect  their  property  from  pillage  and  destruction.  Thei^^^|- 
set  the  invaders  on  every  side,  impeding  their  progress,  putipl^ 
off  then-  supplies,  and  fatiguing  then^  by  incessant  attaclOU 

23.  Burgoyne,  findmgjt, difficult  to  transport  fa^  provisions 
through  the  wilderness,  despatched  colonel  Baum,  with  five  hun- 
dred Hessians,  to  seize  a  quantity  of  beef  and  flour  which  the 
Americans  had  collected  and  deposited  at  Bennington.  Fortu- 
nately, ffeneral  Stark,  at  the  head  of  a  party  of  New-Hampshire 
militia,  had  jiist  arrived  at  that  place,  on  his  way  to  tlie  main  ar- 
my, and  been  joined  by  volunteers  from  the  imm^ate  ndgh- 
boihood.  Baum,  ascertaining  their  number  to  be  greater  than 
his  own,  halted  near  Bennington,  erected  breastworks,  and  sent 
hack  for  a  reinforcement.  '  ''  , 


iM 


i'M 


^1 


172 


EEVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


ivm. 


24.  In  seversfl  skirmishes  between  small  detachments,  the 
n^tia  were  Uili^mfy  siiccessful.  This  sharpieidng  t^eir  cou- 
ra^f  Stark  resoliri^d  to  attack  the  main  body.  On  the  16th  of 
August,  a  ^erce  sLnd  sanguinary  battle  took  place.  For  two 
hours,  tli6  Hessians  fou^t  bravely,  but  their  Worics,  assaulted 
by  brayer  tro(]|)^.  wbre  at  length  entered,  and  most  of  the  de- 
tachin^ht  eithelr  killed  pr  mac}^  prisoners. 

25.  Just  after  this  action  had  terminated,  colonel  Breyman 
arrived  ynth  die  relnfqrcement  sient  to  Baum.  The  militia,  ap. 
prehending  no  danger,  had  ^spersed  in  pursuit  of  plunder  or  the 
fugitives.  By  cai^lessness  was  nearly  lost  aP  that  by  valor  had 
been  gained.  Happily,  at  this  critical  juncture,  colonel  Warner 
arrived  from  Mai{q^ester  with  a  continental  regiment,  and  im- 


mediately  jfell  upon  Breyman.  The  mil|tia,  rallyiiigr  hastened 
to  his  Stic).  The  batde  continued  until  sunset,  when  ibie  enem}- 
retreated,  and  under  cover  of  the  night  the  greater  part  effected 
their  escape. 

'^'  26.  IpKe  tide  of  fprtune  was  now  turned.  The  decisive  victory 
at  Bennington  diffiised  coi^4®nc^  and  joy.  The  friends  of  in- 
depeujlence,  before  depressed  by  disaster  and  defeat,  were  now 
animated  by  t^e  prospect,  ^hich  suddenly  burst  upon  them,  of 
n  gloriouf '  yictor}^  over  an  arrogant  and  once  dreaded  enemy 
The  gr^^st  zeal  and  a^ti^ty  were  eyenr  Where  displayed. 
Again  croiirds  of  iniUtia  ^oc^ed  to  the  republican  camp. 

27.  In  a  feW  days,  cheering  intelligence  arrived  firom  fort^chuy- 
ler.  The  |[arritfon  undef  colonels  6ansev6ort  and  WUlet,  had, 
iU'th^  midst  of  die  most  discoursing  circumsta^^  sig^- 

laiit  defence  a|^nst  tlie  |(>rc^s  of  St.  L^ger.  General  Herki- 
mer, marching  y^fllh  eig)it  bundled  n^litia  to  their  relief,  fell  into 
^n  ambuscade,  %as  difeated  and^  slain ;  but  a  larger  party  was 
speedily  collected  9nc(  immf^iately  despatched,  uiider  general 
Arnold,  upon  the  same  ^rvipe. 

2S^  Thie  Indians,  alarmed  by  their  approach,  and  fatigued  and 
disgusted  by  the  prptraicted  listbors  of  the  siege,  threatened  to 
abandon  St.  I^eger,  if  he  would  not  relinquisn  his  enterprise. 
He  reluctantly  consented,  and  with  the  loss  of  his  baggage  and 
stores  retreat^  to  Montreal.  Bu^rg^^ne  was  thus  deprived  ot' 
h|s  expected  co-operadon,  and  the  militia  of  that  part  of  the  state 
were  enabled  to  join  the  American  ^rmy. 

29J  Tl^'  disasters  which  befell  this  army  at  th^  commence- 
ment <)i|||ffit^(^paign  ^liduced  congress  to  recall  the  generals 
who  commsmded  it,  and  .to  appoint,  in  their  places,  generals 
Gates,  Lindlln,  and  A^^^l^*  Haying  the  control  of  more  abun- 
dant and  power^  means,  they  acted  with  more  energy  and 
boldness.     Gates,  leaving  the  encampment  on  the  islands,  to 


[1^7.  I ITTTO 


RiSTOLUTIONART  WAR. 


173 


hments,  the 
g  ti|eir  cou- 
the  16th  of 
•    For  two 
ra,  assaulted 
t  of  the  de- 
el  Breyman 
militia,  ap- 
iinder  or  the 
)y  valor  had 
mel  Warner 
'nt,  and  im- 
ig,  hastened 
1  die  enemy 
>art  effected 

isiye  victory 
lends  bf  in- 
'.f  were  now 
on  them,  of 
ded  enemy 
J  displayed, 
mp. 

I  fortJSchuy- 
miWt,  had, 
niade  a  gal- 
3ral  Herki- 
ief,  fell  into 
r  party  was 
ler  general 

atigued  and 
■eatened  to 
enterprise, 
iggage  and 
leprived  ot' 
[>f  the  state 

ommence- 
B  generals 
3,  generals 
lore  abun- 
aergy  and 
islands,  to 


which  Schuyler  had  retreated,  advanced,  hi  th«  l^giniiiiig  ot 
gepteinher,  to  the  neighborhood  of  Stillwater.  '-> 

^.  Burgoyne,  after  the  defeat  of  Baum,  was  obliged^p  have 
;%ur5  ,  for  provisions,  to  the  magazines  at  fort  6«op|^  \The 
luuorious  task  of  <uio  -orting  them  through  the  wildemes^  4o 
the  Hudson  bein^  a'.t.  aplished,  he  moved  forward,  and  on  tli<fr 
17th  of  September,  encamped  withm  four  miles  of  the  Ame- 
rican army. 

31.  The  next  day,  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater  was  fougtit. 
It  was  begun  by  skirmishes  between  the  scouting  parties  of  the 
two  armies,  which  wera  respectively  and  repeat^ly  reinforced, 
until  nearly  the  whole  of  each  was  engaged.  Both  fought  with 
determined  ^solution ;  they  alternately  drove  and  were  driven 
by  each  other.  A  contmual  blaze  of  fire  was  kept  up.  Men, 
and  particularly  officers,  dropped  every  moment  and  on  every 
side.     Night  put  an  end  to  the  conflict. 

32.  The  American  army  retired  to  theur  camp  ;  the  British 
lay  on  then*  arms  near  the  field  of  battle.  The  loss  of  the  former 
was  ^hree  hundred  and  nineteen  ;  that  of  the  latter  exceeded 
five  hundred.  £ach  claimed  the  vietoiy ;  the  consequenfees  of 
defeat  were  felt'  by  the  British  alone.  Their  hopes  of  success: 
were  diminished,  tiieir  Indian  allies,  the  Canadians  and  tones, 
were  disheartened  and  deserted  them.  ^ 

33.  Pressed  on  all  sides,  Burgoylft  made  freouent  and  ur- 
gent applications  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  at  New-York,  for  aid, 
and  informed  him  that,  in  expectation  of  such  aid,  be  wpv^ 
maintain  his  present  position  until  the  12th  of  October.  1^ 
diminished  the  allowance  of  provisions  to  his  soldiers,  and  having 
waited  untH  the  7th,  without  receivmg  any  intelligence  from 
Clinton,  determined  to  loaake  another  tiial  of  strength  with  his 
adversary.  f 

34.  He  ihade  dispositions  to  conunence  the  action  with  the 
right  whig  of  his  army ;  Gates,  discovering  his  design,  made 
a  sudden  and  vigorous  attack  upon  the  left.  In.  a  short  toe, 
the  whole  of  both  armies  vroa  engaged.  This  battle  was  ful^ife, 
obstinate,  and  more  bloody  than  the  other.  Arnold  was  fl- 
uently distinguished  for4iis  bravery  and  rashness.  ^  Towards 
night,  the  enemy,  who  bad  fought  with  desperate  ^or,  gave 
way.  A  part  of  their  works  were  storra^  and  taken,  and 
more  than  two  hundred  men  made  prisoners. 

35.  Darkness  put  an  end  to  this  action  also.  The  Ameri- 
cans lay  upon  ^ur  arms  near  the  enemy's  lines,  intending  to 
renew  the  battle  the  next  day ;  but  Burgoyni^^dupig  Ih^  iikht, 
wiUidrew  to  a  stronger  position.  Gates  forbdre  tioK  pttn(Ue>oe* 
lieving  that  a  bloodless  victory  was  now  in  his  power.    . 

P2 


■  U' 


B 


M 


;'^'  t 


t    . 

■ :  m 

t    J  i  - 

■  •;  ■ 

u 

m 

& 

.il 


t 


174 


li;yO{.1JT|ONARY  WAB. 


i 


'J' 
in       i! 


L 


fill 


36.  In  the  w^m  time,  Sir  Hetaey  Clinton  despsrtc|ied  general 
Taughan  with  thr^e  tjhouttiml  men,  to  endeavor, to  reltove  Bur- 
goyne.  He  asof^ed  (fbe  Hudson,  9nd  on  the  sixth  of  October, 
assaulted  and  took  fort  ISContgomc^^' ;  but  instead  of  hastening 
forward,  be  eonsunied  a  whole  week  in  pillaging  and  burning 
Esopus,  and  other  6eurii^iittg  villages  on  the  river.  He  pf^iiaps 
expected  that  tills  wanton  destruction  of  property  would  draw 
off  a  part  of  the  forces  under  Gates  ;  but  it  had  no  other  effect 
than  to  exasperate  the  inhabitants. 

87.  Burgoyne,  perceiving  that  his  antagonist  was  endeavor* 
ing  to  surround  him,  retreated  to  the  heights  of  Saratoga.  The 
Axnericans  pursued,  keeping  a  sufficient  force  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  river  to  prevent  him  from  crossing.  The  situation  of 
the  British  ttoops  was  now  distressing  in  the  extreme.  Many 
of  their  most  valued  officers  had  been  killed.  Their  strength 
was  exhausted  by  incessant  exertion ;  they  were  almost  encir- 
cled by  their  enemy,  and  were  greatly  annoyed  by  a  continual 
and  destructive  cannonade.  From  this  forlorn  condition  but 
one  mode  of  escape  remained,  a  forced  march  in  the  ni^t  to 
fort  George.  This  expedient  was  resolved  on,  and  preparations 
were  made  ;  but  the  scouts  sent  out  returned  with  intelligence 
that  a^l  the  passes  were  guarded  by  strong  bodies  of  militia. 

38.  An  account  of  provisions  was  then  taken,  and  a  supply 
for  no  more  than  three  days  was  found  on  hand.  No  hope  of 
rescue  within  that  time  could  be  indulged.  Burgoyne  summon- 
ed his  principal  officers  to  a  council.  It  is  said  tliat  nhile  de- 
liberating, a  cannon  ball  crossed  the  table  around  which  they 
9^i,  ^  By  their  unanimous  advice,  he  opened  a  negotiation  with 
the  American  general,  and  on  the  17th  of  October,  surrendered 
.  his  whole  army  prisoners  of  war. 

^.  39.  Great  were  the  rejoicings  occasioned  by  this  glorious 
victory.  Many  supposed  it  would  terminate  the  contest.  In 
the  joy  of  success,  all  feelings  of  resentment  were  forgotten 
From  regard  to  the  feelings  of  the  vanquished,  general  Gate?, 
wlttle  tliey  were  piling  their  arms,  kept  the  victorious  troi»|<^ 
witlkin  his  camp.  The  British  officers,  in  social  converse  with 
the  Americans,  were  led  to  forget  tlieir  misfortune,  and  the 
troops,  when  on  their  maix;h  to  Massachusetts,  did  not  receive 
from  the  people  that  vindictive  treatment  which  their  distressing 
depredations,  and  those  of  their  fellow  soldiers  under  Vaughaii, 
would  have  excused,  if  not  justified. 

40.  Against  this  band  of  marauders,  genenil  Gates  marched 
soon  after  th*  capitulation  was  signed  ;  but  on  learning  the  fate 
of  Burgoyne,  they  retired  to  New- York.  About  the  same  time, 
the  parrison  left  at  Tiopnderoga,  having  rendered  their  cannon 


ifn.) 


REVOLUTIONARY  WXRi 


1  •""■ 


useless,  returned  to  Canada,  and  the  northern  department  was 
restored  to  perfect  tranquility. 

41.  While  the  exertions  of  the  northsm  army  were  rewarded 
hy  brilliant  success,  that  of  the  south,  equally  brave  and  meri- 
torious, but  enfeebled  hy  the  detachments  which  Washington 
^nerously  spared  to  Oates,  sustained  distressing  reverses. 
The  greatest  was  at  Grermantown,  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadel- 
phia, where  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  was  stationed. 

42.  Upon  this  body,  at  sunrise,  on  the  fourth  of  October,  the 
American  general  made  a  bold  and  vigorous  attack.  So  sudden 
and  spirited  was  the  onset,  that  the  enemy,  unable  to  sustain  it, 
fied,  and  a  complete  victory  appeared  in  prospect.  But  six  Bri- 
tish companies,  while  retreating,  threw  Uiemselves  into  a  lai^e 
stone  house,  from  which,  in  entire  safety,  they  poured  a  destruc- 
tive fire  upon  the  American  troops.  The  pursuit  was  arrested, 
and  much  time  consumed  in  a  vain  attempt  to  demolish  tliis  for- 
tress, 

43.  The  fugitives  rallied,  and  turned  upon  the  assailants. 
Confusion  followed,  and  a  thick  fog,  which  tha-f  moment  arose, 
increased  it..  The  different  divisions,  ighoraat  of  the  positiotas 
and  success  of  the  others,  uncertain  even  as  to  their  own,  acted 
with  indecision  and  timidity.  A  retreat  was  therefore  directed, 
and  the  troops  withdrew  in  good  order. 

44.  In  this  action,  in  which  fortune  snatched  victory  from  the 
grasp  of  the  Americans,  they  sustained  a  loss  of  twelve  hundred 
men ;  that  of  the  British  was  less  than  six  hundred.  But  the 
vanquished  sustained  no  loss  of  reputation  nor  confidence.  Their 
country  applauded  the  boldness  of  the  attempt,  and  the  enemy 
felt  higlier  respect  for  their  courage  and  discipline.  . 

45.  The  British  army  soon  after  left  Germantown,  and 
inarched  to  attack  the  American  posts  on  the  river  Delaware 
below  Philadelphia.  On  the  22d  of  October,  a  body  of  twelve 
hundred  Hessians,  commanded  by  count  Donop,  maile  an  intre- 
pid assault  upon  the  fortifications  at  Red  Bank.  Tiiey  were  re- 
pulsed with  great  loss,  and  their  gallant  leader  killed. 

46.  Fort  Mifflin,  on  Mud  Island,  was  next  uttiirked.  For  six 
days  it  wjis  bravely  defended.  It  was  thnn  evacuatejl,  the  works 
having  been  almost  demolished  by  the  enemy's  artillery.  Pre- 
parations being  made  for  a  second  s»ssftult,  with  a  miicli  largev 
force,  upon  the  post  at  Red  Bank,  that  was  al'^o  evacuated,  and 
thus  was  opened  a  free  coinmunlcatioii  between  the  British  army 
and  their  fleet,  whch  had  sailed  round  to  tU  moutJi  of  tlie  De- 
laware. 

47.  After  several  movemenr*  of  the  respective  armies,  which 
had  no  important  result,  i^eneral  Washington  withdrew  to  winter 


^\ 


'r  ' 


3 


H't 


Hi' 


17a 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[irre. 


quarters  in  the  woods  of  Valley  Forge.  His  troops  were  d^ti- 
tute  of  shoes,  and  might  have  been  tracked  by  the  blood  of  their 
feet.  They  passed  the  winter  in  huts,  suffered  extreme  distress 
from  want  of  clothing  and  of  food,  but  endured  their  privations 
without  a  murmur  How  strong  must  have  been  their  iove  of 
liberty !-  With  what  lively  gratitude  ought  a  prosperous  countiy, 
indebted  to  them  for  the  most  valuable  blessings,  to  remember 
their  sufferings  and  services  1 


CHAPTER  XX. 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1778 


WHILE  the  American  armies  were  contending  in  th^  field, 
or  suffering  in  the  camp,  congress  were  occupied  in  the  per- 
formance of  duties  important  to  the  cause  of  independence.  At 
6rst,  tills  body  possessed  no  powers,  but  such  as  were  conferred 
by  the  credentials  and  instructions  given,  by  the  state  legislatures, 
to  their  respective  delegates.  Early  in  1776,  a  confederation  of 
the  states  was  proposed ;  but  until  the  15th  of  November,  1777, 
all  the  obstacles  to  the  measure  could  not  be  surmounted. 

2.  The  <<  Articles  of  Confederation''  then  adopted  by  Con- 
gress,  and  subsequently  ratified  by  the  several  assemblies,  bound 
the  states  in  a  firm  league  of  friendship  with  each  other,  for  their 
common  defence  and  the  security  of  their  liberties.  Delegates 
were  to  be  annually  appointed,  who,  when  assembled  in  con- 
gress, were  authorized  to  carry  on  war,  to  make  peace,  and  to 
exercise  the  powers  of  sovereignty  in  relation  to  foreign  nations. 
They  were  also  authorized  to  determine  the  number  of  men, 
and  the  amount  of  money  to  be  rai^,  and  to  assign  to  each  state 
its  just  proportion. 

3.  But  so  unwilling  were  tlie  states  to  relinquish  their  recently 
assumed  independence,  that  they  withheld  from  congress  the  au- 
tliority  to  make  laws  which  should  operate  directly  upon  the 
people ;  and  reserved  to  themselves  the  sole  right  of  raising  their 
pi  oportions  of  money  in  such  mamier  as  e;ich  might  deem  most 
expedient. ' 

4.  Congress  also  effected  a  thorough  reform  of  the  commit' 
etiry  department,  in  which  scandalous  n-auds  had  been  commH^d 


[1778.   I  J778] 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


177 


And  in  order  to  introduce  a  uniform  system  of  tactics  and 
discipline,  they  resolved  that  an  inspector-general  should  be  ap- 
pohted.  Subsequently  they  elected  to  £at  office  the  Baron 
Steiihin,  a  native  of  Prussia,  who  had  served  in  a  high  station  in 
1 1  the  army  of  Frederic  the  great,  and  was  well  versed  in  ibe  sys- 
tem of  manoeuvres  introduced  by  that  celebrated  commander. 

5.  The  signal  victory  at  Spratoga  exalted  the  reputation  of 
the  confederated  states,  in  every  part  of  Europe.  The  French 
Ttiinistry  no  longer  hesitated  to  acknowledge  their  independence. 
On  the  sixth  of  February,  they  concluded,  with  the  American 
commissioners,  treaties  of  commerce  and  of  alliance,  in  which 
they  generously  assented  to  terms  highly  advantageous  to  the 
states.  This  event,  so  flattering  to  the  hopes  and  the  pride  of 
the  people,  occasioned  the  liveliest  joy,  ^nd  tlie  most  ardent 
gratitude  to  France. 

6.  Among  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  the  defeat  of  their 
favorite  general  produced  astonishment,  dismay,  and  indignation. 
The  most  brilliant  success  was  anticipated  ;  the  most  ignomi' 
nious  result  had'bccurred.  The  pride  of  the  nation  was  hu mbled , 
and  they  who  had  disapproved  of  the  war,  poured  upon  the 
ministry  a  torreiit  of  invective.  To  increase  the  bitterness  of 
their  chagrin,  they  soon  learned  the  course  whicli  their  heredi- 
tary en^my  and  rival  had  resolved  to  pursue. 

7.  It  was  now  determined  in  the  cabinet,  to  grant  to  Amerirji 
all  that  she  had  demanded,  in  the  beginning  of  the  contest.  An 
act  was  passed,  declaring  that  parliament  would  not,  in  future, 
impose  any  tax  upon  the  colonies ;  and  comniiaHioners  were  sonc 
over,  authorized  to  proclaim  a  repeal  of  all  the  offensive  statutf 
and  to  treat  with  the  constituted  authorities  of  America. 

8.  The  commissioners,  arriving  at  Philadelphia  in  the  aprinr;, 
cammunicated  to  congress  the  terms  offered  by  Great  Britnin, 
which  were  at  once  unanimously  rejected.  Failing  in  t'.  uso 
of  direct  and  honorable  means,  they  attempted  bribery  aad  cor- 
niption.  To  Joseph  Reed,  a  general  in  the  army  and  a  mem- 
Iter  of  congress,  an  offer  was  made  of  ten  thousand  pounds 
•sterling,  and  any  office  within  his  majesty^s  gift  in  the  coionidi 
if  he  would  endeavor  to  effect  a  reunion  of  the  two  countricfe 
*'  1  am  not  worth  purchasing,"  he  nobly  replied,  "  but  such  as 
1  am,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  is  not  rich  enough  to  do  it." 

9.  On  receiving  official  notification  of  the  treaties  concluded 
with  her  revolted  colonies.  Great  Britain  declared  war  against 
France ;  and  the  ministry,  presuming  that  assistance  would  be 
f^^nt  them,  transmitted  orders  by  the  commissioners,  that  Pliila- 
»'«lphia  should  be  evacuated,  and  the  royal  troops  concentrated 
at  New- York.     The  execution  of  thene  oniei*;^  devolved  upon 


I 


178 


RETOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[1778. 


'I'  i  i 


Ifir  Henry  Clinton,  who,  general  Howe  having  resigned,  had 
^en  appointed  commander-in-chief.     On  the  ISth  of  June,  the 
/enemy  quitted  the  city,  and  marched  slowly  eastward. 

10.  Washington,  leaving  his  huts  in  the  forest,  hung  upon  the 
rear  of  the  British  army,  watching  for  a  favorable  opportunity 
to  offer  battle.  On  arriving  at  Monmouth,  in  New-Jersey, 
general  Lee,  who  had  lately  been  exchanged,  was  ordered  to 
take  the  command  of  five  thousand  men,  and,  early  in  the  morn- 
ing of  the  28th,  unless  there  should  be  powerful  reasons  to  the 
contrary,  to  commence  an  attack.  He  was  assured,  that  the  re- 
sidue of  the  army  should  follow  and  give  him  support. 

11.  Lee  made  dispositions  to  attack  accordingl}^,  but  perceiv- 
ing the  main  body  of  the  6nemy  returning  to  meet  him,  he 
letreated.  Washington,  advancing  to  render  the  promised  sup- 
port, saw  him  retiring,  rode  forward  and  addressed  him  in  lan- 
guage implying  disapprobation  of  his  conduct.  He  then  directed 
him  to  form  his  men,  on  ground  which  he  pointed  out,  and  there 
oppose  the  progress  of  the  enemy.  ^ 

12.  These  orders  were  executed  with  firmness.  A  watm  en 
gagement  ensued,  and  Lee,  when  forced  from  the  ground, 
brought  off  his  troops  in  good  order.  Washington,  at  this  mo- 
met.:  arrived  with  the  main  body  of  his  amiiy,  which  joined  in 
the  action,  and  compelled  the  enemy  to  fall  back  to  the  positiou 
from  which  Lee  had  been  driven. 

13.  The  day  had  been  intensely  hot;  it  was  now  almost  dark, 
and  the  troops  were  much  fatigued.  Further  operations  were 
therefore  deferred  until  the  next  morning.  In  the  night,  sir 
Henry  Clinton  silently  lefl  his  position,  and  continued  his  march 
to  New- York.  His  loss  amounted  to  near  five  hundi^ed  men ; 
that  of  the  Americans  to  three  hundred.  Heat  and  excessive 
latigue  proved  fatal  to  many. 

•*  14.  Lee,  irritable  and  proud,  could  not  forget  the  manner  in 
which  Washington  had  addressed  him ;  and  in  two  passionate 
letters,  demanded  reparation.  A  court  martial  was  instituted ; 
he  was  found  guilty  of  misconduct  on  the  day  of  battle,  and  of 
disrespect  to  the  commander-in-chief,  and  was  suspended  from 
tommand  for  one  year.  He  never  afterwards  joined  the  ai*ni y, 
but  died  in  seclusion  just  before  the  close  of  the  war. 

15.  The  en^ny  having  entered  New- York,  Washhagton  con 
ducted  his  army  to  White  Plains.  Congress  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia; and  in  July  received,  with  inexpressible  joy,  a  lettfi 
irom  the  count  d'  Estaing^  announcing  hm  arrival  on  the  coast 
of  the  United  States,  wUb  a  large  fleet,  which  had  been  sent,  by 
the  king  of  France,  to  assist  them  in  tlwir  stiniggle  for  indepen- 
dence. 


[177a 

esigned,  had 
of  June,  the 

ung  upon  the 
opportunity 
New-Jersey, 
I  ordered  to 
in  the  morn- 
asons  to  the 
,  that  the  re- 
rt. 

but  perceiv- 
eet  him,  he 
'omised  sup- 
him  in  Ian- 
then  directed 
uty  and  there 

A  watm  en 

the  ground, 
at  this  mo- 

^h  joined  in 
the  position 

almontdark, 
rations  m  ere 
le  night,  sir 
jd  his  march 
idi^d  men; 
d  excessive 

!  manner  ia 
I  passionate 
I  instituted; 
ttle,  and  ol* 
snded  from 
d  the  ai'niy, 

IngtOn  con 
sd  to  Pliila- 
►y,  a  letter 
1  the  const 
en  sent,  by 
3r  indepen- 


X^^l 


REVOLUTIONARY 


16.  The  count  intended  to  suiprise  admiral  Howe  *n  the  De- 
laware, but  adverse  winds  detained  him  on  the  passage,  until  tlie 
British  fleet  had  sailed  for  New- York.  He  appeared  before 
that  harbor,  but  on  sounding  found  that  his  largest  ships  could 
not  enter  it.  A  combmed  attack,  by  land  and  water,  upon  the 
British  forces  at  Newport^  hi  Rhode  Island,  was  then  projected. 

17.  General  SuUivan,  who  had  been  appohited  to  command 
the  troops,  called  upon  the  militia  of  New-England  to  aid  him 
ia  the  enterprise.  His  army  soon  amounted  to  ten  thousand 
men,  and,  as  he  was  supported  by  the  fleet,  he  felt  confidei:t  oi 
success.  On  ^e  ninth  of  August,  he  took  a  position  on  the 
north  end  of  Rhode  Island,  and  sdlerwards  moved  nearer  to 
Newport.  Admiral  Howe,  having  received  a  reinforc<nnent, 
now  appeared  before  the  harbor,  and  the  count  instantly  put  to 
sea  to  attack  him. 

18.  While  making  the  preparatoiy  manoeuvres,  a  furious  storm 
came  on,  which  damaged  and  dispersed  both  fleets.  As  soon  as 
the  weather  would  permit,  each  commander  sought  the  port  from 
which  he  had  sailed.  The  army,  intent  upon  their  own  object, 
witnessed  with  joy  the  return  of  the  French  fleet ;  and  great  was 
Iheir  disappointment  when  the  count  announced  his  intention  of 
proceeding  to  Boston  to  refit.  The  American  officers  remon- 
strated, but  he  was  inflexible  and  departed. 

19.  The  army,  deserted  by  the  fleet,  could  remain  no  longer, 
with  safety,  on  the  island,  as  the  enemy  might  easily  transport, 
by  water,  large  reinforcements  from  New- York  to  Newport. 
Genera!  Sullivan  immediately  retreated  to  his  first  position.  He 
was  pursued,  and  shortly  after  halting,  was  attacked  by  the  ene- 
my.   They  wete  gallantly  resisted  and  repulsed  with  loss. 

20.  The  next  day,  the  two  armies  connonaded  each  other, 
and  the  succeeding  night  the  American  general,  deceiving  the 
enemy  by  a  show  of  resistance  to  the  last,  made  a  skilful  retreat 
to  the  continent.  A  few  hours  afterwards,  the  British  received 
such  an  augmentation  of  their  force,  that  all  resistance,  on  the 
part  of  the  Americans,  would  have  been  vain.  At  the  close  of 
the  season,  the  French  fleet  sailed  to  the  West  Indies. 

21.  During  this  year,  the  British  troops  and  their  allies  dis- 
played, in  several  instances,  a  degree  of  barbarity  seldom  equal- 
led in  contests  between  civilized  nations.  That  they  were  con- 
tending against  revolted  subjects,  seemed  to  release  f4:em,  in 
tlieir  view,  from  all  regarH  to  the  common  usages  of  war.  The 
lite  alliance  with  France,  the  hated  rival  of  their  nation  increas- 
«;(!  their  hostility.  Instead  of  striving  to  conquer  an  honorable 
t'e,  they  thirsted  uy  for  vengirdince  on  a  criminal  and  outlaw.    ^ 

With  B\\rh  vmdictivft  tv-flinirs,  Wyomirur,  y  happy  ail- 


1 


'to 


180 


J^EVbLUTIONlRY  1/tM. 


[irra  I  ^^' 


flourishing  settlement  in  Pennsylvania)  W|as  attacked  bjr  a  band 
of  toiies  and  Inaians.  l*he  men  .were  butchered,  the  koj^es 
burned,  and  the  cattle  driven  off  or  killed.  Th6$li  wbdhad  E^n 
made  widows  and  or[^ahs  were  left  witbout  s^eJtcSr  ^d  without 
food.  Seldom  has  war  spread  distress  and  ruin  dyei^  a  more  de- 
lightful region.  l^ew-Bedford,  Hartha^s  Vineyard,  Eggharbor 
and  Cherryvalley,  were  also  visited  and  ravaged  by  the  enemy. 
Ail  the  property  within  reach  was  destroyed,  and  multitudes  of 
peaceful  and  unoffending  inhabitants  were  reduced  to  poverty 
and  wretchedness. 

23.  But  in  no  instance  did  the  enemy  evince  more  ferocious, 
unrelentiBg  cruelty  than  in  their  sittack  upon  colonel  Baylor's 
ti'oop  of  light  dragoons.  While  asleep  in  a  barn  at  Tappan, 
they  were  surprised  by  a  party  under  general  Grey,  who  com- 
manded his  80^'''**^  to  use  the  bayonet  only,  arid  td  give  the  re- 
bels no  quarts '  Incapable  of  defence,  they  sued  for  mercy. 
But  the  mo9| ,  'tbetic  supplications  were  heard  without  awaken- 
ing comt --r^ii ....  in  the  commander.  Nearly  one  half  of  the 
troop  Wte  '  :>vH,';\  To  many,  repeated  thrusts  were  barbarous- 
ly given  ; .-  .on'~  as  signs  of  life  remained.  Several  who  had 
nine,  ten,  am  ven  Stabs  through  the  body,  and  were  left  for 
dead,  afterwaiu>  recovered.  A  few  escaped,  and  forty  were 
saved  by  the  humanity  of  a  British  captain,  who  dared  to  diso- 
bey the  orders  of  his  general. 

24.  Late  in  the  fall,  the  army  under  Washington  erected  huts 
neai*  MiddUbrook,  in  New-Jersey,  in  which  they  passed  the 
winter.  In  this  campaign,  but  little  on  either  side  was  accom- 
plished. The  alliance  with  France  gave  birth  to  expectations 
which  events  did  not  fulfil ;  yet  the  presence  of  her  fleets  on  the 
coast  deraim^ed  the  plans  of  Uie  enemy,  and  induced  them  to  re- 
linqiiidh  a  part  of  their  corquests.  At  the  close  >f  the  year,  it 
wm  apparent  that  Gre-^  Britain  had  made  no  progress  in  the 
accomplishment  of  her  purposes. 


^  CHAPTER  XXL 


CAMPAIGN  OP  1779. 


[K  eaidpi^  of  1779,  was  distinguished  by  a  duoige  of  the^ 
theatre  of  wai^,  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  section  of  the 
eonfederaey.  Thither  the  enemy  were  invited  by  the  prospect 
of  easier  victory.  The  country  was  rendered  weak  by  its  scat- 
tered population,  by  the  multitude  of  slaves,  ^nd  by  the  number 
of  tories  intermingled  with  the  whigs. 

2.  Near  the  close  of  the  preceding  year,  lieutenant-colonel 
Campbell,  with  2500  men,  sailed  from  New- York  to  the  coast  ;>f 
Georgia,  and  landed  his  troops.  Marching  towards  Savannah,^the 
capital,  he  met  on  his  route  a  small  body  of  Americans,  whom  he 
defeated,  and  immediately  took  possession  of  the  city.  A  de- 
tachment from  Florida  under  general  Prevost  invested  Sunbury, 
which,  after  the  fall  of  the  capital,  surrendered  at  discretion, 
lliese  were  tlie  only  military  posts  in  Georgia.  All  the  troops 
that  could  escape  retreated  into  South- Carolina. 

3.  Soon  a^r  the  conquest  of  Georgia,  general  Lincoln  took 
command  of  tlie  American  troops  in  the  southern  department. 
Id  April,  leaving  South- Carolina,  he  marched  into  the  interior  of 
Georgia;  upon  which  the  British  army,  entering  the  state  he  had 
left,  invested  Charleston,  the  Capital.  Lincoln  hastened  back  to 
its  defence.  On  hearing  of  his  approach,  the  enemy  retired  to 
Stono  ferry.  Thither  Lincoln  pursued  them.  An  indecisive 
action  was  fought ;  and  a  few  days  afterwards,  they  continued 
their  retreat  to  Savannah. 

4.  The  heat  of  the  season  suspended  farther  operations  until 
September.  Count  d'  Estaing,  with  a  fleet  carrying  6000  troops, 
th^  arrived  on  the  coast.  The  two  armies,  in  concert,  laid  siege 
to  Savannah.  At  the  expiration  of  a  month,  the  count,  impatient 
of  delay,  msisted  that  the  siege  should  be  abandoned,  or  that  a 
confined  assi  alt  upon  the  enemy's  works  should  immediately  be 
made.  GcneralLincolndetermined  upon  an  assault.  Great  gallan- 
tly was  displayed  by  the  French  and  American,  but  greater  by  the 
British  troops.  They  repulsed  the  assailants ,  killing  and  woimding 
nearij  a  thousand  men,  and  sustaining,  on  ^heirpart,biit  little  loss. 
The  count  Puia<^i,8  celebrated  Poliso  noblo»nan,in  the  service  of 
the  states,  was  mortally  wounded.  The  next  day  the  siege  was 
raised,  tbc  French  returning'  home,  and  the  Americans  to  South- 
CarollntA. 

5.  In  tlse  niiiist  of  those  evexits,  general  Matthews,  saJiiiig  from 
New- York,  cjiiclucted  an  expedition  against  Virginia.  On  th« 
lOtb  of  Mav,  he  took  possession  of  Portsmouth,  wl-hcut  ogpp^ 


m 


.1  i    u 
'  '■  'I 

I 

n 


1  If ■»? 


!i 
t  ir^ 


'B[ 


P: 


f.a 


%« 


*^>V 


IR2 


REVOLUTIONART  WAR. 


[1779. 


m. 


Eli  Ii 


'I  (.  ; 


1 1 


»!Slf 


I 


tion,  and  ravaged,  foffiptieeks,  tliat  city  and  the  adjadenlcountrf. 
The  booty  obtahied,  and  the  property  destroyed,  \tenotiami9f^ 
value.  Before  the  expiration  of  May,  the  niity  returneSli 
New-York.  W  , 

6.  Early  in  the  season,  colonel  Clarke,  of  TIl^Qia,  who  was 
stationed  at  Kaskaskia,  on  the  Mississippi,  achieved  an  enterprise 
conspicuous  for  boldness  of  design,  and  evmcing  uncdknnion 
hardihood  in  its  execution.  With  only  one  hundred  and  thirty 
men,  he  penetrated  through  the  wilderness,  to  St  Vincents,  a 
British  post  on  the  Wabash,  in  the  heart  of  the  Indian  country. 
His  route  lay  across  deep  swamps  and  morasses.  For  four  or 
five  miles  the  party  waded  through  water,  often  as  high  as  the 
breast  After  a  march  of  sixteen  days,  they  reached  the  town, 
which,  having  no  intimation'  of  their  approach,  surrendered 
without  resistance.  A  short  time  after,  the  fort  capitulated. 
This  fortunate  achievment  arrested  an  expedition  which  the 
enemy  had  projected  against  the  frontiers  of  Virginia,  and  de» 
tached  several  tribes  of  Indians  from  the  British  interest. . 

7.  The  atrocities  committed  at  Wyoming,antl  at  several  settle- 
ments in  New- York,  cried  aloud  for  vengeance. — Congress,  as- 
sembling an  army  of  4000  men,  gave  the  command  of  it  to  general 
Sullivan,  and  directed  him  to  conduct  it  into  the  country  inhabited 
by  tlie  savages,  and  retort  upon  them  their  own  s}rstem  of  warfare. 
Of  this  army,  one  division  marched  from  the  Mohawk,  the  other 
from  Wyoming,  and  both  forming  a  junction  on  the  Susquehan- 
nah,  proceeded,  on  the  22nd  of  August,  towards  the  Seneca  lake. 

8.  On  an  advantageous  position,  the  Indians,  in  conjunction 
with  200  tories,  had  erected  fortifications  to  oppose  their  progress. 
These  were  assaulted ;  the  enemy  after  a  slight  resistance,  gave 
way,  and  disappeared  in  the  woods.  As  the  army  advanced  into 
the  western  part  of  the  state  of  New- York,  that  region  now  so  fer- 
tile and  populous,  the  Indians  deserted  their  towns,  the  af^pearance 
of  which  denoted  a  higher  state  of  civilization  than  had  ever  be- 
fore been  witnessed  in  the  North  American  wilderness.  The 
houses  were  ccmimodious ;  the  apple  and  peach-trees  numerous, 
and  the  crops  of  corn  then  growing  abuncbnt.  All  were  destroy- 
ed ;  not  a  vestige  of  human  industry  waui  permitted  to  exist. 

9.  Having  accomplisiied  this  work  of  veng«ance,  severe  but 
deserved,  and  essential  to  the  future  safety  of  the  irliites,  genenl 
Sullivan  returned  to  Easton,  in  Peimsylvania,  where  he  arrived 
about  the  middle  of  October.  His  whole  loss,  by  sickness  and 
the  enemy,  amountet^  to  but  forty  men. 

10.  On  the  first  of  July,  general  Ti7on  sailed  from  New- York 
with  a  large  body  of  troops,  and  landii^on  the  coast  of  C(xan<^ti- 
cut,  plundered  New-Haven,  and  laid  Fairfield  and  Norwalk  i 
^nh0B^  Before  his  return,  general  Wayne,  with  »  detachment  kom 


[1779.  I  J*""^-^  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


183 


i^BiJtcountrr. 

ion 

retui 

tia,  who  was 
un  enterprise 
unccftnnion 
i  and  thirty 
Vincents,  a 
an  country. 
For  four  or 
high  as  the 
id  the  town, 
surrendered 
capitulated. 
i  which  the 
lia,  and  de» 
jrest. . 
Jveralsettle- 
ongress,  as- 
it  to  general 
try  inhabited 
I  of  warfare. 
'kf  the  other 
Susquehan- 
$eneca  lake, 
conjunction 
3ir  progress, 
itance,  gave 
Ivanced  into 
knowsofer- 
a^pearance 
lad  ever  be- 
neas.  The 
}  numerous, 
ere  destroy- 
to  exist. 
,  severe  but 
ites,  general 
t  he  arrived 
ickness  and 

I  New-Yofix 
)f  Connect:- 
IVorwalk  i 
ihmentfrom 


the  American  army,  made  a  daring  assault  upon  Storey  Point,  a 
strongly  fortified  post  on  the  Hudson.  About  twelve  at  night,  the 
Itrobps,  with  nnd^aded  muskets,  arrived  before  the  lines.  They 
were  received  with  a  tremendous  discharge  of  grape-shot  and 
musketry.  Ruling  forward,  they  mounted  the  walls,  and  using 
the  bayonet  only,  were  soon  in  complete  possession  of  the  fort 

11.  A  more  gallant  exploit  has  seldom  been  performed;  and 
the  humanity  of  the  victors  was  equal  to  their  valor.  Notwith- 
standing the  devastations  in  Connecticut,  and  the  butchery  of 
Baylor's  troop,  the  scene  of  which  was  near,  not  an  individual 
suHered  afler  resistance  had  ceased.  Of  the  enemy,  sixty  were 
killed,  and  upwards  of  five  hundred  ma^  prisoners.  The  loss 
of  the  Americans  was  comparatively  sman.  A  gold  medal,  pre- 
sented by  congress,  rewarded  the  heroism  of  the  victor. 

12.  In  September,  a  bloody  naval  battle  was  fought,  near  the 
coast  of  Scotland,  in  which  John  Paul  Jones  acquired  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  daring  and  fortunate  commander.  He  was  a  Scotchman 
by  birth,  but  had  been  appointed,  by  the  American  congress,  a 
captain  in  their  navy,  and  then  commanded  a  squadron  fitted  out 
in  die  ports  of  France.  At  half  past  seven  in  the  evening,  his  own 
ship,  the  Bon  homme  Richard,  of  40  guns,  engaged  the  Serapis, 
a  British  frigate  of  44.  After  the  action  had  continued  an  hour, 
the  two  frigates  approached  so  near  to  each  other  that^Jones, 
seizing  the  opportunity,  lashed  them  together. 

13.  The  battle  now  became  furious,  and  the  carnage  horrible. 
The  Serapis  was  on  fire  not  less  than  ten  times ;  and  often  both 
frigates  were  on  fire  at  the  same  moment,  presenting  a  sublime 
and  dreadful  spectacle.  "At  length,  the  Alliance,  one  of  Jones' 
squadron,  came  to  his  assistance ;  but  the  two  fngates  being  fast* 
ened  together,  many  of  her  shot  struck  the  Bon  homme  Richard. 
At  ten  oVlock,  the  Serapis  surrendered.  Her  successful  antago- 
nist was  so  shattered,  that  the  crew  were  obliged  to  leave  her  i|n- 
n^iately,  and  she  soon  after  sunk.  The  Pallas,  which  was  also 
one  of  Jones'  squadron,  engaged  at  the  same  time  and  captured 
the  Countess  of  Scarborough.  The  squadron  with  the  ffdxea 
then^ilM  for  Holland,  and  arrived  there  in  safety. 

14.  Atjhe  close  of  the  season,  the  northern  army  retuped  into 
winter-quarters,  one  division  near  Morristown,  in  New-Jersey, 
and  the  other  in  the  vicinity  of  Westpoint,  an  important  post  in 
the  highlands.  Here  ^ey  endured  severe  and  constant  suffering 
I'ronii  cold,  and  nakedness,  and  hunger.  Sometimes  half  the 
usuiii  allowance,  often  less,  was  distributed  to  the  troops  ;  and 
more  than  once  the  provisions  were  wholly  exhausted. 

15.  Application  for  relief  was  made  to  the  magistrates  of  the 
neighborhood,  and  intimations  were  given  that  provisions,  so  pres- 
sing were  the  wants  of  the  army,  would  be  seized  by  force,  if  not 


184 


REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 


[1780. 


furnished  voluntarily.  The  magistrates  promptly  attended  to  the 
can.  They  levied  contributions  arbitrarily  from  the  people,  who 
submitted  to  these  exactions  with  a  degree  of  pat^otism  equaUed 
only  by  that  displayed  by  the  soldiers  in  the  pati^  endurance  of 
distress* 

16.  Derangement  in  the  finances  produced  these  sufferings. 
Large  sums  had  been  annually  raised  and  expended;  and  the  ability 
of  the  people  to  pay  taxes  had  progressively  decreased.  To  supply 
deficiencies,  paper  money,  to  the  amount  of  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  millions  of  dollars,  had  been  issued.  This  gradually  depre- 
ciated, and,  at  the  close  of  1779,  thirty  dollars  in  paper  were  of  no 
more  value  than  one  in  specie.  To  purchase  provisions  with  this 
money  was  at  first  difficult,  and  then  impossible;  and  congress 
now  found  their  funds  and  their  credit  exhausted. 

17.  A  change  of  system  was  necessary.  For  the  supply  of 
the  army,  each  state  was  directed  to  furnish  a  certain  quanti^  of 
provisions  and  forage.  Loans  were  solicited  from  the  people, 
and  nearly  a  million  of  dollars  was  raised  by  bills  drawn  upon 
the  American  agents  in  Europe,  in  anticipation  of  loans  which 
they  had  been  authorissed  to  procure.  These  expedients  afforded 
but  temporary  and  partial  relief. 

.  18.  No  class  of  persons  suffered  more  from  the  depreciation 
of  paper  money  than  the  army,  and  especially  the  officers.  The 
pay,  even  of  those  of  the  highest  grade,  was  rendered  insufficient 
to  provide  them  with  necessary  clothing.  Discontent  began  to 
pervade  the  wliole  army.  It  r-^sqiiired  all  the  enthusiastic  patriot- 
ism which  distinguishes  Ine  soidier  of  principle ;  all  that  ardent 
attachment  to  freedohi  which  brought^em  into  the  field;  all  the 
influence  of  the  commander-in-chief,  whom  they  almost  adored, 
^'^  retain  in  the  service  men  who  felt  themselves  cruelly  neglect* 
>jd  by  the  country  whose  battles  they  fought. 


CHAPTER  XXIL 

CAMPAIGN  OF  1780. 

THE  first  military  operations  of  the  enemy,  in  the  year  1780, 
were  directed  against  Charleston,  the  capital  of  S0uth-Carolina. 
In  the  beginning  of  Febniary,  sir  Henry  Chnton  appeared  before 
that  place,  at  the  head  of  a  part  of  his  army.  The  assembly, 
which  was  then  sitting,  delegated  to  governor  Rutledge,  a  patriot 
of  splendid  talents,  tmd  to  his  council,  *'  the  power  to  do  every 
thmg  necessary  for  the  public  good,  except  taking  nv  ''  the  life  of 


RET  OLUTIONARFWaI 


a  citizen,"  and  adjourned.  Armed  with  this  extraordinary  power, 
be  made  great  exertions  to  call  into  action  the  strength  of  the 
state,  and  to  place  its  capital  in  a  posture  of  defence. 

2.  The  peopk  of  the  country  disregarded  his  repeated  calls. 
Kot  more  than  two  hundred  repaired  to  Charleston.  The  garrison , 
c  mmanded  by  general  Lincoln,  consisted  of  a  body  of  militia  from 
the  country,  of  the  citizens,  of  one  thousand  North-Carolina  mili- 
tia, and  of  two  thousand  regulars.  The  number  of  the  enemy,  when 
ail  their  reinforcements  had  arrived,  amounted  to  nine  thousand. 

3.  On  the  first  of  April,  the  siege  was  begun  in  form,  by  the 
erection  of  works  at  the  distance  of  eleven  hundred  yards  from  the 
city.  On  the  9th,  the  fleet,  propelled  by  a  strong  wind,  passed  the 
forts  on  Sullivan's  Island,  without  stopping  to  return  their  fire,  and 
gained  entire  command  of  the  harbor.  On  the  14th,  lieut^^'^nt- 
colonel  Tarleton  surprised  a  body  of  cavalry,  which,  to  -  i've 
a  communication  with  the  country,  had  been  stationed  a  k'» 
corner.     Soon  after,  batteries  were  erected  nearer  the  < 

which  the  fire  was  incessant  and  destructive. 

4.  An  offer  to  capitulate  was  then  made ;  but  the  British  com- 
mander refused  to  accept  the  terms  proposed.  On  his  part,  terads 
were  offered,  which  were  rejected  by  general  Lincoln.  The  siege 
was  then  pressed  with  increased  vigor,  and  approaches  made  to 
within  musket-shot  of  the  American  lines.  The  soldiers  within 
were  often  killed  at  their  guns  by  the  enemy's  marksmen. 

5.  The  citizens,  whose  intercession  bad  induced  general  Lin- 
coln to  determine  to  defend  the  plaoe,  perceiving  that  prepara- 
tions for  an  assault  were  in  forwardness,  and  seeing  no  hope  of 
relief  or  escape,  now  requested  him  to  accept  the  terms  which  sir 
Henry  Clmton  had  proposed.  A  negotiation  between  the  two 
commanders  was,  in  consequence,  opened,  and,  on  the  12th  of 
May,  the  capitulation  was  signed. 

6.  The  capital  having  surrendered,  measures  were  adopted  to 
overawe  the  inhabitants  of  the  country,  and  induce  them  to  return 
to  their  allegiafice  to  the  king.  Garrisons  wei*e  placed  in  different 
parts  of  the  state,  and  2000  men  were  despatched  towards  Nordi- 
Carolma,  to  repel  Several  parties  of  militia,  who  were  hastening 
to  the  relief  of  Charleston.  Colonel  Tarleton,  making  a  rapid 
march  of  one  hundred  and  five  miles  in  fifty-four  hours,  met,  at 
the  Waxhaws,  and  attacked  one  of  these  parties,  commanded  by 
colonel  Buford.  His  force  being  superior  was  soon  victorious. 
The  vanquished,  ceasing  to  resist,  implored  for  quarter.  Their 
cries  were  disregarded.  Upwards  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
were  killed,  or  too  badly  wounded  to  be  removed  from  the  field. 
This  barbarous  massacre  spread  dismay  throughout  the  country, 
and  gave  a  sanguinary  character  to  future  conflicts. 

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[1780 


WfAahteintB  either  ganre  tlieir  parole  as  prisoners,  or  sabnptted  to 
If0oome  subjects  of  ifae  king.  Sir  Homy  Clinton,  afterwards,  by 
prodamation,  dischaiged  the  form^iroih'tbeir  pisU^leaiHl  called 
ttpoti  aH  to  embody  as  miUtia  in  the  service  of  Gi|pkt  3rilUun.  In. 
digniat  at  this  die&onorable  conduct,  which  left  Uieii^  only  the  al- 
ternative of  fighting  for  or  against  their  country,  multitudes,  seiz- 
infflheir  anns,  resoked  on  a  vindictive  war  with  their  invaders 
&  A  party,  who  had  taken  refuge  m  North-Carolina,  chose 
eel<Miel  Siimpter  their  leader.  At  the  head  of  these,  he  returned 
to  his  owjd  state,  attacked  and  defeated  several  scat^vod  detach- 
ments fimrn  the  British  army.  In  one  engagement,  so  decisive 
was  his  victoiy,  Uiat  nine  only  out  of  nearly  three  hundred  es- 
saped;  By  a  succession  of  gtdlant  enterprises,  he  reanimated  the 
friends  of  freedom,  and  a  spirit  of  determined  hostility  to  Great 
BrftaJal  was  again  manifested  m  every  part  of  the  state. 

9.  This  s{&t  #as  cherished  by  tfae  approach,  from  the  north, 
of  4000  men,  principally  continentals,  under  the  command  of  ge- 
neral Gates.  Ob  their  march  through  a  sterile  country,  th^  en- 
illued  kll  the  evils  and  distresses  of  extreme  famine.  Lord  Com- 
wiilHs,  whom  Clinton,  on  his  return  to  New-York,  had  leftWom- 
mander^in-chief,  hastened  to  oppose,  in  person,  this  victorious  ge- 
BMaL  He  placed  himself  at  me  head  of  two  thousand  veteran 
troM  who  had  before  been  stationed  at  Camden,  on  the  northern 
border  of  the  state. 

10.  On  the  night  of  the  15th  of  August,  he  marched,  with  his 
ii^ole  force,  to  attack  the  Americans  in  their  camp  at  Clermont 
They,  at  the  same  hour,  began  to  move  towards  Cfamden.  The 
advanced  parties  met  in  the  night  and  engaged.  In  several  p1dr> 
mishes  whieh  took  place,  the  British  obtoined  the  advantage. 
Tbfai  ittade  a  deep  impression  on  the  militia,  whose  spirits  were 
dqMMMSad  by  gloomy  forebodings. 

11.  When  the  morning  dawned,  the  enemy  advanced  to  the 
attack.  At  the  first  onset,  the  Yiiginia  militia  fled  from  the 
fiekl,  and  their  example  was  foHowed  by  others.  The  continen- 
taJs,  though  left  alone  to  contend  with  superior  numbers,  main- 
taliied  the  conflict  with  great  f  rmncas.  For  a  short  time,  they 
httd  the  advantage  of  their  opponents,  but  were  at  length  over- 
powersd,  and  Um  0ight  became  general. 

12.  The  fugitives  were  pursued  by  Tarleton's  legion  with  re- 
lentless fury*  When  all  were  killed,  captured  or  dispersed,  the 
porsuers,  with  speed  unchecked,  took  the  route  toWards  Sump- 
tar's  encampment.  This  active  partizan,  who  had  lately  been 
victorious  in  a  skirmish,  retreated  precipitately,  on  hearing  of 
the  defeat  of  Gates.  At  the  Catawba  ford,  supposing  he  was 
beyond  danger,  he  halted,  that  his  troops,  wh^  were  fatigued, 
«ii^t  repoee.     H\n  sentinels  slept  at  thnir  pontfl.  and  the  legion 


REVOLUtlDKART  WAR. 


187 


PI;;,., 


rode  into  his  camp  before  preparatioiif  coukl  be  nuute  for  de- 
fence. Between  three  and  four  httndred  were  hilled  or  wounded. 
The  remainder  were  dispersed  in  the  woods;  three  htndred 
prispnei^  were  releai^ ;  all  the  baggage  and  stores  fell  hato  the 
power  of  the  victors. 

13.  Again  supposing  the  state  to  be  subdued,  Comwallis 
tdopted  measures  of  extreme  severitf  to  suppress  every  latent 
iaobnation  to  revolt  He  directed  Uiat  all  who,  having  once 
flobmitted,  had  lately  given  aid  to  the  armies  of  congress,  should 
be  deprived  of  theur  property  and  imprisoned ;  and  that  all,  who 
bad  once  bom  arms  with  the  British,  and  afterwards  joined  the 
Americans,  should  suffer  death.  In  consequence  of  these  orders, 
several  were  executed,  and  many  were  reduced  to  poverty  and 
wretchedness. 

14.  In  these  times  of  confusion  and  distress,  the  mischievous 
effects  of  slavery  in  Militating  the  conquest  of  the  country,  be« 
came  apparent  A^  the  slaves  had  no  interest  at  stake,  tbe  sub- 
jogation  of  the  states  was  a  matter  of  no  consequence  to  them. 
Instead  of  aiding  in  its  defence,  they,  by  a  variety  of  means, 
threw  the  weight  of  their  little  influence  into  the  opposite  scale. 

1 5.  There  were  yet  some  citizens,  who,  in  all  fortunes,  adhered 
with  firmness  to  the  cause  of  independence.  Of  these,  hi  one 
part  of  the  state,  general  Sumpter  was  the  leadef ,  in  another, 
general  Marion.  The  cavalry  of  the  latter  were  so  destitute  of 
tbe  weapons  of  war,  1^^  they  were  obliged  to  cot  their  swords 
from  the  saws  of  the  sftw-nuOs.  He  was  so  successful  in  con- 
cealing himself  in  wOods  and  marshes,  that  the  enemy  were 
never  able  to  attack  or  discover  him.  From  these  dark  retreats 
he  often  sallied  for^,  and  fell  unexpectedly  upon  parties  of  the 
enemy,  when  marching  through  the  country,  or  posted  in  gar- 
risons to  overawe  the  inhabitants.  In  one  of  these  sallies,  he 
released  one  hundred  and  BUtj  conthientals  captured  at  Camden. 
His  repeated  and  sucoessfhl  excvrsions  preservid  alive  the  sphrit 
of  resistance,  and  his  high  fame  as  a  partizan  was  never  tarnish- 
ed by  any  violation  of  tM  laws  of  war  or  humanity. 

16.  (k  those  who  submitted  through  fear,  or  from  attach- 
ment to  the  royal  cause,  major  Ferguson,  a  British  officer  of 
distingulahed  merit,  was  appointed  commander.  He  was  des- 
patehed,  by  Comwallls,  into  the  western  part  of  North-GaroUna, 
where,  other  tories  joining  him,  his  force  was  augmented  to 
1400  men.  An  enterprise  against  this  party  was  concerted  by 
the  commanders  of  the  militia,  in  the  adjacent  partu  of  the  two 
Carolinas  and  Virginia.  About  the  first  of  October,  they,  by 
Ri^at  exertions^  assembled  3000  men  at  Gilherttown.    From 


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^GliVTIONAKY  WAR. 


[17$9. 


these*  fifteen  hundred  choice  riflemen  were  eeleqUid ;,  who, 
mouitted  on  the  hest  horses,  hastened  to  the  atta^^  of  Fei^guson. 

V 17.  He  awaited  them  on  the  top  of  King's  mountain.  The 
militia,  in  three  divisions,  led  by  colonels  Glevelr^d,  Shelby,  and 
Campbell,  ascended  it  in  different  directions.  These  di^ons, 
successively  arriving,  were  each  repulsed ;  but  each,  when  the 
enemy  by  an  attack  from  a  different  quarter,  were  recalled  from 
pursuit,  returned  again  to  the  charge..  In  this  manner  the  ac- 
tion was  continued  for  an  hour  with  great  spirit.  Feivuson  was 
then  killed,  and  with  him  expired  the  courage  of  his  party. 
Eight  hundred  threw  down  their  arms  and  became  prisoners. 
One  hundred  and  fifty  were  killed.  Yei^^  few  of  the  assailants 
feU. 

IB.  Comwallis,  confident  of  his  ability  to  subjugate  the  state, 
had  followed  Ferguson  into  North-Carolina.  Receiving  notice 
of  his  entire  defeat,  he  returned  and  took  post  at  Winnsborough. 
As  he  retired.  Gates,  who  had  assembled  an  army  of  1400  men, 
advanced  to  Chariotte,  where  he  determined  to-pass  the  winter. 
He  was  soon  after  recalled  by  congress,  and,  on  the  recom^en- 
dationof  Washington,  general  Greene  was  withdrawn  from  the 
northern  army  to  take  command  of  the  department  of  the  south. 
19.  By  the  northern  army,  which,  as  has  been  stated,  was 
posted  at  West-Point  and  Morristown,  little  more  was  attempted, 
during  the  year,  than  to  wateh  the  motions  of  the  enemy,  in  New- 
York,  and  protect  the  inhabitants  from  their  incursions.  The 
troops  unfed,  unpaid,  and  unemployed,  discovered,'  at  various 
tiroes,  a  disposition  to  mutiny.  On  these  occasions,  the  British 
commander,  by  means  of  emissaries  sent  among  them,  invited 
them  to  repair  to  the  city,  where  he  promised  them  comfort  and 
abundance.  His  invitations  wei^e  disregarded.  Relief  kom  dis- 
tress iiras  all  they  souffht,  and  wher  liiat  was  obtamed,  they 
cheerfully  returned  to  fiieir  duty. 

#80.  In  July,  a  French  squadron  un      admural  Temay,  bring 
inff  6000  troops,  commanded  by  count  Rochambeau,  arrived  at 
Rhode  Island,  which  had  previously  been  evacuated  by  the 
enemy ;  they  were  immediately  blockaded  in  the  harbor  they 
had  entered,  by  a  British  fleet.    Reinforced  by  these  troops, 
Washington  detenmned  to  attack  New- York ;  the  army  ma^ed  f 
to  stations  nearer  the  city,  and  rejoiced  in  the  hope  of  being  %t4|_r 
to  accomplish  somethuig  for  their  country ;  but  the  arrival  frcnK 
Enf^and  of  another  fleet,  under  admiral  Rodney,  disconcerted 
the  plan  which  had  been  formed.  , 

21.  Defeat  at  the  south  and  disappointment  at  the  north  over 
•hadowed  the  land  with  gloom;  but  intelligence  that  treason 


[i7$o.  I  im.} 


w&vcaxmmAm  vimsl 


189 


bad  appeared  in  thd  AnMBricao  camp  occasional  waax^taeat  and 
alinii.  llie  fipai^r  was  Arnold,  wfaottt  bravery  in  batde,  and 
fortitude  in  eaSkmgi  had  placed  higli  in  the  afibcti^  of  the 
people. 

22.  Upon  the  evacuation  of  ^Philadelphia,  by  the  enemy,  in 
ITtS,  he  iva»  i^ypdnted  commander  df  that  station.  Here.  in» 
dulgittg  iii  all  the  pleasures  of  an  expmuAve  e(j[Uipage  and  ^linp- 
tooos  table,  he  contracted  debts  which  he  was  unable  to  dis- 
clni^e.  To  extricate  him^lf  from  embarrassment,  he  made 
Itfgie  claims  against  the  government^  a  potion  of  which  was  re- 
jecSed.  He  was  accused  of  extortion  and  of  misuse  of  the  pub- 
lie  money ;  and  for  &ese  offences- was  tried  by  a  court  martial 
and  sentenced  to  be  reprimanded  by  th<^  commander-in-chief. 

$3.  From  this  moment,  he  determhied  to  avenge  his  wound- 
ed pride  and  supply  his  wants,  by  betraying  his  country^  In  a 
letter  to  a  BHtisn  officer,  he  aipdBed  his  chaise  of  principle, 
and  his  wish  to  restore  himiself  to  the  favor  of  his' prince,  by 
some  s%nad  proof  of  his  repentiince.  And  abotlt  this  time,  for  a 
purpose  which  afterwardd  too  plainl|r  appeared,  he  solicited  and 
obtidkedthe  command  of  West-Pbi^t,  tbe  moit  hnportant  pott 
in  die  possession  of  the  American  armies. 

24.  He  immediiitely  opened  a  correspondence  with  str  Henry 
Clinton,  and  pi^oj^ed  to  deliver  into  his  power  the  post  that  he 
commanded.  JHHlAi  upon  the  mode  of  surrender,  major 
Andre,  a  foq||pH|||^1lplendid  talents  and  adjutant-general  of 


the  British  ^fi^PKlnded 
tlM  night,  at^^  nlace  near  th 
with  Am(dd«,  before  he 


war.wi 


ing  the  niftie  of 
set  out  to  rtM 
guards  wnA  pcktswii 


river  firom  New-Tork,  and,  in 
lerican  Unes,  had  an  interview 
iroMred  to  return,  the  sloop  of 
i|wed  to  move  down  the  river, 
re^  dil|uised  as  a  traveller,  assum«> 
yRuhmied  by  Arnold  vrith  tyiass, 
lirewlTork.  He  paased  all  the 
DNdng  suspicion ;  but  was  stop- 
ped, when  near  the^^4oif  Idi  journey,  by  three  of  the  New- 
loriLpilitia,  whose  names  were  Pauldinff,  Williams,  and  Van- 
wart  Supposing  them  to  be  soldiers  of  his  own  army,  instead 
of  producing  his  pass,  he  Glared  himself  a  British  oflker  and 
demd  he  might  not  be  detained.  '»^> 

j|5,  On  discovering  his  mistake,  he  offered  them  a  piifM  of 
M  U^a  valuable  watch,  and  promised  more  ample  rewards 
Jrom  hirgovemment,  if  they  would  permit  him  to  esc^.  Re* 
jecthiff,  with  patriotism 'worthy  of  idl  praise,  these  tempting  of- 
fen,  mey  conducted  him  to  colonel  Jameson,  who  was  stHtton- 
ed  near  the  American  lines.  In  his  boots  were  found  a  par- 
ttrular  statement  of  the  strength  of  the  garrison,  and  a  descrip- 


190 


REYOLUTIOI^ARY  W£EL 


[1780. 


m 


tion  of  the  %orks  at  lYest-Point.  Anxious  for  tl|e;  mfetjr  of 
Arnold,  he  desired  the  colonel  to  inform  hin^h|B|b  And^on  was 
ta^cen*  An  en>re8s  irtA  unwarily  diispatdira  with  the  intclli. 
gence.  Arnold,  comprehending  ms  danger,  made  a  precipitate 
flight  to  New-York. 

27.  Andre,  disdaining  longer  conceahnent,  then  avowfid  him 
self  j|9  be  the  adjutant-geneilil  of  the  British  army.  SusfHoion 
beh^  now  excited,  colonelJameson  transmitted  to  th^  comman 
deivin-cliief,  who  was  ii6t  far  distant,  infom^ation  of  all  the 
events  which  had  occurred.  Washmgton,  hastening  to  West 
Point  made  arrangem^Dts  for  repelling  any  attack  that  might  be 
made.  Measures  of  precaution  behig  taken,  Uie  fiite  of  me  pri 
soner  was  next  to  be  deeidilll. 

28.  His  case  was  referred  to  a  board  of  officers.  Appearin| 
before  them,^he  confessed,  with  ingenuous  frankness,  every  cir 
cumstanee  relating  to  himself,  but  would  disclose  notMng  whl# 
might  involve  others  in  his  misfortune.  He  display^,  in  alllm 
conduct  while  a  prisoner,  great  nobleness  of  mind;  Imt  tlie 
board,  constrained  by  du^,  reported  that  he  must  be  considered 
as  a  spy,  and  agreeably  to  the  law  of  nations,  ought  to  soffei 
death. 

29.  Sir  Henry  Clmton,  by  whom  he  was  highly  esteemed* 
•  made  every  exeiiioiii  in  his  power  to  avert  his  fate.    He  entreat* 

ed,  remonstrated  and  threatened.  If^Mlj^fi®^^)  would 
have  betrayed  timidity  and  weakneijMHK|iitfnpd  future 
treason.  Mdre  suffered  an  ignQ|ninious^H||^^^^wi  a  degree 
of  compare  and  fortitude  wmr  proved  hof#  |fir^  and  iuis- 
trious  he  might  have  been,  had  1^|ot  stoopedl'^  nn^evil  hour, 
to  the  comn^ion  of  an  igawNdiw  actioi 

80.  Arnold  received,  a»i(l»^ 
of  1(^000  pounds,  and  th^ 
Britini  amur:    But  he  waf  di., 
his  name  wffl  be  for  ever  synooj 
In  contrast  with  his,  how  bri^  ^ 

captors  of  Andre.  They  were  not  then^  nor  can  they  oiwr  be, 
forgotten  by  a  country  which  oweft,  so  much  to  their  fi^lity. 
Each  recehred  the  thanks  of  congress,  a  silver  medal,  and  a  pen- 
sioA  for  life,  which  has  been  doubled  at  a  subsequent  season  of 
greater  national  prosperity.  ^  -^ 

^81.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1780,  the  troops  of  the  nortlJRi 
armv  retired  to  the  winter  quarters  which  they  had  last  occupled^^ 
Agam  they  endured  distress  at  which  patriotism  feels  indicant 
ami  hunumity  weeps.  The  harvest  had  been  abundant.  Plen- 
ty reigned  in  the  land,  but  want  in  the  camp  of  its  defenders. 
Selfishness  had  succeeded  patriotism,  lassitude  enthusiasm,  hi  the 


e 
nersi  in  the 
iates,  and 
and  baseness. 
lifpt  lie  ftime  of  the  three 


[1780.  I  17^0.] 


RETOIigpONARr  WAR. 


191 


breasts  of  the  people,  adnifiigrefls  exerted  its  powers  with  too 
Utde  vigor  to  <£raw  forth  w  resources  of  the  countiy. 

82.  The  soldiers  of  the  Penwliwiia  line  were  stationed  at 
Mortistown,  ift  New-Jersey.  Tiej  comphuned  that,  in  addi- 
tion to  sustaudng  sufferings  common  to  all,  they  were  retained 
in  service  contrary  to  the  terms  of  their  enlistments.  Vjfi^ 
nij^  of  the  first,  of  January,  thirteen  hundred,  «ii  a  coraRed 
(jgnal,  paraded  under  arms,  and  decbmsd  their  iotentioii  of 
mrching  to  Philadelphia,  and  d^nandhig  of  congref|f  a  redress 
of  thdr  grievances. 

83.  The  officers  strove  to  compel  them  to  relinquish  their 
purpose.  In  the  attempt,  one  was  killed  and  several  were 
founded.  General  Wajme  presented  his  pistols  as  if  hitending 
tdfire.  They  held  their  bayonets  to  his  breast ;  ^'Welovesmd 
respect  you,"  said  they,  '*  but^  if  you  fire  you  are  a  dead  man. 
We  are  not  gohig  to  the  enemyl  On  the  coutnffff  if  (hey  were 
BOW  to  come  out,  you  should  see  us  fight  under  your  orders  with 
M  mudi dlipiity  as  ever.  But  we  will  be  anfiused  no  longer; 
weai|e  d^^p|ned  to  obtain  what  is  our  just  due." 

84.  Tliey  tHecte^pemporaiy  officers,  and  moved  off  in  a%ody 
toirards  Princeton.  General  Wayne,  to  prevent  them  filfom 
HhUdaring  the  inhabitants,  forwarded  provisions  for  their^se. 
Tlw  neatt  4ay  he  followed,  and  requested  them  to  appoint jianan 
fiinn  each  reg^menfl^  to  state  to  him  their  complaints, 
lifcre  appoinl^  « ttt»nference  held,  but  he  refused  to 
y^thev  deiiuids. ' 
f  ro.  They  prooMed  in  good  order  to  Princeton. 

abr  Heiiry  Cttntoii  meeting  them  here,  made 
th^  fif|in  |he  service  of  congress 
^1,  an4l!he  emissaries  seizM  and 
^^^^  thif  were  also  ket  by  a  com- 
nf  r  nimit||Mn(PPfrfttf  nn  from  the  state  of  Pennsylvap 
vk,  ^fft»  lat(el|Han||i|g  it  mat  of  their  demands,  persuaded 
them  to  return  to  t^far  mtf.  ^he  agents  of  GUntcn  were  then 
given  «i^  and  imme4|BtttpF%iM;uted 
86.  This  iii|||ny,  imTanother  in  the  JerMif|  line,  i^V>cii  was 
BiippipM,  arooibd  the  attention  of  die  states  to  the 
s  m^iSUtxm  of  thefar  Iroops.  The  amiuit  i^f  tlirse 
Ditethspa^iVM  raised  and  forwarded  to  them  bspl^  lliey 
|rMved  It  with  joy,  as  it  afforded  evidence  thst  their  e^ttntiy 
innot  annihdfui  of  their  sufferings. 


Three 


V°i:l 


'^A-  1 


-III 


^t'  I 


CHApTEftiXm. 


\i 


CA|*PAJGN  OF  »78l,  AND  TI^BMINA. 
TION  OF  THE  WAR. 

mi  the  ^fifig  <if  VfBXt  th^  project  of  besiegi|ig  New-T<krk 
was  ag^  nesumed^  Requisitions  for  men  and  stores  were  made 
iipo|i  tjbe  noii^i^  Qtflles,  end»  iQ  June,  the  French  and  jj^nieri- 
can  trodps^  isisrdhiipg  J(W)m  their  respective  positioqs,  encamped 
together  op  groimd  contiguous  to  the  citj.  But  reinfproemeiitg 
and  supphes  ^rriFed  slowly,  and  the  want  of  them  compelled  the 
troops  in  the  Qeld  to  remsMn  inactive* 

^.  In  the  sQuther^  department,  far  different  was  the  fortune 
of  tihe  qpposu^  ftrmie?.  That  of  which  general  Greene  took 
^tltecpiiuAa^d,  consisted  of  but  2000  men.  Nearly?  one  half  of 
these  he  idespatched,  under  general  Morgan,  into  '^  ^epiterii 
e^c^n  of  Soi^th-Carohns^,  where  a  $riti^  party^fiided  by  the 
tolr^,  were  plundetii^  and  murdering  the  whigs  without  meivj 
imdjdthput  ^pe93t]^int,  « 

^  J^fji^  the  America^  detaohment,  Corawiillis  de^patdb^ 
Ts^li^ll^^^  a  fqrce  considerably  supeiuor,  iind  aliurge  |# 
pprtm  of  ^  ca^ra)^.  Mpr^  began  to  retreat*  but  <jMaiaiii| 
to  %  from  an  enemy,  anci  uncertain  whether  he  could  escape  ap 
ojpfi^  so  jllipitiQgiMBheicI  as  hia  purs^er  for  the  celerity  of  hii| 
movem^n^  he,  on  th#|7th  of  January,  halted  at  the  Cowpeoi, 
and  defe^fn^ed  to  \i^i9W^  ^  battle,  before  J^  ^i^^W  became  ' 
pirit^^aiirf,^itip^,         *    ■^.,    .   MJ9t¥''- 

4.  Soon  .^|r  be  had  placed  M|||tomM  Biuisb  vanlwpew- 
ed  ^1  sight*  Coxifident  of  an  e^sji^  vii|l^  f^^  io 
the  cbs^g^  with  his  i^sual  impetupsityf  Thlft  militia  posted  in 
front  yielded,  as  directed  by  Morgan,  to  the  shock ;  and  the  u- 
fantry  composing  the  second  line,  retreated  a  few  jrards.  In  the 
ardor  of  pursuit^  the  enemy  were  thrown  faito  4|KNrder :  the  uh 
fa^t^y^  ftipi/OSf  9)l^nt,  poured  uppn  them  s  fire  w^^hdly  as  it  was 
vmezpe(ci(^  "[j^beir  disorder  was  increased,  and  a  4iarge  wiA 
ftebayoMt  ^ojsipleted  thew  overthrow*  One  hundred  of  Ih^ 
en^my  wmm^,  and  five  ^ndred  ma^  prisoaiers.       v    - 

5.  Seldom  has  a  victory,  atchieved  by  so  small  anumb^ 
been  so  important  in  its  consequences.  It  deprived  CornwaUu 
of  one  fifth  of  his  force,  and  disconcerted  his  plans  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  North-Garolinn.     He  sought,  however,  to  repair,  by 


mm 

tint  Morgan,  the  lnattiil#iirl^^^#^^ 
4.  New  ifiiMnnieii^  ii  mmi^^mai^  #iili  lyr^l ^  ^ 

MMlieittiii^  alinoel  loertfiilik  Ittoi^^ 

lilimttffpiilti^  Jiit#,  mar^^ 

fvHhout  sfaoes,  mariced  with  Uodd  tmtf  aM  «f  #iihp  inf^. 

C  <hi  the  tvMll^  <h#  ift#  the  hat^  Jiixiiia^  I^Adl  the 

lMii4iiietiMiM)dthe€ftti^^    TmhmfBmm^mik,€^m~ 

lifilHiaerived,  and,  It  behif  thil^  dui^'eiieMn^      ^  baidt 

hilheidght,  a  heai^r  ft)l  bf  i^  ttiyki^  M%ir  %ti^^ 

,  l^gAwMf^i^m  ojppoiMiifummim  tiit^fNpMiiMiMr^ 

^#reM  el  Ip  parinier.    Arrl  hire  h#  ^f«i  ^$td  l^Mmd 

ii^ieii^g  ^  miar  b<#  drhSa  i^ 

M'huridrittiiid^ii^ 

'  e  end  of  three  diKjrs,  Gornwlidlk  feond  meen^  jmia 
Wbt  retreat  «ad^innn^  i^iii  cMribeiiiad.  ^  0ni  thft 
N|ht,  the  ^meflilis  K«adied  a  foi^^yie  Yadl^ 
i  1^  ereiMdi  tiieliip^ 
ittr^^to^iilr^foife^  twd  ann^^lii^fip. 

imtheop^oi^  hanks,  a£tbei^ 
i  wae  made  impassahle  bj  ttoer  rain.  This  Mond  p 
rinlliiinent  datigery|»ei»uaded  the  Amlarie«|B  that  the|^1 


■  If: 


of 


.#. 


i;  The  nMtt  diiiplrefiiie int^ceeded  to  OntlfbnF  lOurt^ioiKte^ 
FivHere  he  wag  johiiB#if  ^e  oth^  airhnion  of  his^i  v.  Cdm- 
iraffia,  marchh^^  mi  tht  jfeitUiin,  eroiwd  at  the  shiOow  fonla 
anr  iltt  eeuree.  Both  armies  new  started  for  the  river  Dan.  on 
tiie  bordem  of  Yfai^hiia,  and  distant  more  thaa  one  Inuidred 
miles.  The  knowledge  that  there  the  eonraeiiimst  temillte, 
nve  fradi  Tigoe  to  the  trodps,  and  a  new  kninupe  to  thekr  inei4 
Qa^  fifth'&y,  th^  Ameriksan  army,  havkig,  m  4ie  last  tW^  " 
four  hom«,  marehed  ibrtjr  miles,  crossed  the  river  in 
i*Meh  hd  been  collected  for  the  purpose,  and  scaredy 
tfiif  0V4.!%  when  the  BrithAi  appswred  on  the  opposite  shore*  JM 
n.y*  Chagrined  that  his  adversary  had  thus  eluded  iifai  graa»^ 
CornwaKb  wheeled  about  and  marched  sullenly  to  Hflkiborougb. 
Hers  nkamr  loyalists  resorted  to  his  standard.  Six  hnndrec^ 
Bi^^^ipin  havfaiff,  hi  the  mean  tfane.  Joined  the  Inmricaiv 
■"'VHInjine  determined  to  recross  the  fran,  and,  l^  lAi  pre* 

K  r 


r^ 


% 


■t  1 


.  ill.  iDoiilfiv^IU^  lliii^iipi,  t^i(|il^4<i^  to 

the  cwaoxf  ^i^mhmm^i»imMwf^ 

of  #8|rito,  iu»0«r  Jliuleiiiu^^^      li^f  ano^  iif  nf il^  under 

I4<%  who  l^jt^iviui)  oyeiitpdi;,  in  a  loiig  ]iui^«|i^#i|Q|jel, 
on  4Mr  way  #t^Kp4in|r.    Mialifcwigt ^&B^J^^il|l|l§kth^i^;^ 

^    iia^  H^ii^  III  #^jfi«i^  I'ailfstoii,  «i^  im^  a  tnSh  in  ad- 
va^iee,  hmmmf^^  O0me|  th^ir  i«Kror  ^  M  iiFlriile^  hii^jraa«i». 


hf  the  Mat,  ra^r^iliSd  inatandf  to  f  im^b<Nra<M#^ 
he  cut icioiva « iiia& purt^  of  royaHetaiiniatiAi^' 

Gtdtfoftl   e&iu^h&aim'  r  Itreeee^   hairfikg  heen?  I0;$ 
fi^pengihc^iied  l^emitl  hodlee  ol  miltim^iNtfSiied  .tt^ 
hfm  hal^    On  Ihtt  16th  of  ltait^«ii  eiigii|^eB«|lil  iA^ 
M^ilk  Mrai  firev  Uie  Ni»itb*(^ar^^  ^nmia»  whoiwe6 
^^jihiey  led.    The  second  hue  was  also  routed,  f  pie 
hii^^y  whoceiaposedthe  thkd»  foug^;?d&  their  lisiia^r 
add:  for  an  hour  and  a  half  mahitsu^  tbi^confliot  tHth 
firmneasi  ^hejr  at  kngth  gave  vraj,  but  tek/j^fM  iii'goo4 
the  slaughter  tbief  had  made  in  the  eneniy^  ranka  prev< 
puraoit    Bo^  sides  sustained  neailjr  an  equal  loss. 

14»  Thie  victory,  won  bj  a  far  Inferior  force,  was  more  gb« 
r$9«ls  thin  advantageous  to  the  British  army.  Greene,  eacpect^ng 
lifii^cieshingio  he  at^yced  at  his  place  of  retreat^  ttuule  prepa- 
ratiens  for  a  second  engagement.  Comwallis^  far  irom  eoartiog 
a  battle,  deemed  it  prudent  to  retire  to  Wihnfaiffton,  near  the  sea. 
l^k  was  pursued  for  a  few  dturs,  hut  so  excesnve  had  been  die 
springs  of  the  Americans,  trdm  hunger  and  fatigue,  that  m«iy 
Ji»tcd  on  the  march,  and  at  Ramsay's  mills  theiriiy  halted  to 
1|«idc  rafresh^Mt  and  repose. 

11^  AiW  remaihhig  tlu^e  weeks  at  Wilmington,  Cornwallis 
proMded  to  Petersbargh,  in  Yirgipia.  FVom  Rii»p0i  mffis» 
Grelne  march^  to<va^  Camden,  wheiw  werr]fie0to4i^^ 
nundrert  m«fn,  ^nder  the  command  of  loi'd  RawdonJ    lUPiP^  ^ 


nnrmMmmmr 


i^ 


^r:M 


|tfliieiiiittHbfMjt%'^'iib<»tit  a  miie  fi«iiil^  British  40^^^ 
SjeiieiinteDtt*  At4ht9|i0i^it|4ie  i^mHtifiasikWiXtkek^  on 
ik^^Bi&i4^  ^f^*    In  tlie  b^niiiii^  0f  ^  ttt^diit  titoi1^  braftfery 

Srtin««f«ti<eat  of  tw«»^^  ^bni^iesy  ive^^Uikmed  by^  t^  Mlii^Sr'a]! 
tlieir  officers.  At  this  revorae  offortuno,  Greene  retired  «  feiv 
i0imft&m  \he  field,  b6t^^iii^l»  ha^  nistaSned  n^y  an 
Ifgalosi*.  ■  ■'../^■-  •■^'■>--     '•  ''    •     "■  -.      •     ■ 

16.  In  April  and  May,  ae%isi<iA  Brilfeih  p<iabi  III  Sooth-Caroll- 
t^  f^lilnto  the  |»mver  oif  tl^^^^^  actite  Aftr^ans,  who, 

with  8Watl  bodl^  of  troojp^,  were  nater  present,  where  oppression 
i^^to  be  re^siflMi  or  ji(^#oii^^  llamn  aAd  Isei  inrated  and 
'M  Ibfl  W^itKinr  Ormali^^^  to 

ilfin{^^  Ik^  captured  fortwitti|^,  and  Mi^os  drove  from 
J^l^^iei^irk^otrc^  1^  Nottiilli^bese  posts 

pid  numerous  garrisons,  ihe  prisioiiefii  beki^kss^la  ^  f«iwde, 
tb^^^(«^#e^ ;  bnlOi^  ad^^ai^iagee  #iej  lid  i^lired  mike 

liiM<lhehr«u^re4mpQi^^ 

loot  thilial'ol  11^^  1^  Riiidofr4iiiiMi  U^^BMiiSI^ 

/f^O  litter  j^^^^#^  adnd  so<m 

?Bnel3N«8&,  wiieh  vm^u»mmsieeii^j  wis  hiv^su 
^  army^    The^)^  hid  eontbiiiM^^^ 
li|i<peewltt|^piitfedoo>^^ 
.fi^^iliafi^  r§^«Mt  a  rdiitfbitiem^BtinW  Irpthiiiid, 

■  All  hop^  wn*tiOfr  kMjt  of  reducing'ftby  the  idovr  o^r»^ 
^#  a  siegoi  Oi^  tbi&  f$fli  of  Jiiii^  ttie  Ameri^ans^ivl^ 
l^iHantry,  made  an  i^iault  upon  the  if  orics.  T^^  were 
1  wUh  nO^tew  gattaiitry  by  the  garriion,  mA  rep^Mt: 
4^0^  retMt  towards  Nbrih^Garolkat  io^  tln«e  dayis 
^  loifd  Rawdoii  arrived  all  l^nety«Shc. 
tNirfaig  tl^:M^i  tlie  ifduibftanti  of  ^  CsroUnas  endured 
j^  iind  M^^BjitA  tfteb  humanity  revolts  with  h#¥or. 
^  MMtry  wii  ri^ii^  and  plundered  by  both  sdmiifl^  "The 
'  |i^  IttiMiiMenl^  were  about  equally  dWded.  Village  was 
^^.^fdlvi^gO^at^ndg^bortoneisi^r;  and  thefar  hostility 
hid  been  embittered  by  accusation  bjoA  retort,  by  atteelc,|||dre- 
ppteal,  until  pillage,  burning,  and  murder,  became  familiar  to  idL 
Wienetrer  f  repAbliciin  or  royallit  fell  into  the  power  of  an  aji* 
venwiry,  he  was  instantly  saerificed  in  reven^  of  a  friend,  ortd 
gratify  pOliticaHiatred.  It  is  asserted  that,  in  this  manner,  thou* 
lanite  were  pot  to  death.  Each  party  aimed  at  the  extirpation 
of  the  other,  and  the  whole  450untry  presented  an  unvaried  scene 
of  Mood  and  slaughter.     But  censure  ought  not  to  rest  ^ally 


II 


1  1 


■■^U 


I 


}09mjon0ifimtmMM, 


I 


lib* l?^o  pai^^   Ifetfa^  9mmmmom  cl^ii«iiiMi,ihi 

wl^Qll.  ibi^t^rtes  w^rf  ipiiok,  but  tM  :iiii%i  «loi%slii  Movk  f  «||| 

in  j|s  jvofileiB  the  Anin^can  ge^eral^,  i^ 

e^XII^^OA  to  diacountttumce  sii^  vindktife  jmmI  tobimt 

Iipi«  jLpni  Iftaftrdon  having  retipp^  lo  Eiie^Un4»  the  oottiB«i|M| 
of  the  British  troops,  in  iSoethpCaroliaa,  devolfed  upon  lienfei* 
nant-eelond  Stf^nrart.  In  the  iM^poinf  ^  Sqptemhlir»  lie  took 
post  at  £utaw»  .0reen^  maraheii  agMJOMt  Jiim  ilm  the  hlgi 
nUis  of  Simtee*  fhBv  forces  were  eqnalt  amountiliig  on  eadi 
side  to .ti¥i». l||(>fsend  |ne%  On  the  Mta heltk wpe. ieoglil^ 
inore  :Uf^^.,peHia|N!  t^i^E^  whjlBli  IM  ooQun«4  4^^  ^ 
wiir;,  iPaie  #Mcwi|S  made >7 the  iwer^  the  BiltiA,ler 
mi^wi,h(^P0^Mt4^  anobadbiteresiskaaiMrliRitwereatleB^ 

JMl»eiiQan^  who.pi(Bis|i|4.  for  a  loi%  timei  M  mWn 
take  them  to.eftormt   1?b|iicbeGk  enab|s4 Jtie 
4er  to  ra^jr  Mi^Ikk^^  a||i|,lnpiiiglhi«ci 

tion.    ,Qj?ee|i%d^s|pJlto       fiir^i^  sneoes^ 
troo|^oan^^<^  IT^ 

21.  Ty^MimtM^iipdes  was  iipie<in#<^  gr^ 
tioi^  ^.tibe  niMi^ilifirs  engaged.    Ot^ikpAsttalemMi^   _ 
hw  oJf  killefll  and  iiroiinded  amottnled  to  §^  huiidred  and 
on  jmL  of  the  Britiali,  9b^  stpted  b]^  Ibeqiselres,  |9p  afanoB^ 
hundred.'  /This  sanguinanr  battie  was  followed  b]r  the  n^ . 
the  ^rlUsii  army  towards  v^iAVlcston.   Tb^  Ame^anijpii|i 
and  |)y  est^llstSng  «  chain  of  posts  at  a  sliOi^ilbit^Qce  mm 
citiir,  protected  tbe  state  ih)f|^  uie^  iac^^  i    ;   ^ 

#19^  Gomwallfe^  who  ie$  IJ9MbfX?ai«litte  in  #ri][,  wAv^  a^ 
P^Ailburgh^iftytfginia,  on  the  spb  qf  J|ay.  JTe  thpre  (bmiedi 
a  jj!^K^o|i;|f 'M^  a  PritishdetaduoMfilt,  wl;^  ooilifn$nto  at  fiist 
by  Araotd  ind  aftt^rwards  by  Pbilupa,  hfkil  ikreviou^f  gat^|e4pci^ 
session  of  Riehiiiond  and  ^ortsmoutih.  t^'^ith  the  for^fM^st 
liis  conmasiid,  he  flattered  liimself  that  lie  4ioiikl  be  al£  to  addj 
this  stnt  fldso  to  the  Ust  of  his  conquests. 

23.  The  American  trooM,  stationed  in  Yfa|;inift  foif^tts  defl^ce. 
wane  indeed  enthrelv  «    ^  *         ^  onnose  any  effectual  ref' 


BlSV6tlfl*C^N^  Wj^ 


10 


M.  From  thes6  excuraionSyCorawalUs  wasrecaUed  to  die  sea- 
Icoait  by  his  commander-in-chief,  who,  Wing  intercepted  a  leU 
Itei^om^  Washington  to  Congress,  became  acquainted  with  die 
y^  which -threat^ed  New-York.    He  wi^  directed  to  take 
En^ition  near  the  ocean,  where  his  armv  and  tiie  fleet  might 
yard  m^itual  protection,  until  the  eveiit  of  ^he  ojperations  at  the 
lior^  sbould  be  Imown.    He  sdected  T^rktown  and  Glouces- 
jiohii,  situated  on  opposite  sides  of  t^oHc  river,  which  emp- 
^^  into  Chesapeake  bay.     He  had  an  army  of  more  tlian 
llO,0Omen,  and  applied  all  hia  nieuis,  with  unwearied  industry 
M^s«al/to  fortify  these  commamiSHng  p^ 
\^,  In  the  mean  time,  but  littfejjrppgr^  had  been  made  in 
IP  prejparatiQiis  to  besiege  New-Tork.    Of  the.  6,000  men, 
fhom  the  northern  states  were  recjiiireA*  to  furnish  for  that  ptir- 
lose,  a  fe^  hundred  only,  at  ^e  he|innin|  of  August,  had  join- 
put  the  army.     On  tlie  other  hand,  the  enemy  in  tl|e  city  had 
eed  strengthened  by  the  jarlval  of  3000  Germans.    In  this    ^ 
'^ire  of  affairs,  the  idea  of  an  expedttion  aganist  Comwallis    ^ 
^d  to  the  commander-ittHBliief.    "I^le  on 

^  ise,hc  received  information  that  a  J'rench  fleet,  un- 
^eunt  de  Grasse,  with  3000  tt!!P'Ops  on  board,  was  on 
.io  America,  and  destuied  to  the  C^apeake. 

hesitated  no  longer,  bt^  deteroiined  to  conduct  the 
In  person.    The  show  of  an  in^ntion  to  attack  New- 
^  .J  nevertheless  preserved.    Afteifthe  troopcf  left  their 
five  portions,  and  crossed  the  Hiiifson,  tlieir  march  was 
Jsted  as  to  lead  Sir  Henry  Cl^ton  to  believ^  that  U,  yyn^ 
olmct  of  Washington  to  ^dn  possession  of  S^n  IsJand,  !n 
^^  ^itate  his  designs  againsf  &e  <^/  The  dei^atches 
iiadC^epted  assisted  to  oieceive  hun,  and  not  until  the  aiv 
Msed  the  Delaware,  and  was  thus  beybhd  the  reach 
did  he  suspect  the  real  object  of  his  advei^ary. 
Iq  then  determined  to  profit  by  his  absence,  or  recall 
Some  daring  enterprise  at  the  noi-th.     Giyliig  to  the 
■^      •  f,  who  had  just  returned  from  Virginia,  the  com- 
ing detachment,  he  sent  him  against  New-London 
eity  situated  upo^i  the  river  Thames,  in  iiis  native 

l!fy  opposite,  on  a  hill  in  Grolon,  stood  fort  Gria- 

wold»#hich  was  tlien  garrisoned  by  militia,  hastily  siinimonej 
frwn tiehr  hibors  Ml  the  field.  ^.^^      .  ^ 

28.  Against  t^is  fort  Arnold  despatched  a  part  of  his  fa-oops. 
It  was  a8Bauit«|d  on  three  sides  at  the  same  moment.  The  gar^ 
risqai,  figlitlng  in  view  of  their  pr^tiity  and  thi^r  homesV matje 
[I  hrave  and  ousanate  resistance.  By,tlieir  steady  a^d  well- 
rftiected  fire,  maHV  of  the  assaifibits  wCre  kiUed.     P^fedsihg  for- 


y. 


vratd  with  persevering  ardor,  the  enemy  entered  the  fort  through 
the  ^mforazures.  Immediately  all  resistance  ceased.  Iititated^ 
gallantry  which  should  have  caused  admiration,'  k  British  officer 
inquired  who  commanded  the  fort. )  "  I  did,^  said  colonel 
Ledyard,  *'hut  you  do  now,**  and  presented  him  his  sword. 
He  seizcwi  it,  and  with  savage  cruelty  plunged  it  into  his  bosom. 
This  was  the  signal  for  an  indiscriminate  massacre.  Of  one 
hundred  and  sixty  men,  composing  the  garrison,  all  but  forty 
were  killed  or  wounded^  and  most  of  them  after  resistance  had 
ceased .  Seldom  has  the  f^ory  of  victoiy  been  tamielhed  by  such 
detestable  barbarity.  The  enemy  then  entered  New*London, 
which  was  set  on  fire  and  consunied.  The  property  destroyed 
was  of  immense  value.  Perceiving  no  other  dnect  within:  th^ 
reach  of  his  force,  Arnold  led  back  his  troops  to  New-Tork. 

20.  The  march  of  Wacdifaigton  was  not  airested  by  this  bar- 
barous inroad.  He  pressed  forivai^  with  the  utmost  speed,  the 
great  object  in  view  immurtfaif  vigor  to  his  troops.  At  Chester, 
M-  he  received  the  cheermg  intell&ence,  that  admiral  de  Grasse 
had  entered  the  Chesalpe^ke  with  a  force  sufficiently  sttong  to 
prevent  the  escape  o5  the  enemy  by  water.  On  the  2mh  of 
September,  the  last  division  of  the  allied  forces  arrived  at  t^ 
II'  place  appointed  for  their  meeting.    The  whole  consbted 

16,000  men,  and  was  furnished  with  a  large  and  powerful 
of  battering  artillery. 

30.  A  body  of  troops  under  general  de  Ghoise  was  stati 
to  watch  the  small  garrison  at  Gloucester  Point,  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  river ;  and  0|i  the^  28th  the  several  divisions^  |les- 
tined  to  besiege  the  mwn  dlirrisoii  kt  Yorktowii,  reached  die 
positions  assigned  theit).  mi^  i%lli  bf  the  slj^  of  Octo^r, 
advancing  to  within '66o  yms  df  .^<s  eneihy'b  U^ei,  the^^^ 
their  first  parallel,  and  labored  with  such  silence  iind  do^ijgp^ 
that  they  were  not  discovered  until  morning,  when  the  woncs 
they  had  raised  were  sufficient  to  protect  them. 

31 .  On  the  9th,  several  batteriesMpg  completed,  a  heaij  can- 
nonade was  begun.  Many  of  the  enemy's  guns  were  dismount- 
ed, and  portions  of  their  fortifications  laid  level  with  the. ground. 
On  the  night  of  the  11th,  the  besiegers  commenced  t)itfa^*6co"<^ 
parallel,  three  hundred  y«irds  ir  advance  of  the  first.  This  ap- 
proach was  made  so  much  sooner  than  was  expeclet),  that  tho 
men  were  not  discovered  at  their  labor,  until  tliey  had  rendered 
themselves  secure  from  all  molestation  hi  front.  The  fire  from 
the  new  batteries  was  still  more  furious  and  destructive. 

32.  From  two  British  redoubts,  in  advance  of  their  main 
\s  orks,  and  flanking  those  of  the  besiegers,  the  men  In  the  trench- 
es wer^    .-everely  annoyed  thai  Washiop^o  resolved  to  storm 


>e  fort  throuoii 
^tatefffy 
British  officer 
«aM  colone) 
m  his  sword, 
ito  his  bosom, 
ere.    Of  one 
all  but  forty 
resistance  had 
Dished  bjiucb 
NTew-London, 
ertjr  destroyed 
ect  within  tli^l 
Vew-Yorlc.  ^' 
sd  by  this  bar- 
lost  speed,  tlie 
At  Ch^r, 
ral  de  Grasse 
ently  stilong  to 
1  the  2Gth  of 
arrived  at  tbe 
»  consbted 
powerfd 

wasstatt^i 
:,  on  the  noiib  '■ 
divisions,  |)es- 
,  reached  dw 
gi  of  Octo^w, 
Bi,they.b<^ 

M  <fflig^ 
en  the  iporb 

J,ahe«^can- 
'ere  dismount- 
ththejround. 
d  tMrfeeond 
vt.  Thisap- 
scled)  that  tho 
had  rendered 
The  ftre  from 
irctfve. 

)f  their  main 
in  the  treuch- 
lived  to  storm 


1781.] 


REVOLtJtAlirAllt 


191 


(hem.  The  enterprise  against  one  was  committed  to  an  Ameri-^ 
caU}  tiiat  against  the  otlner  to  a  Firench  d^adiment  Colonel 
Hamilton,  who  led  tlie  van  of  the  formery^made  such  an  impe- 
Moua  attacic,  that  possession  was  soon  obtained,  with  little  slaugfa- 
ter.  Retaliation  for  the  carnage  at  fort  Griswold  might  have 
lieen  justified.  But  « the  soldiers,''  said  colonel  Hamilton,  *<in- 
capalble/^of  imitating  examples  of  barbarity,  and  forgetting  recent 
provocation,  spare^l  every  man  that  ceased  to  resist"  Tlie 
French  detaclunent  was  equally  brave  and  successful,  but,  op- 
posed l>y  a  stronger  force,  sustained  a  more  consideraUe  loss. 

33.  Corbwallls,  percehring  no  hope  of  safety  but  in  flight,  at- 
tempted, on  the  evening  of  the  16th,  to  cross  over  to  Gloucester, 
intending  to  force  his  way  through  the  troops  under  de  Choise, 
and  proceed  by  rapH  marches  to  New-Tow.  Before  reaching 
the  opposite  shore,  with  the  first  division  of  his  army,  a  storm 
dispersed  his  boats  and  cbmpelled  him  to  abandon  the  project 

34.  On  the  morning  of  the  17th,  additional  batteries  were 
completed  by  the  besiegers.  This  cannonade  became  too  powers 
ful  to  be  resisted.  Tl^  enemy's  works  were  sinking  rapidly 
under  it,  and  liearly  all  their  guns  were  silenced.  3efore  noon, 
Comwdllis  beat  a  pariey ,  and  proposed  that  commissioners  shoidd 
be  appointed  to  settle  terms  of  surrender.  They  were  acco^- 
ipgly  appofaitedt  and  on  the  19th  of  October,  the  terms  which 
wif  had  agreed  upon  were  ratified  by  the  respective  comman- 
(jlers. 

35.  The  naval  force  in  the  harbor  was  surrendered  to  de 
Grasse,  the  garrison  to  the  American  general.  To  the  garrison, 
ttie  same  terms  were  granted  as  had  been  conceded  to  the  troops 
who  capitulated  at  Charleston ;  and  general  Lincohi,  who  was 
pr^flJBQt,  was  designated  by  Washbigton  to  receive  the  sword  of 
Comwailis.  The  number  of  prisoners  exceeded  seven  thousand, 
of  whom  neariy  three  thousand  were  not  fit  for  duty. 

86.  On  no  occasion  during  the  war,  did  the  American  people 
manifest  greater  exultation  and  jby.  To  the  Giver  of  all  good, 
they  united  in  rendering,  with  ffirateful  hearts,  thanksgiving  and 
praise  for  the  decisive  victory  which  he  bad  enabled  tiiem  to  gain, 
i^'rom  the  nature  and  duration  of  the  contest,  the  aflectioas  of 
many  had  been  so  concentrated  ttpon  their  country,  and  so  in- 
tense was  their  interest  in  its  fate,  that  the  news  of  this  brifliant 
success  produced  the  most  rapturous  emotions,  under  ttieopera- 
lioa  of  which  some  were  deprived- of  their  reason,  and  one  aged 
|iatriut  in  Philadelphia  expired. 

37.  -  - 

vviiicii  thi 


■^H 


tie  loss  of  a  second  entire  army  extinguished  every  hope, 
;i*  |N)uple  of  Great  Britiln  ha<l  entertohied,  of  the  subju- 


:> 


WAR 


[lT8g. 


i 


ipitiOQoftlwircoloiiifli*   Th^  iMff^epSf  whk^»alt|boug|i,beay^^ 
Uiey  lHiA>>rne  with  paHen^  w)i%;  aim«M  b|.tli«f ri^i^tt^     ^ 
«iooe|8»  noif  {nneflsed  iridi  ini^rable  w^kht.    TIkW  aiBmapded^  ^ 
with  an  iilmoet  mianilOQ^  voi<^^jtM  aa  aid  should  me^j  l|| 
put  t»  »  hopeleaJHand  r<iinou4  wwr.    9;it  the  ap^ecfa  of  the  l^ing^ 
to  patfiameiit,  at  the.c^^eolng  of^  vdnter  sesiif^,  diopovened, 
thatiiis  feelings  aiid:deleniilJmoil  remain^  un^uoig^.   Bcf^r- 
ing  no  portion  of  the  huitltps  of  war,  he  fdt,  wvli  undimiiushed 
foree,  his  reluctance  to  |iart  iq^  GM  authority  whicfa  he  had 
once  exerdiild  over  three  inilUiims  of  subjects, 

38*  But  oie  house  of  commons,  speaking  the^entfanents  of  the 
people,  expressed,  in  enei^getic  lan^age,  tii^  ^piq^rohation  of 
all  further  attempts  to  reduce  the  colonies  to  oheifience'bT  force.  , 
.  Lord  North,' cdutraiT  to  the  wishes  of  his  soibrel|^  then  re- 
signed, the  office  ojf  prime  minister.  Another  minet  was 
formied,  who  advised  the  kingto  concede  Independencot  to  the 
colonies.     Early  in  the  flpring  of  1782|  pacific  over^res  wer«. 

tordingly  made  to  ^e  American  government,  an^both  nations 
iSted  from  hostile  measures.  l 

39«  Congress  had  previouslj  appointed  John  Adams,  of  Mas- 
sactoetts,  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  Great  Britain,  when- 
ever her  goTemnient  should  express  a  desire  for  peace.  He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  opposers  of  pfrliamentafy  encroachmsut. 
Actuated  by  hatlred  of  tyimmiy  ^s  w^  as  love  of  eountif  .  he  had, 
before  resistance  was  contemplated  by  d^bers,  devoted  all  the 
enet^riM  of  his  powerftd  mind  to  the  woilc,  of  enHgfatenhig  the 
peopli^  flad  preparinjif  them  for  the  contest  which  he  foresaw 
was  mroaemoff.  u  the  continflntal  consress  ht  was  conspi- 
cfotts  for  his  taknts  and  zeal.  Appolnled  minister  to  Holland,  < 
]||  isueeeeded  in  obtainbig  a  loan  at  Amsterdam,  when  tfie  re- 
souroes  of  Us  eountry  were  almost  exhausted,  and  in  concluding 
with  that  republic  a  treaty  of  amity  and  commei«e. 

40.  Ai  eoUeaeues  with  hfan,  congress  now  appointed  Benjar 
min  Franldin,  John  Jay,  and  Henry  Laurens.  The  first  was 
minister  to  France.  He  was  belom  by  his  country  for  the 
servioes  he  had  rendered  her;  and  ilkuirious  throughout  the  ' 
world  for  his  inventive  genius  and  practical  philosophy.  John 
Jay  wai  a  native  of  New-Toric ;  was  distingiushed  for  the  purity 
of  his  timl  character,  and  his  attachment  to  the  rights  or  maa- 
kittd.  file  had  long  been  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  theti 
the  representative  of  the  United  States  at  the  Spanish  coui^. 
Henry  Laurens  was  a  citlaen  of  SouuX/aroliua,  had  been  pre- 
eident  of  coi^;rass,  hit  b^en  appointed  minister  to  Hollana,  but 
when  eromln^  the  ocean,  was  captured  by  a  Britlsb  cruiiser  and 


if 


m^MtlMSH'^^MSr  WM. 


SOI 


^__^_  ^^m  iAii# lot  «retfo%  to ^  tower  of  liosdom    In 

|.^p^  fonaed  itfbr  ttie  inoddi  of  antld^; 


P 


,,,^_^^ -^ iwd  ii!#fi^  ^i^ 

between  France,  the  ally  of  me  United  Ste|es>  and  Great  Bfl^ 
lahi.   Tliiat  e^nt  ooeorr^  dn  the  tbird  di^  of  9e|filltiiBir,  l*^ ; 
904  <^li#e  same  di^i  i  liefinltbe  trtoi^  tietvreeii  the  ptttnt 
i<iiii^iiid  her kte  e^n^'iiii^aio  M^fM!  ■'  ^-  ^^-  ^ '    ^  *^ 
4S»i  11ke.p;6iip(in9  of  th«ti«#«tite«e  z^  «id; 

ll^  AmeriM  negoll^tora,  as  Ir^  af  th^iflleMil  '  *' 
ifitualod  the^«eir  BfMifih  mh^istix^^^^^  The  kdy^ifieiii^  or  me 
Vim  SttttegfleMi  ai^neiiW^wl^  :llM^45ll^ril|*fa^ 
ths  banks  of  mmfmi^kaAt  «iiA  cepMi  Aw^i^ee  4n  flit 
QMntoftiiiilHslll^'weieflecii^  andllj 

iw.fieded  to  &!in  mmiBmmAmM^  ^  moat  aengitel  liad 

te^toeiiii^ip^^it^Mp^  ^?*«^?^^^^^^ 

binaaie  thft fiitofe  ifapea^iiiee  of  her  amea  ii|M»i  he^lf,  endea* 
viMtbyjeoiitiiilr^ner  to  prevent  *ten  from  ohtalBlng  aa  f*. 
v«^  tmutlta  ipim'thdr  latt  enendeg  ii^ie  waBag  to  frant^ 

48r  Wh&e  the  MgotiatkmFece  peadinfttfaf  Amerie^ 
iwei  retjiiiid  to  jewice;  bnireo^lMt  nnemplo/ed  at  their  va- 
rkraaaletlMUk    Hiey  «aw  with  pleawe  the  end  of  tiieirltoUe 
ipf^foechfaigrbiil  aMM^^^ 

llfMT  n^lded  tfaiOreenricea^ii^dfomtwiai^i^  seal  and 
fidelity  thev  had  been  jeendenKk  The  officen,  especiattf ,  dread, 
ed  that,  after  havins,  for  want  of  paj,  expended  their  private 
fortunes,  and  aftorbaving  ex^mii^  their  strength  in  the  per- 
formance of  arduous  and  protracted  services,  they  sliof^  be  dis- 
nJssed  b  poverty,  without  any  secure  provision  for  their  future 
support. 

44.  In  the  course  of  the  war,  a  resolution  had  been  adopted! 
b?  congress,  stipulating  that  the  officers,  ailer  being  disbanded,  \ 
should  i«ceive  lialf-pay  for  life.    This  resolution  had  never  been  i 
ratified  by  the  requisite  numL»er  of  states,  and  no  safe  reliance  . 
could  therefore  be  placed  upon  it.     lu  December,  1782^  the  ' 
oflScers  forwarded  to  congre&s  a  petition  praying  that  tJl  arrears 
which  were  due  to  them  might  be  discharged,  i^d  tiiat,  histead 
of  half-pay  for  life,  a  sum  equal  to  five  yettrs  full  pay  should  be 
paid  or  secured  to  tiiem  when  disbanded. 


9^ 


^ix^mMrmsmmmm. 


^».  ^^mwpisi^  m  comiiian*5f^tt.chi«f  WM  iii^  «unn 
T^k^oiiscKMis  dbat  tlie  offiiien  liad  ju«t  caiwe  of ^kZ* 
he%a8 aware  thatrfufy to  liiB «imistiy  aad>f«ii  £fa£w^fml 

»J»^^  CafliMOSmtogetluS 

commtMien  u  oonmwalw^SiU'  rf  tli«  iZlil?"!!..? 
tunMl  to  hto  i*iHw»»  M  lii3«E^»«-SjITf'  5f 


•).■  ,>..    « 


•'.'p 


>ni 


iFtt 


m*-i- 


''imy:'' 


#-»,«»«' 


:'^ 


ai  '  7., 


■lioN. 


iiiW  U  t    <,  ■  I 


all  the  advantages  wUeli  M  Wft  iMltleipaM  1^  aa  anm  aad 
juifiii^ f^pte.  The  avilftdf  was^ wm JviMeted  li^rQ»l  its 
^^m#Hi;  iWie  and  |p>f#aliWili  bdm  fiai^^u^  %i>eo- 
^^#itoli&lng  Aiir  dlpprisp  and  iamandfeig  all  ^IJ^  re- 

1.  Uteii|iflovled  hy  tiie  aenBe  of  itmiittimift  and  eoima^a  dan- 
pr^ike  artidea  of  eonfederation  #m  fetid  iimiffidiiitv^  ap- 
•dotx^M  tbe  pitrpoiaa  of  a  natfomd  fot«niaiont  'I'he'jf  ^^oiifer- 
f«d  ii{M)i'^eongresi^te  bil^  i^sarely  to 

i^fvqidMonsinpoftmila  IPhMo  wore  oAisn  ftsregfujd- 
«^,  no  antboiii^  l^nilt  S^b  to  enforee  obedionoe.  The  i^ve- 
jHie  WM  tii^raiie  defidiol^  4be  tiublk  crOditon  wiriO:  unfmid, 
ioid  Ibo  national  aeciiritiei  or  eddenoes  of  debt  depreektod  so 
low  tlua  ttuBj  ^weve  often  wfld  ft^r  one  eigh&  of  Ibdr  nominal 
tiliie. 

S.  Naither  dM  Hbese  artieieB  con&r  the  power  to  regulate 
«omineree.  Cion^^nss,  liMnrilore,  cOnld  not  nuilie  etrnmetM 
treaties  iHth  fov^gn  nattonsfi^h  #oald  be  obl^atoiy  tipon  the 
individual  states.  Unprotoeted  by  treaties,  and  unsuptioited  by 
countervailing  regulations,  the  Jjneriean  merehants  wefe  denied 
aU  participation,  except  on  4flknas  at  once  burdensome  and  de- 
ffrading,  in  the  commerce  of  the  worid.  The  trade  between 
me  several  stales,  which  were  considered  separate  and  bdepeu" 
dent  sovereigaties,  was  also  endiorrassed  by  numerous  restric- 
tions, produoing  frequent  coBMons,  and  dimfaiiBliing  the  benefits 
which  naturally  flow  from  the  unftttered  aaterprise  and  indus- 
"ttf  of  man.  Commerce  langutehed ;  and  from  the  want  of  Its 
vivifying  hiflttence,  all  the  eneigies  of  the  country  were  dor- 
mant 

4.  To  remedy  tliese  evils,  congress  applied  to  the  states  for  a 
grant  of  the  power  to  reffdble  commerce,  and  to  cotteot  a  revo- 
nne  fr«lb  it  New-Yoni:  alone  ref^ised ;  but  iu  unanimUy  was 
requisite,  her  single  negative  defeated  the  pioject.    In  the  mean 


'     'il 


•% 


■M 


';W 


^4 


t 


-  w 


r^NFEBEMTlON. 


time,  the  diftress  increased,  and  in  Massachusefts,  ^ere  it  w$b  ' 
Bluest, Juried  to  |nfman^M|ien.|L^|^^  ol^ihe  fiD|il^t8. 
Neir  tiie  eloae  of  the  fM^  17i|6,^a»ef  ^^b^^  tn  Hieniirober 
of  tm  ^lUMid,  in  tlie  noviiiwtaterf  pitft  of  Hie  aliteratid, 
<^^^09ii|4|Iil|i4^^^9^ 

/Imd. 


01  nijittia,  diYwn  litim  tii^ 
where  dist^ecUpn  did  not  prevail,  were  itomediateyaipie 
against  tibem,  one  under  the  command  of  general  lincob,  (he 
o&er  of  geoenil  3hepard.  -Thejr  were  easU^r  dispeMki;  ao| 
i^m^^ySmMm  iMi^^ilQiui  puttbUlm,  m^fm-  the 

)ti|Rii|!^lfl#^  l^^^  minifiteriilEii. 

TOgB^jN  ^fj^g^iteiiwhlililig^tihifif^  c(»^eiali«iHrini 
n^Mfi^  N  %^lMi(Ml%  «ugg^^  tODngrteatlpjiipedk^i^ 
c^  of  effeeUnlf  a  doier  onion  of  the  stales,  and  of  eoMerrini 


jK^Wftft lOKMi ^general. goi^Riiiienti^  # 


mi 

61  a 


ic- 


mofe 

iion  pf  IM  il<M9niiy  ot  iiieii»coiMtWB»  also  felt. iir 
Washli^t^,  and  |i»iiiit  ef  ^  distinfnldMriktpftr^  of 
iod''  b^tenybr^  11^^  upoa^ftopdtion  of  Mr.  MMi- 
i>f  flug^nW  %eoimei^n  of  eomaiiasionef*  from  ftfe  ef  the 
Blatef,  f|«i  hdd  at  iaii^pf^  i^  the  parpdM  of  devisinr 
and  r^cQ|||ia^ildhBig.l0  tlM  Maaileteiupilbittaifalem 


eMiiMonei!;^  afteedelibemiag nooii  the sidijed, 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  nothing  short  of  a  morough  neferm 
of  the  eidstiaff  poteiaHneiil  should  he  attempted.  Thhi  i>pihion 
^m  exppiBe3l;iiilhi»^^f^pOflofthsit  proceeding  which  was  laM 
he^  congrsis-  Th«t  jbodf  adoptodi  hi  conse^pMMMWym  remilu- 
tion  rpcommeiiding  that  a  convention  of  delega^, from  all  the 
states  should  he  hekl  at  Phiiadel|ihfair  ^  ^  puroose  of  revisbg 
the  arlleles  of  confodevation,  and^  reporting  sueh  ahprations  as 
would  iender  the  f^^enil  toastitiithm  edecpuite  to  the  exigences 
of  goveranient,  add  the  prsiMrvaftion  o^  the  Union. 

8.  Widi  this  fepommeadation  aU  the  stiites,  except  Rhode 
Island,  compMcd  $  iid  hi  May,  17S7,  the  eaoventhm  met.  Of 
this  bidf  orvenerabk  and  lUtislrlpus  statesmen,  Qwirge  Wash- 
iiujtfm  was  unanfanoiia^  elecled  mresident  fliey  diliheiMl' 
with  dosed  doon,  and  at  the  end  of  tbur  ttionths,  diraed  upon  a 
conitilution  for  the  United  States  of  America,  which,  after  be* 
hag  repeirtad  to  cohgreas,  was  suhihitted  fyr  ratUkaHtm  to  con*. 
ventifis  hoUan  in  the  respective  states. 

9»  Tbii^^oiMUlution,  under  which  the  citixens  of  this  tmhlio 
bcve  o^odl  such  unexampled  happbess  and  prosperity,  dlffoff^ 


comtederation. 


205 


in  many  paiticulars,  firom  the  artides  of  confederation,  ft  ctm- 
oects  the  states  mare  dooely  to|pether,  by  esrtabllshing  a  general 
and  su|>ren»e  government  composed  of  three  departments,  le^ 
^ye,  ex^cutive^  and  jimUcuiI. 

10.  Tke  le^(islative  diqpiiimei^  consi^  of  a  senate  and  house 
of  r^presenta^esy  and  is  styled  the  congress.  Tfaie  members 
oufjhie  l^iise  are  chosen  by  the  people,  and  hold  their  oMces 
Ifio  rears.  They^are  apportioned  among  the  several  states,  ac- 
eordlnglo^e  number  of  inhabitantr  as  ascertained  every  tenth 
jefor  te^  census,  deducting  two  fifths  of  the  slaves. 

It. ^*fhe  senators  are  the  representatives  of  &e  states,  in 
Iheir  sovereign  capacity,  and  are  chosen  by  the  state  legislatives, 
eii«li johoosing  two.  The  constitution  ordedned  that  on  assem- 
mg  at  the  first  session,  they  should  be  divided,  as  equally  as 
poisiUe,  in^  tii^ee  classes.  Those  composing  lihe  first  class 
were  to  hold  ^ebr  offices  but  two  years  ;  ^^ose  composing  the 
leeond  class,  fomr  years ;  those  composiil^the  third,  she  years. 
ABsifbse(|uentlv  chosen  were  to  hold  meh*  ^ces  she  yeani,  except 
iQcb  as  should  be  chosen  to  supply  the  places  of  those  who  had 
died  9r  resign^  Brides  their  4egisia:^ve  power,  they  have,  hi 
c|ieun!(»|ice  with  thjBjixecutive,  ai  voice  in  all  appointments  to 
office,  and  m  the  ratification  of  treaties.  , 

12.  Theexecutive#oweris  vested  ui  a  president  appomted 
[%  electors.  These  electors  are  choaen  in  the  respective  states, 
|Iii8ach  mamnnr  as  the  different  legislatures  may  prescribe,  and 
w»  equal  in  number  to  the  senatoi«  and  representatives  from 
the  itote  In  congress.  If,  liowever,  no  person  receives  a  ma- 
^  jority  of  the  votes  of  these  etectors  the  president  is  dten  chosen 
by  the  representathres,  tltose  firom  eadi  state  having  but  one  vote. 
He  is  elected  for  four  years ;  but  he  may  be  unpeacfaed  hf  Uie 
noose,  tried  by  |he  senate,  and,  if  convicted  of  misconduct,  may 
be  removed  from  office.  He  is  commander-in-chpf  of  the 
land  and  naval  forces.  He  n6minates  to  the  aaasAem  officers 
of  th^seneral  government,  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  ol 
two  thirds  of  uiat  body,  ratifies  treaties.  A  vice-president  is 
chosen  at  the  same  time,  and  in  the  same  manner,  to  perform 
^  the  duties  of  president  when  that  office  is  vacant  by  death, 
mlgiiation,  or  removal 

18.  To  pass  a  law,  the  house  and  senate  must  concur,  and  It 
is  then  to  be  sent  to  the  president,  who  must  sqpprove  it  If  he 
dots  not  approve  it,  he  must  return  it  with  his  objections ;  and 
it  wm  then  be  agreed  to  by  two-thfards  of  both  branches.  Law! 
(Ihis  meted  are  obligatory  upon  the  citizens  indhridiu%|  aiMi' 
Htty  be  executed  by  officers  appobted  by  the  preiideiit  '0M 
>tti(e     under  the  confederation,  the  ordinauces  of  Congtiil. 


m 


*»  1 


SOff 


CONFEDERATION. 


[1787. 


operated  only  upon  the  states,  and  no  efficient  mode  #as  provided  { 
.  for  enlbrdng  tiSem.  .     ^' 

14»  The  consHtutioii  confers  on  congress  the  power  to  de 
dare  war ;  to  raise  and  support  iinnies  ;  ^to  provide  and  mab- 
iain  a  navy  j  to  lay  and  c^Qect  taxes,  dnthss,  impost  atid  ex- 
cises ;  to  regulate  commerce  \  to  com  money ;  and  afi  other 
poweni  o^  a  general  or  national  character.  It  (Bmlnishes,  in  no 
respect,  the  Ubeity  of  the  citizen,  but  transfers  a  portion  of  tiie 
powers,  previously  exercised  by  the  state  gO(vemments,  to  the 
government  of  the  union.  -       *  -^  i 

15.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  is  vepled  in  a 
supreme  court,  and  such  inferior  courts  as  the  congress  may 
estsd)lish  ;  and  it  extends  to  aU  cases  arising  undcar  the  constitu-  { 
iion,  the  laws  of  cojigcess,  and  treaties ;  to  all  cases  of  admi- 
ralty and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  all  cohtroverries  between 
citiisens  of  di£Gerent  states,  and  between  foreigners  and  dtj- 
zens  :  the  judges  hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour. 

16.  The  new  Constitution  found  opposers  as  well  aft  advo- 
cates, and  both  were  equally  zealous.    The  former,  Mently 
attached  to  libefty,  imagined  that  nuers  possessing  such  exten- 1 
sive  sway,  such  abundant  patrojtiage,  and  such  independent 
tenure  of  office,  would  become  fond  of  the  exercise  of  power, 
and  in  the  end,  arrogant  and  tjrrannical.    The  latter  professed 
equal  attachment  to  liberty,  but  cdl^eiai^  that,  to  preserve  it,^ 
an  energetic  government  was  necessary.    They  described, 
powerful  effect,  the  evils  actually  endured  from^  inefficie 
of  the  confederation,  and  demanded  that  a  trial  at  least  should  l)e' 
made  of  the  remedy  proposed.    These  took  die  name  of  fede- 
i*alists,  as  friendly  to  ft^^  union  of  the  states;  the  appellation  of  ^ 
anti-federalists  was  given  to  their  antagonists 

17.  In  the  conventions  of  eleven  states,  a  msyority,  though  in  j 
some  instances  a  small  one,  decided  in  favor  6f  its  ratification. 
Provision  was  then  made  for  the  election  of  the  officers -to  com- 
pose the  executive  and  legislative  departments.  To  the  highest 
station,  the  electors,  by  a  unanimous  vote,  elected  George  Wash- 
ington., illustrious  for  his  virtues  and  militarjr  tidents.  To  the 
secondi  that  of  vice-president,  by  a  vote  ueai^  unanimous,  the; 
^elevated  John  Adams,  who,  in  stations  less  ccmspicuous,  bad, 
with  equal  patriotism,  rendered  importanf  services  to  his  country. 

1^.  The  fourth  of  March,  1789,  was  the  day  de^^ited  foi 
the  new  government  to  conunence  its  operations.  "Iiie  delays 
incident  to  its  first  organization,  prevented  the  inaugaratiQn  of 
-  the  President,  until  the  80tii  of  AprU.  The  ceremony  was  wit- 
HMsed^  wHh  inexpressible  joy,  by  an  immense  concomse  of 
eitizens.    In  an  impressive  address  to  botii  houses  of  Coogimi?! 


1*^.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


20"^ 


^ospeet 


ivHh  every  satisfikc- 
can  inspire;  siilce 
ed,  than  that  thi^ 
,  an  indissoltiMB 


[^  (leclared,  with  charactertstie  modesty,  his  "  incapacity  for 
(he  m'f  V  «^y  and  untried  cares  before  lunii"  ind  offered  his  ^  far- 

[rent  supplications  to  that  Afanifffatjr Beittg^%faose  proridential 
Hid  Can  su^ly  every  humaA  deiee||  that  his  lienediction  would- 

[fednsecrate  to  the  liberties  and  hi||kinesB  of  the  people  of  the 

Ignited  States,  a  government  ihsntuted  by  themsdves  for  these 
!ntial  purposes ;  suid  would  enable  every  instrument,  em« 

[ployed  in  its  administration,  to  execute,  with  success,  the  fune^ 

itions  allotted  to  hb  charge."  ' 

19.  He  also  expressed  his  firm  conviction,  **  that  the  foim- 
ditioii  of  our  national  policy  would  be  laid  in  the  pure  and  im- 

itable  principles  of  private  morality  ;  and  that  the  pre-toii- 
ice  of  a  free^vemment  would  t>e  exemplified  by  ail  the  at» 
mtes  which  can  win  the  affections  of  its  citizens,  and  com* 
nd  the  ni^ct  of  the  world." 

20.  "llvell,»'saidh*,"onthis\ 
ika  whicb  an  ardent  love  for  my 

!  is  no  truth  more  thoroughly  estabt 
b,  in  the  economy  and  course  of 
tiibn  between  virtue  and  haippiness ;  betwe^  duty  and  advim- 
il|e ;  between  the  genuine  maxims  of  an  honest  and  magmii* 
nidus  policy,  and  tl^  solid  rewards  of  public  prosperity  and  fdi- 
icity ;  and  since  the  destiny  of  the  Republican  model  of  gov#m- 
nient  is  justly  considered  as  deeply,  perhaps  as  Finally,  atalced 
[on  the  ejcperiment  intrusted  to  the  American  people." 

.21.  Tolsstablish  a  revenue  sufficient  for  the  support  of  gb- 
vemment,  and  for  the  discharge  of  the  debt  contracted  in  ^re- 
volutionary ivar,  ivas  the  first  object  of  consress.  For  this  piif» 
pose,  duties  were  laid  on  tiieimportation  r/mercfaandise,  aui  on 
the  tonnage  of  vessels ;.  and. from  these  sources  yif^  drawn  into 
the  national  treasury,  fimds  which  had  before  been  coBee^edNnd 
appropriated  by  the  states  on  the  sea  coast.  ''^"^ 

2d.  Laws,  creating  a  department  of  stote,  of  thetreastify,and 
of  war,  were  enacted ;  and  Mr.  Jeflerson,  Mr.  Hamilton,  and 
general  Knox,  appointed  secretaries  or  principals.  A  national 
judiciary  was  constituted  aqd  organized.  A  resolve  was  passed, 
directing  the  secretary  of  tfie  treasury  to  prepare  a  plan  for  the 
lupport  of  public  credit;  and  amendments  to  the  constitution 
were  proposed,  which  were  subsequently  ratified  by  the  states ; 
and  whicn,  removing  many  of  the  objections  made  to  it,  lendered 
it  acceptable  to  all. 

28.  After  the  adjournment  of  congress,  the  president  made  a 
tour  through  New-England,  where  he  was  received  ^  the  in- 
liabltants  with  an  aflection  bordering  on  aJoratfbn.^  People  of 
W  classes  crowded  to  behold  the  man  whose  viitttfii  asMiktets 


a-l 


'I 


I 


4^ 


WASHINGTON'S 


[IWO. 


exalted  huii;  in  their  v|«w,  above  die  lieroes  of  anelent  and  mo*| 
dei^i  times;  and  to  pifeent  to  him  the  undias^hled  hDmage  otl 
their  grateful  heai%^Sllll#  non?  did  his  visit  give  more  exqui- 
site pleasure  thaiat  |j^jttiev|^pl^  and  soldiers  of  the  **  patriot 
anny/'  who  had  leoKi<|kis  4M||f<auons  in  suffering  and  hi  victory, 
who  were  endeared  to^m  ^aieir  bravery  and  fidelity  in  war, 
and  by  tlie  magnaninuty  with  which,  in  peace,  they  endured  un-i 
inei?|ted  neglect  and  poverty. 

24.  At  the  next  session  of  congress,  which  commenced  igi 
January,  1790,  Mr.  Hamilton,'  the  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
jnacte  his  celebrated  report  upon  the  public  debts  contracted  du- 
ring the  revolutionary  war.    Taking  an  ftble  and  enlarged  vie*.? 
f(f  the  advaiotwes  pf  public  oredit,  he  recoinmeni|ed  that,  not  ofi|^ 
the  debts  of  me  contiui^ntal  congl^ss^  but  those  of' the  sta^i 
arising  from  their  exertions  in  the  common  cause,  should^] 
Amded  or  assumed  by  the  general  government ;  and  that  provi- 
sion should  be  made  for  paying  the  interest,  by  imposing  taxes 
on  qertain  articles  of  huniry,  and  on  fpurits  distilled  wittun  tiie 
couAtrir.  ' 

25.  Upon  libis  report  an  animated  debate  took  place.  Itsre- 
4i||Piendations  were  opposed  by  that  party  who  had  seen,  or 
flight  they  had  seen,  in  the  constitution,  many  features  hostile 
:to  freedom,  and  who  remembered  that  Mr.  Hamilton,  when  a 
menober  pf  the  convention,  had  proposed  that  tiii^  president  and 
senate  should  be  appointed  to  hold  weir  offices  during  good  be- 
haviour^ Th^y  how  expressed  theur  fears,  that  the  assumption^ 
of  th^se  d6btp  would  render j<1the  government  still  stronger,  by 
jdrawing  ground  it  a  numerous  and  powerful  body  of  public  crc- 
#ors,  who,  in  ail  its  contests  with  the  states  or  the  people,  would 
he  bounds  In  the  strongest  of  all  ties,  tliat  of  interest,  to  support 
it  wh)9ld^  r^ght  or  ivrong.  This  party,  existing  principally  ia 
the  soiraiem  states,  and  professmg  ^n  ardeut  attachment  to  the 
equalitj^ts  of  man,  took  the  name  of  republicaitt' ;  ,  .  '  ' 

26.  Mr.  Ifadison  proposed,  that  whenever  the  public  securi- 
ties had  been  transferred,  the  highest  price  which  they  had  borne 
in  the  market  should  be  paid  to  the  purchaser,  and  the  residue  to 
the  original  holder.  After  an  eloquent  debate,  this  proposition 
was  rejected.  The  party  denominated  federal,  and  existing 
princi|»]ly  ui  the  northern  states,  supported  throughout,  wi^ 
great  ability  and  force  of  reasonmg,  the  plarus  of  the  secretary ; 
but  oalaki^  the  vote  in  the  house  of  representatives,  they  were 
rejected  by  a  majoritv  of  two.  ^ 

27.  Aflterwardi  this  national  measure  was  connected,  as  is  too 
frequeiMfy  the  case  in  legislative  bodies,  with  one  which  had  ex' 
cit»d,  nil^  |(Mpl  feeling.     It  was  understood  tbHt.vShould  th^ 


1^.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


sod 


geait  of  govemment  bi^  fixed;  for  ten  years  at  Fltfladelj^iia>  and 
ifterwaraft  pennanendy  at  a  place  to  be  selected  on  tfae  rotomac» 
some  aootfleni  members  would  vHthdlraw  thdr  oinpoaition  to  Ute 
fiitiduig  system.  A  law  to  that  efbct  was  acemingly  eniicled* 
'Xlie^  former  discussion  was  then  resumed.  The  plans  of  the  se- 
eretaiy  were  adopted  'a  the  senate  and  afterwards  in  the  house, 
ttro  members  r^resenting  ^tricts  on  the  Potomac,  <^l»atig^ng 
(heir  votes.  The  debt  funded  amounted  to  a  Ihde  moire  Sian 
ieventy-&ve  millions  of  dollars ;  upon  a  part  of  which  duree  per 
eent,  and  upon  the  i^mainder  six  per  cent  interest  was  to  be 


28.  The  effect  of  this  measure  was  great  and  n^id.  The  price 
^f  the  puMic  paper,  which  had  fallen  to  twelve  or  fifteen  cents  oh 
tbe  doQkr,  suddenly  rose  to  the  sum  expressed  on  the  face  of  it. 
This  difference  was  gained,  hi  most  instances,  by  purchasers  of 
tbe  SecurilBes,  who,  feeling  indebted,  for  this  immense  accession 
of  wealth,  to  the  plans  of  itie  secretory,  regarded  him  with  en- 
^usfastic  attachment.  But  in  others,  itiUi  wedth,  suddei^  ac- 
(juired  without  merit,  excited  envy  and  dissatisfaction.  Tliese 
joined  the  republican  padrty ;  whovfancyhig  Uiey  were  witnessing 
tihe  fulfilment  of  thehr  prediction,  became  more  acthre  in  their 
{^pontion. 

29.  The  reoommendation  of  the  secretary  to  impose  addi- 
tional datles,  was  not  acted  upon  until  the  next  sesdon  of  con- 

rs.  Those  on  distilled  spirits  were  proposed  hi  ofder  to  ren- 
the  burdens  of  the  inhabitants  beyond  the  Allegfaany  moun- 
tains, where  no  other  spirits  were  consumed,  equal  to  those  of 
the  inhabitahts  on  the  sea  coast,  who  consun^  most  of  the  ar^  > 
tides  on  which  an  import  doty  was  paid.  Ifi^tl^  begmidng  at 
the  year  1791,  they  were  laid  as  proposed.  A  national  bank, 
reconimen^  also  by  the  same  officer,  was  In  the  same  year  in- 
corporated. Both  measures  met  a  violen*  opposition  from  the 
republican  party. 

30.  When  the  new  govemment  was  first  organised,  but  eleven 
stiles  had  ratified  the  constitution.  Afterwards,  North-Carolina 
ttid  Rhode-Island,  the  two  dissenting  states,  adopted  k ;  the  for- 
nifirfai  November,  1789,  the  latter  in  May,  1790.  In  1791, 
Vermont  adopted  it,  and  api^ied  to  congress  to  be 
the  union.  The  territory  of  this  state,  situated 
Httnpsbire  and  Ne#-Yorlc,  "was  dairaed  by  botli^ 
itisde  grants  oftand  within  its  limits.  In  1777;^ 
i^osii^  to  submit  to  either,  declared  thems^lvet 
AMioiiigh  not  represented  in  the  conthiental  ct^^ress^;^  ,.^  ^^.^ 
tlftwar,  ^y  embraced  the  cause  of  theur  bretbMn  InlNPliN"''' 
i^ites,'and  to  them  their  aid  was  often  rendered,  and  wa9^i|trfty» 

S  2 


.,  'tis 


2ia. 


WASHINGTON'S 


[17W. 


efficient  Agreeably  to  their  request,  911  act  we^  now  passed, 
eonstituting  Y ermont  one  of  the  members  of  the  union.  Ab  act 
was  alsojpassecif  declaring  that  the  district  of  Kentacl^,  then  a 
part  of  Vurginii^  should  1^  admitted  intq  the  union  on  the  first 
dayof  June,  in  the. succeeding  year.  ' 

81.  In  17^1,  was  competed  the  first  census  ot  enumeration 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States.  They  amounted  to 
3,921 ,326,  of  wliicb  number  695,655  were  slaves.  The  ri^ve- 
nue,  according  to  the  report  of  the  secretary  of  thc^'  treasury, 
amounted  to  4,771,000  dollars,  the  ex|»orts  tp  about  xu^eteen, 
aqd,  the  Imports  to  about  twenty  millions.  A  great  improvement 
in^e  circumstances  of  the  people  began  at  this  period  to  be 
visible.  The  establishment  of  a^  firm  and  regular  government, 
and  confidence  in  the  men  whom  they  had  chosen  to  administei 
it,  gave  an  impulse  to  thehr  exertions  which  bore  them  rapidlj 
iorward  In  the  career  of  prosperity. 

32.  In  1790,  a  termination  was  put  to  the  war  which,  for 
several  years,  had  raged  between  the  Creek  Indians  and  the[^te 
of  Creorgia.  Pacific  ovjsrture^  were  also  made  to  the  hostile 
tribes  m&biting  the  banks  of  the  Scioto  and  the  Wabash.  These 
being  rejected,  an  army  of  1400  men,  commanded  by  general 
Harmer,  was  despatched  against  them.  Two  battles  were  fought 
near  Cfailicothe,  in  Ohio,  between  successive  detachments  from 
this  am^  and  the  Indians,  in  which  the  latter  were  ^dctorious. 

39.  Emboldeued  l^  these  successes,  they  made  more  vigorous 
attacks  upon  the  frontier  settlements,  which  suffered  alt  the  dis- 
jtressing  calamities  of  an  Indian  war.  Additional  troops  were 
raiaed,  and  the  command  of  the  whole  was  given  to  general  St. 
Clair.  With  near  2000  men,  he  marched,  in  Octob^,  into  the 
wilderness.  By  desertion  and*fletachrrents,  this  force  was  re- 
duced to  fourteen  hundred.  On  the  third  of  Pi^ovember^  th^y 
encamped  a  few  miles  from  the  villages  on  the  Miami,  intending 
to  remain  there  until  joined  by  those  who  were  absent. 

34.  But  before  sunrise,  the  next  morning,  just  aft6rtfae  troops 
were  dismissed  from  the  parade,  they  were  attacked  upexpect- 
edly  by  the  Indians.  The  new  levies,  who  were  in  front, 
rushed  back  in  confusion  upon  the  r^^ars.  These,  who  had 
been  hastily  formed,  were  uunowii  into  disorder  Tliey,  how- 
ever, with  great  inti>epidity,  advanced  into  the  n^dst  of  the  ene- 
my, who  retired  from  covert  to  covert,  keephig  always  beyond 
reach,  ant)  agafai  returning  as  soon  as  the  troops  Were  recalled 
frmf|p9piit.  Ik  these  fiHarges  many  brave  and  esEperiienced 
oC^lip  ilitt.k^  ;  the  loss  of  men  was  also  great,  and  no  per- 
maiietit^preealDn  was  made  upon  the  enemy. 

95.  At  length)  after  a  contest  of  three  or  four  hours,  St 


;-/■:•■ 


now  passed, 
lion.  Abact 
tacliy,thena 
.  Q9  die  first 

enumeration 
amounted  to 

the'  treasury, 
)ut  luneteen, 
improvement 
period  to  be 
government, 
toadmmistei 
M^  rapidly 

IP  which,  for 
s  and  the[l{tate 
o  the  hostile 
bash*  These 
ed  hj  general 
!S  were  fought 
chments  from 
lyictbrious. 
more  porous 
ed  arithe  dis- 
Itroops  were 
to  general  5t. 
;ober,  into  the 
force  was  re- 
>irember^  th^y 
ami,  uitending 
isent. 

il6r  the  troops 
ked  uneiqpect- 
rere  in  front, 
iiese,  who  had 
Thfey,  how- 
fet  of  the  ene- 
Iways  beyond 
it'ere  t^aXki 
id  ^speriienced 
at,  and  no  per- 

ovtt  hours,  St 


im] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


2111 


Clair,  whoiBe  ill  health  disabled  him  from  performing  the 
active  duties  of  commander,  determined  to  withdraw  from  the 
field  the  remnant  of  his  troops.  The  instant  thutAe  dilutions 
to  retire  were  given,  a  disorderly  flight  commenced.  Fortunately 
f  the  survivers,  the  victorious  Indians  were  soon  recalled  fron^ 
pursuit  to  the  camp,  by  their  avidity  for  plunder ;  and  the  van- 
quished eontinned  their  retreat  unmolested  to  the  frontier  settle- 
ments. 

36.  In  tlds  battle,  the  numbers  engaged  on  each  side  were 
supposed  to  be  equsd.  Of  the  whites,  £e  slaughter  was  almost 
beyond  example.  Six  hundred  and  thirty  were  killed  and  mis- 
sing, and  two  hundred  and  sixty  were  wounded— a  loss  which 
proves  at  once  the  obstmacy  of  the  defence,  and  the  bravery  of 
the  assailants.  On  receiving  information  of  this  disaster,  con- 
gress, resolvkg  to  prosecute  the  wir  with  increased  vigor,  made 
provision  for  augmentmg,  by  enlistment,  ,the  military  force  ot 
thenation  to  5000  men. 

37.  In  thesmtumn  of  1792,  general  Washington  im  i^ 
unanimously  elected  president  pf  the  American  republic,  aid  in 
March,  1793,  was  inducted'  into  office.  Mr.  Adams  was  re- 
elected vice-president,  in  Opposition  to  George  Clinton,  of  New- 
York. '  In  the  progress  of  these  elections,  but  little  party 
feeling  was  exhibited ;  the  repose  of  society  was  not  disturbcH, 
but  tl^  citizefis  raised  to  posts  of  the  highest  honor 4hose  whom 
their  judgments  and  affections  designated  as  the  most  worthy. 

38.  While  the  Americans,  with  but  little  alloy,  were  enjoying, 
under  a  gbvemment  of  their  own  ctiaice,  the  blessmgs  of  inde- 
pendence and  freedoni^  the  people  olp'raiice,  by  whose  aid  these 
blessings  had  been  acquired,  were  e^eriencing  all  the  mileries 
of  anarchy.  Grievously  oppressed  by  institutions  origmating 
in  times  of  ignorance  and  barbarism,  they  had  risen  in  the  ma- 
jesty of  physical  strength,  and  declared  their  determination  to  be 
free.  Against  a  whole  people,  aroused  by  their  suflfenngs  to  de- 
mand their  rights,  what  effectual  resistance  can  be  opposed  ?  Be- 
fore their  energetic  exertions,  prompted  by  enthusiasm  and  di- 
rected by  fatalskill,  their  ancient  government  crumbled  tothe  dust. 

39.  Passing  at  once  from  abject  slavery  to  entire^  liberty, 
their  conduct^^  marked  by  the  most  locking  excesses.  iSe 
mild  virtues  or  their  king,  alleviating  but  slightly  the  evifaelf 
despotism,  could  not  save  him  from  that  resentment  which 
consigned  to  indiscriminate  destruction  the  heredits^^^orders^ 
Himself,  his  queen,  and  many  thousands  of  the  nob)^^  an(| 
clergy,  suflerod  death  on  the  scaflbld.  A  new  ^m^fji^^p^  wa^ 
instituted,  having,  for  its  fundamental  principle,  tt^^iWfJirerSR^ 


Mi 


m 


4 


212 


WASHINGTON'S 


[1T98. 


V'i  K. 


m 


equality  of  man.  '  Its  form  was  often  changed,  and  the  rdm  of 
authority  were  successively  bi^t  unsteadily,  held  by  the  tempo- 
raiy  favorites  of  an  unenlightened  and  capricious  people. 

40.  The  Americans  could  not  regard  with  indilferenc^  this 
struggle  of  their  allies  for  freedom.  They  considered  their 
excesses  as  the  first  effects  of  sudden  relief  from  oppression, 
and  hoped  that  experience  would  produce  sobriety  of  conduct 
and  reverence  for  law.  They  hailed  the  Franch  revolution  as 
tlie  offspring  of  their  own,  and  cherished  the  flattering  expecta- 
4on  that,  by  the  diffusion  of  the  principles  of  liberty,  the 
whole  civilized  world  w  ild  become  partakers  of  its  blessings. 

41.  The  French  people,  at  the  same  time,  regarded  the 
,\mericans  as  their  brethren,  bound  to  them  by  the  ties  of  gra- 
Jtude ;  and  when  the  kings  of  Europe,  dreading  the  esta- 
blishment of  republicanism  in  her  borders,  assembled  in  arms 
to  restore  monarchy  to  France,  they  looked  across  the  Atlantic 
for  sympathy  and  assistance.  The  new  government,  recalling 
the  minister  whom  the  king  had  appointed,  despatched  the  citi- 
ssen  Genet,  of  ardent  temper  and  a  zealous  republican,  to  sup- 
ply his  place.  In  April,  1793,  he  arrived  at  Charleston,  in 
South-Carolina,  where  he  was  received,  by  tlie  governor  and 
tLe  citizens,  in  a  manner  expressive  of  their  warm  attachment 
to  his  country,  and  their  cordial  approbation  of  the  change  in 
her  institutions. 

42.  Flattered  by  his  reception,  and  presuming  that  the  nation 
and  the  government  were  actuated  by  similar  feelings,  he  as- 
sumed the  authority  of  eimediting  privateers  from  ^hat  port  tu 
cruise  against  the  rossels  of  nations  who  were  enemies  to  France, 
hut  at  peace  with  the  United  States,  a  procedure  forbidden  by 
tlie  laws  of  nations,  and  derogatory  to  the  government  of  the 
country.  Notwithstanding  this  illegal  assumption  of  pov/er,  he 
received,  on  his  journey  to  Philadelphia,  extravagant  marks  of 
public  attachment ;  and,  on  his  arrival  there,  "  crowds  Hocked 
i'vom  every  avenue  of  the  city  to  meet  the  republican  ambasrador 
of  an  allied  nation.*'  Intoxicated  by  these  continued  and  in- 
creased demonstrations  of  regard,  he  persisted  in  forming  and 
executini^  schemes  of  hostility  against  tne  enemies  of  France. 

48.  The  British  minister  complained  to  the  president,  who, 
,the  unanimous  advice  of  his  cabinet,  directed  Mr.  Jefferson, 
/i^i^tary  of  state,  to  lay  before  the  minister  of  France  the 
tn^jbK^  which  would  regulate  the  conduct  of  the  executive  in 
l^on't^  the  powers  at  ^var.  These  principles  forbade  the 
!"  t^ixiitt^  ^ilbh  Afr.  Genet  had  pursued.  Relyhig  on  the  popular- 
%y'i(^fh1s1/i'f(tioh,  he  attempted,  by  hisolent  and^ offensive  declar- 


rr94.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


213 


ations,  to  drive  the  president  from  the  ground  he  tiftcl  taken* 
He  threatened  to  appeal  from  the  government  to  the  p^le,  a 
measure  which  other  agents  of  the  French  repubfehyl  adopt- 
ed with  success  in  Europe.  Here  the  result  iMMl^nt. 
The  people  rallied  around  rulers,  having  the  same  interest  as 
themselves.  The  minister  was^handoned  by  most  of  his  friends ; 
his  government,  at  the  request  of  the  president,  annuUed  his 
powers  ;  and  fearing  to  return,  he  remained  in  the  countiy,  a 
striking  example  of  the  imbecility  of  a  factious  individual 
among  a  people  confiding  in  their  rulers,  and  contented  with 
their  lot. 

44.  This  conduct  of  Mr.  Genet,  the  atrocities  committed  by 
the  French  people,  and  the  dreaded  danger  of  their  example, 
alienated  from  them  many  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
especially  those  belonging  to  the  Osderal  party.  And  as  th^ 
worid  was  then  agitated  by  the  mighty  contest  between  France 
and  Great  Britain — a  contest  which  permitted  not  neutraJUty  of 
feeling-'-^hose  who  became  hostile  to  the  former  became  natu- 
rally tibe  friends  of  the  latter.  To  her  they  were  besides  attract- 
ed by  identity  of  origin,  by  resemblance  of  institutions,  by  simi- 
larity of  language^  by  community  of  laws,  of  literature,  and  of 
religion. 

45.  The  republicans  retained  an  unabated  affection  for  the 
French,  whose  services  they  remembered  with  gratitude,  and 
whose  struggles  for  freedom,  against  the  league  of  European 
tyrants,  engaged  all  their  sympathy.  Over  mese  two  parties 
Washington,  admitting  no  thought  but  for  his  own  country, 
watched  with  anxious  solicitude,  striving  to  restrain  their  aber- 
rations, and  to  temper  their  mutual  animosities. 

46.  After  the  defeat  of  St  Glair  by  the  Indians,  fai  1791,  ge- 
neral Wayne  was  appointed  to  command  the  American  forces. 
Taking  post  near  the  country  of  the  enemy,  he  made  assiduous 
And  long  protracted  endeavors  to  negotiate  a  peace*  Failing  in 
these,  he  marched  against  them,  at  the  head  of  three  thousand 
men.  On  the  20th  of  August,  1794,  an  action  took  place  in  the 
vicinity  of  one  of  the  British  garrisons,  on  the  banks  of  the  Mia- 
mi. A  rapid  and  vigorous  charge  roused  the  savages  from  their 
lioverts,  and  they  were  driven  more  than  two  miles  at  the  point 
of  the  bayonet.  Broken  and  dismayed,  they  fled  without  re- 
newing the  combat.  Their  houses  and  cornfields  were  destroy- 
ed, and  forts  were  erected  on  the  sites  of  the  towns  lakl  vfaatt*. 
In  1796,  a  treaty  was  concluded  at  Grenville,  which,  loilff  and 
(althfuUy  observed,  gave  peace  and  security  to  the  frontier  inha- 
hitantf},  permitting  the  abundant  population  of  the  eastern  states 


'      i 


i 


r  <* 


it 


Si, 


.1. 


214 


WASHINGTON'S 


[1794 


to  spread,  i^tli  astonishing  rapidity,  over  the  fert^e  region  north- 

^hioh.,had  been  imposed  upon  spirits  distilled 
~^,'*bewlng  heavily  upon  the  people  in  the  wes- 
tem^WttttiBB  of  Pennsylvania,  produced  there  disaffection  and 
disturbance.  All  excise  taxes,  of  which  this  was  one,  being 
considered  hostile  to  liberty,  great  exertions  were  made  to  ex« 
cit^the  public  resentment  agadnst  those  who  should  willin^^y  pay 
it,  and  especially  against  the  officers  appointed  to  collect  it.  In 
September,  1791,  a  large  meeting  of  malcontents  was  held  at 
Pittsburgh,  at  which  resolutions,  encouraging  resistance  to  the 
laws,  were  passed  ;  and  subsequently  other  meetings  were  held, 
at  which  similar  resolutions  were  adopted.  Committees  of  cor- 
respondence were  also  appointed  to  give  unity  of  sjrstem  to  their 
measures,  and  to  increase  the  number  of  their  associates. 

48.  A  proclamation  of  the  president,  exhorting  all  persons  to 
desist  from  illegal  combmations,  and  calling  on  Uie  magistrates 
to  execute  ti^e  laws,  was  disregarded.  The  marshall  <^f  the 
state,  while  serving  processes  upon  delinquents  and  offenders, 
was  resisted  and  med  upon.  The  inspector  of  the  revenue, 
dreading  the  indignation  of  the  populace,  procured  a  small  de- 
tachment of  soldiers  to  guard  his  house.  These  were  attacked 
by  a  body  of  five  hundred  insurgents,  who,  setting  fire  to  several 
contiguous  buildings,  obliged  the  soldiers  to  leave  the  house,  and 
deliver  themselves  up.  Several  mdividuals,  zealous  in  support 
inff  the  government,  were  ordered  to  quit  the  countiy  and  com- 
pelled to  obey.  An  intention  was  openly  avowed  of  forcibly 
resisting  the  general  government  witn  the  view  of  extorting  a 
repeal  of  the  offensive  laws.  The  effective  strength  of  the  in- 
surgents was  computed  at  seven-thousand  men. 

49.  The  president,  conceiving  himself  bound  by  the  most  so 
lemn  obligations,  *<  to  take  care  that  die  laws  be  faithfully  execu- 
ted,^ determined  to  call  out  a  part  of  the  militia  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  the  adjacent  states,  to  suppress  this  insurrection.  In 
the  autumn  of  1794,  fifteen  thousand  were  detached,  and  being 
placed  under  the  command  of  governor  Lee,  of  Virginia,  were 
marched  into  the  disaffected  counties.  The  strength  of  this  ar- 
my rendering  resistance  desperate,  none  was  oflered,  and  no 
blood  was  ehed.  A  few  of  the  most  active  leaders  were  seized 
and  detahied  for  legal  prosecution.  The  great  body  of  the  in- 
surgents on  submission  were  pardoned,  as  were  also  the  leaden), 
after  tiMfad  conviction  of  treason.  The  government  acquired 
the  rd^jpShii  the  people,  by  this  exertion  of  its  force,  and  their 
sifectioa,  by  this  display  of  its  lenity. 


¥ 


[1794 

region  north- 

pirits  distilled 
•le  in  the  wes- 
isaifectioin  and 
as  one,  bein^ 

made  to  ex« 
I  wiUin^y  paj 
collect  it.  In 
ts  was  held  at 
listanee  to  the 
igs  were  held, 
nittees  of  cor- 
lystem  to  their 
}ciates. 
all  persons  to 
le  magistrates 
arshall  <^f  the 
ind  offenders, 

the  revenue, 
sd  a  small  de- 
were  attacked 
fire  to  several 
the  house,  and 
}us  in  support- 
iPtry  and  corn- 
ed of  forcibly 
of  extorting  a 
igth  of  the  in- 

y  the  most  so 
Ithfully  execu- 
of  Pennsylva- 
urrecUon.  In 
led,  and  being 
Virginia,  were 
ffth  of  this  ar- 
Sisred,  and  no 
rs  were  seized 
lody  of  the  in- 
so  the  leaders!, 
iment  acquired 
orce,  and  their 


1794.^ 


ADMINISTRATION. 


21$ 


50.  Since  the  peace  of  1783,  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  had  each  incessantly  complained  that  the  other  had  viola 
ted  the  stipulations  contained  in  the  treaty.  The  former  was 
accused  of  naving  carried  away  negroep  at  tfie  close  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war ;  smd  of  retaihing  in  her  possession  certaui  milita«;y 
posts  situated  in  the  western  wilderness,  and  within  the  limits  of 
the  United  States,  in  consequence  of  which  the  Americans  vf  ere 
deprived  of  theur  share  of  the  fur  trade,  and  the  Indians  incited 
to  make  incursions  upon  the  frontier  settlements.  The  latter 
were  accused  of  preventing  the  loyalists  from  regaining  posses- 
sion of  their  estates,  and  British  subjects  from  recovering  debts 
contracted  Isfore  the  conmiencement  of  hostilities. 

51.  For  the  purpose  of  adjusting  these  mutual  complaints, 
and  also  of  concluding  a  commercial  treaty,  Mr.  Adams,  in 
1785,  was  appointed  minister  to  London.  Great  Britain,  aware 
that  the  articles  of  confederation  did  not  authorize  congress^  to 
bind  the  states  by  a  commercial  treaty,  declined  tiien  to  nego- 
tiate. After  the  constitution  was  ratified,  ministers  were  inter- 
changed, and  the  discussion  was  prosecuted  with  no  littie  acri- 
mony and  zeal. 

52.  In  1794,  Mr.  Jay  being  then  mimster  from  the  United 
States,'  a  treaty  was  concluded,  which,  in  the  spring  of  the  next 
year  was  laid  before  the  senate.  That  body  advised  the  presi- 
dent to  ratify  it,  on  condition  that  an  alteration  should  be  made 
in  one  of  the  articles.  Its  contents  having,  in  the  mean  time, 
been  disclosed,  the  republican  party  exclaimed,  in  intemperate 
language,  against  most  of  the  stipulations  it  contahied.     The 

isans  of  France  swelled  the  cry  of  condenmation.  Public 
tings  were  held  in  various  parts  of  the  union,  at  which  reso- 
:ons  were  passed  expressmg  warm  disapprobation  of  the  treaty, 
tind  an  earnest  wish  that  the  president  would  withhold  his  ratifi- 
cation. Such  appeared  to  be  the  wish  of  a  great  majority  of  the 
people. 

53.  General  Washington,  believing  that  an  adjustment  of  dif- 
ferences would  conduce  to  the  prosperity  of  the  republic,  and 
that  the  treaty  before  him  was  tne  best  that  could,  at  that  time, 
be  obtained,  gave  it  his  assent,  in  defiai^e  of  popular  clamor. 
8o  great  was  the  confidence  reposed,  by  the  people,  in  their  be- 
loved chief-magistrate,  that  the  public  sentiment  began  imme- 
diately to  change.  The  friends  of  the  treaty  not  only^  Increased 
in  numbers,  but  gained  courage  to  speak  in  its  dflf«nct«  ^nd 
during  the  summer  of  1795,  the  nation  was  agitited^fcjr^m  jjllpui 
ind  animated  discussion  of  its  merits. 

54.  At  the  next  session  of  congress,  it  became  a  8ul)jiei|^^f 
^consideration  in  the  house  of  representatives.    The  trosrv^  n» 


I 


i 


■I'll 


rt 


m  I  !! 


f, 


yi  I 


m  i: 


1216 


WASHINGTON'S 


[im. 


negotiator,  and  even  the  president,  were  virule^ty  censut^d,  and 
warmly  defended,  in  a  debate  which  has  seldom  been  equsdled 
for  its  intemperance,  its  eloquence,  or  its  duration'.  On  the  final 
question,  a  majority  of  three  voted  in  favor  of  the  appropriation 
recessary  to  carry  it  into  effect.  The  subsequent  prosperity  of 
American  commerce  demonstrates  the  wisdom  of  t!he  president's 
decision. 

55.  The  conduct  of  Spain  towards  the  United  States,  had  ever 
been  cold  and  unfriendly.  She  feared  lest  the  principles  of 
liberty,  and  the  desire  of  independence  should  find  their  way  into 
her  contiguous  Ameiican  provinces.  During  the  negotiations 
at  Paris,  which  resulted  in  peace,  «l)e  seccetly.exerted  lier  in. 
fluence  to  cause  the  western  boundaries  of  the  new  republic, 
from  the  great  lakes  to  Florida,  to  be  fixed  two  or  three  hundred 
miles  east  of  the  Mississippi.  To  the  repeated  offers,  which 
were  afterwards  made,  to  form^with  her  a  commercial  treaty, 
and  to  make  arrangements  respecting  the  mutual  navigation  of 
that  river,  she  pertinaciously  declined  to  accede.  \ 

56.  When  the  mhabitants  beyond  the  Alleghany  mountains- 
had  become  numerous,  she  denied  them  access  to  the  ocean  bf  ^ 
the  medium  of  that  river,  the  mouth  of  which  was  within  her! 
province  of  Louisiana.     She  intended,  perhaps,  to  show  them 
the  importance  of  that  privilege  by  withholding  it,  and  to  allure 
them,  by  the  promise  of  restoring  it,  to  submit  to  her  authority. 
The  people  of  Kentucky,  indiniant  at  the  deprivation,  laid  their 
complaints  before  congress.     In  bold  and  forcible  language  they 
asserted  their  rights,  by  the  laws  of  God  and  of  nature,  to  the 
firee  use  of  that  noble  river,  and  demanded  that,  at  any  cost, 
acknowledgment  of  that  right  should  be  obtained.  ^ 

57»^  At  length  Spain  became  Involved  in  a  war  with  Frai 
Embarrassed  at  home,  and  intimidated  by  the  unauthorized  pi* 
parations  which,  imder  the  auspices  of  Genet,  were  making  in ' 
Kentucky  to  invade  Louiisiana,  she  intimated  her  readiness  to 
conclude  a  satisfactory  treaty,  should  a  minister  (e  sent  to 
Madrid  for  thai  purpose.    Thomas  Pinkney  was  accordingly  Isaeht 
appointed.     In  Octooer,  1795,  a  treaty  was  signed,  securing  to  Iflolpl 
the  citizens  of  the  United  States  the  free  navigation  cf  the  Miff-  Iconm 
fiissippi  to  the  ocean,  and  the  privilege  of  landing  and  deposithig  mm 
caraoes  at  New-Orleans.  iJame 

58.  Thus  were  adjusted  all  controversies  with  two  European  Irepul 
powens  which,  while  they  existed,  retarded  the  prosperity,  and  r 
disturbed  the  tranquillity  of  the  country;  and  from  which,  ttt 
different  periods,  even  war  was  seriously  apprehended.    !» 
1795,  t  treaty  was  also  concluded  with  the  regency  of  Algier<J 
with  which  the  republic  was  previously  at  war.    It  stlpulat'  H I 


[ir§5. 1  i?^-l 


ADlONISTfiATION. 


«1T 


censured,  and 
been  equsdled 
On  the  final 
appropriation 
t  prosperity  of 
the  president's 

Itates,  had  ever 
;  principles  of 
I  their  way  into 
le  negotiations 
xertftd  her  io- 
new  republic, 
r  three  hundred 
J  ofTers,  which 
mercial  treaty, 
I  navigation  of 

lany  mountains 
0  the  ocean  by 
was  within  her: 

to  show  them 
^t,  and  to  allure 

her  authority, 
ation,  laid  their 
e  language  they 

nature,  to  the 
at  any  cost, 


IP  with  frav, 
[authorized  pi 
vere  making  iw 
er  readiness  to 
ster  6e  sent  to 
vas  accordingly 
led,  securing  to 
loncf  theM^9• 
5  and  depositing 

.  two  EuropeftT^ 
prosperity,  and 
from  which,  ft 
prehended.  I'» 
mcy  of  Algiers, 
r.    It  Btlpulat'  '1 


thait  ihiB  United  States,  in  conformity  with  the  practice  of  oHier 
nationSy  ^ould,  as  Uie  price  of  peaee,  pay  an  annual  tribnte  to 
^e  soirereign  of  that  oountiy. 

59.  Withhi  the  last-two  or  Ihree  years,  several  changes  took 
place  in  the  important  offices  of  the  nation.  On  the  first  day 
of  Uie  year  1794,  BIr.  Jefierson  resigned  the  office  of  secretafy 
of  state.  He  had  performed  the  duties  of  that  office  with  ex- 
iraordinary  abiUty,  and  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  ihe  president. 
Having  been  minister  to  France  at  the  commencement  of  the 
revolution  there,  he  became  acquainted  with  its  prime  movers, 
and,  anticipatmg  from  their  exertions  the  diffusion  of  the  prin- 
ciples cf  wierty  and  the  renovation  of  the  government,  was,  in 
6e  early  stages  of  Its  progress,  its  enthusiastic  and  undisguised 
defender.  Of  the  repubhean  parly,  he  was  considered  ike  lea- 
der, ei^jojing  their  highest  confidence  and  v?armest  attachment. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia. 

60.  On  the  last  day  of  January,  1795,  Mr.  Hamilton  retired 
irom  the  office  of  secretary  of  the  treasury.    He  possessed  dis- 

lished  talents,  and  had  exerted  those  tedents  to  establish  or- 
where  all  was  confusion,  and  to  raise  firom  the  lowest  de- 
jion  the  credit  of  the  countfy.  His  complete  success  great- 
Ealted  his  reputation,  and  to  him  the  federalists  felt  a  sin6er 
^of  attachment  equalled^nly  by  that  entertained  for  Washing 
With  him  he  had  served  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and 
then  acquired  his  confidence  and  affection,  which  he  ever 
lafbrwards  retained.  Being  the  advocate  of  an  energetic  gov- 
I  eminent,  and  averse  to  intrusting  much  power  with  t&  people, 
peculiarly  obnoxious  to  uie  repuoKcan  party.  He  was 
1  of  partiality  to  Ensland,  and  of  nUseonduct  In  office, 
the  closest  scrutby,  his  official  character  was  aclcnow- 
I,  by  his  enemies,  to  be  without  stain.  He  was  succeeded 
Mhrer  Wolcott,  of  Connectieut. 
€1.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1794,  general  Knox  resigned 
I  the  office  of  secretaiy  of  war,  and  colonel  Pickering,  of  Mas- 
saebusetts,  was  appointed  in  his  place.  In  August  Mr.  Ran- 
dolph, having  lost  tne  confidence  of  the  president,  and  having  in 
cofuequence  retired  from  the  adndnistration,  Mr.  Pickering 
ma  aroolnted  bia  successor  in  the  department  of  state,  and 
James  M'Henry,  of  Mwrybmd,  was  made  secretary  of  war.  No 
|repttblican  being  now  at  the  head  of  any  of  the  departments, 
By  of  the  leaders  of  that  party  withdrew  tbefar  support  from 
adminittratlon ;  and  licentious  in(ttvidua]s»  in  their  abunve 
dared  to  chaise  even  the  president  with  corroptioD*  But 
I  confidence  of  Uw  people  in  his  integrity  and  patriotism  es- 
rienned  not  the  slightest  abatement. 

T  •)■ 


I 


r    ; 


I'.n ' 


'218  WASHINGTON'S  [170». 

,     ,  .  ...  \ . 

62.  l^e  conduct  of  France  towards  the  American  refmlilic 
continued  to  be  a  source  of  increasing  trouble  and  vexation 
Mr.  Fauchet,  the  successor  of  Genet,  bore,  from  those  by  whom 
he  was  deputed,  the  strongest  assurances  of  friendship;  but  en 
couraged  and  suppotled  by  a  numerous  party,  ardently  attiached 
to  his  nation,  he  gradually  assumed  towards  the  administration 
the  tone  of  remonstrance  and  reproach.  He  charged  it  with 
sentiments  of  hostility  to  the  allies  of  the  United  States,  with 
partiality  for  their  former  foes,  and  urged  the  adoption  of  a  course 
more  favorable  to  the  cause  of  liberty. 

63.  The  American  government  was  in  fact  desirous  of  ful 
filling  all  its  duties  to  France,  and  of  conciliating  her  friendship. 
Mr.  Morris,  the  minister  to  Paris,  having  incurred  the  displea* 
sure  of  those  in  power,  was  recalled  at  their  request,  and  hia 
place  supplied  by  Mr.  Monroe  of  Virginia.  This  gentleman 
was  a  republican,  and  had  embraced  with  ardor  the  cause  o\ 
the  French  republic.  He  was  received  in  the  most  respectful 
manner  by  the  convention,  who  decreed  that  the  flags  of  ine  two 
republics,  intwined  together,  should  be  suspended  in  the  le^ 
tive  hall,  as  a  mark  of  their  eternal  union  and  friendship. 

64.  Mr.  Adet  was  appointed  soon  afler,  to  succeed 
Fauchet    He  brought  with  him  the  colors  of  France,  wl 
he  was  instructed,  by  the  convention,  to  present  to  the  coi 
of  the  United  States.     They  were  received  by  the  presidi 
with  extraordinary  ceremonies,  transmitted  to  congress,  and 
terwards  deposited  in  the  national  archives.    In  the  house  of 
representatives,  a  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted,  expres- 
sing the  lively  sensations  which  were  excited  by  this  testii 
of  the  existuig  sympathy  of  the  two  republics,  and  tltcir 
tliat  the  brilliant  and  glorious  victories  of  the  French  pe( 
would  lead  to  the  perfect  establishment  of  their  liberty  and  hap- 
piness. 

65.  But  France  required  of  the  United  Slates  more  tlian  pro- 
fessions  and  hopes,  and  more  than  by  treaty  she  Was  entitled  to  j 
claim.  She  wished  to  ;nake  them  a  party  in  the  war  she  was 
waging  with  the  I'cspots  of  Europe.  Failing  in  this,  and  jea-' 
lous  of  the  more  i.~s.timate  relations  contracted  with  her  enemy,! 
she  adopted  regulations  highly  injurious  to  American  commerce, 
directing  her  cruisei*s  to  capture,  in  certain  cases,  the  vessels  ofl 
the  United  States.  In  consequence  of  these  regidations,  se- 
veral hundreds,  loailed  witli  valuable  cargoes,  were,  while  proJ 
«ecuting  a  lawful  trade,  taken  and  th<^  whole  confiscated.  f 

66.  Believing  that  ilie  rights  of  the  nation  were  not  asseitedl 
and  v^MtbatMl  with  suilicient  spirit  by  Mr.  Monroe,  the  presil 


m 


s^s- 


[17W.  I   *^^^-3 


ADMINISTRATION. 


21d 


dent  f ecalled  him,  and  Charles  C.  Pinkney»  of  South  Carolina, 
ivas  appointed  in  hia  stead.  In  the  summer  of  1706,  he  left  the 
United  States,  instructed  to  use  every  effort  compatible  with  na« 
tional  honor,  to  restore  t}ie  amicable  relations  wliieh  had  once 
subsisted  between  the  sister  republics. 

67.  General  Washington,  having  at  the  sacrifice  of  his  own 
predilections,  devoted  a  great  portion  of  his  life  to  his  country  ; 
iitiving  successfully  conducted  its  armies  through  an  arduous  con- 
ilxt  for  existence ;  and  having  since  directed  its  course  ihroug!i 
(he  most  critical  period  of  an  experiment  under  a  free  constitu- 
tion, determined  to  retire  to  the  enjoyment  of  domestic  happiness 
und  rural  quiet.  In  September,  he  announced  this  determina- 
tion to  his  fellow  citizens,  and  feeling  for  them  all  the  solici- 
tude of  a  father  for  his  children,  he  published  at  the  same  time 
a  farewell  address. 

68.  From  long  experience,  he  had  acquired  an  intimate  a"- 

{[uaintance  with  the  dangers  to  which  the  liberties  of  the  repuU 
Ic  were  exposed.     These  he  deprecated,  and  warned  his  coun- 
^men  to  shun,  with  all  the  impressive  enei^  of  convi'*tion,  and 
the  ardor  of  parental  affection.     He  besought  them,  especial- 
[f,  to  frown  indignantly,  upon  the  first  dawning  of  any  attempt 
I  a  separation  of  the  union ;  to  discard  local  attachments  and 
tional  animosities ;  to  guard  against  the  excessive  indulgence 
%e  spirit  of  party,  and  against  cherishing  a  hatred  of  particu' 
nations,  and  an  affection  for  others. 

69.  This  address  was  read  with  sentiments  of  profound  vene- 
ratioil  in  every  part  of  the  union.  Some  of  the  state  legislatures 
directed  it  to  be  inserted  at  large  in  their  journals,  and  most  of 
moi  bassed  resolutions  expressing  their  respect  for  the  author, 

tfvl^^h  sense  of  his  exalted  services,  and  the  emotions  vritli 
1|i^cb  jey  contemplated  his  retirement  from  office. 
'^  70.  To  fill  the  station  from  which  the  father  of  his  country 
had  nesplved  to  retire,  the  two  great  political  parties  brought  for- 
ward their  chiefs.  The  federalists,  desiring  that  the  system 
^of  measures  adopted  by  Washington  should  continue  to  be  pur- 
sued, and  dreading  the  Influence  of  French  sentiments  and  prin- 
ciples, made  the  most  active  efforts  to  elect  John  Adams.  The 
republicans,  believing  their  opponents  less  friendly  than  them- 
Belves  to  the  mdxims  of  liberty,  and  too  much  devoted  to  the 
British  nation  and.  to  British  institutions,  made  equal  exertions 
to  elect  Thomas  Jefferson. 

71.  The  result  was  the  choice  of  Mr.  Adams  to  be  president, 
and  Mr.  Jefferson  to  be  vice-president.  Released  from  public 
cares,  Washington  hastened  to  Mount  Vernon.    Having  estab- 


M. 


Lri 


^» 


ADy|MS>S 


Cnw>. 


UbM  hto  ftine  «8  tbe  gro^test  hero  and  modt  (U^lngn&MI 
itnuMfUM  ^f  the  «ge,  he  thm,  devo^  hi»  tfane  to  mf^mi 
tiom^tm  eiteii8l?e  fann,  added  to  hie  tiaes  of  renomi  iimi  of 
the  BBjDst  ivdwikrioiii  uid  intelUgent  egriculturist  ofms  comoKxy, 


V 


CHAPTER  XXV 

MR.  ADAMS'S.  MR.  JEFFERSON'S,  AND 
PART  OF  MR.  MADISON'S  ADMINIS 
TRATION.~DECLARATION  OF  WAR, 


MR.  ADAHS)  soon  after  the  eonunentfement  of  his  pi 
deniUal  terpi,  received  from  Mr.  Pinkiief  despatches  of  a  nu 
disagreeable  and  alanning  nature.    The  Directoiy,  then 
eising  the  executive  audiwity  in  F^rance,  had  refused  to  w 
him,  declarinetlieir  determination  not  to  recede  another 
.J   terfrom  the  United  States,  until  they  had  luUy  complied 
the  demands  which  had  been  made.    He  was  moreover  ord 
by  a  written  mandate,  to  quit  the  territories  of  the  repuhl|p. 

2.  Coiigress  were  immediately  convened,  and  the  denpetches 
laid  before  them.  Theur  proceedmgs  indicated  a  love  of  peace,' 
but  also  a  firm  determinafion  to  ^Id  to  no  unj^ist  demand 
La\v8  were  passed  authorizing  the  president,  whenever  he  shoixld 
deem^it  necessary,  to  detach  eighty  thousand  men  from  the  mfli- 
tia  of  the  United  States,  providing  for  an  increase  of  the  navjr, 
and  for  augmenting  the  revenue  of  the  nation.  To  display  to 
France,  and  to  the  world,  his  desire  of  peace,  and  to  leave  no 
means  unattempted  to  preserve  it,  the  president  resolved  to  in- 
stitute another  and  more  solemn  mission.  General  Pinkney, 
John  Marshall,  and  Elbridge  Gerry,  were  accordingly  appointed 
envoys  to  the  French  republic,  and  were  instviicted,  as  tne  first 
had  before  been,  to  seelc  a  reeonc^ation  as  the^  representatives 
of  ^  people  dreading  war  much,  but  the  sacrifice  of  honor  more. 

3.  These  also  the  directory  refused  to  receive.  They  were, 
however,  addressed  by  persons  verbally  instructed^  by  Talley- 
rand, the  minister  of  foreign  relations,  to  make  them  proposab. 
In  explicit  terms,  these  unofficial  agen^  demanded  a  large  sum 


renovm  ^at  of 
if l^  ccnnitry* 


»N'S;AND 
iDMtNIS 
OF  WAR, 

>ntof  his  pi 
tohesof  amc 
tinry,  then 
iiaedto 
!  another 
fr  complied 
»reover  oi " 
it  republip. 
1  the  denpatches 
aloveofpeace) 
unj'ist  demand, 
meverheshotild 
a  from  the  mili* 
ise  of  the  navy. 
To  display  to 
and  to  leave  no 
t  resolved  to  in- 
sneral  Pinkney, 
dlngly  flqppointed 
cted,  as  ttie  first 
Er^^  representatives 
;  of  nonor  more. 
e.  They  were, 
cted^  by  Talley- 
tfiera  nroposab. 
ded  a  large  sum 


iHl]  ,      APMiNtSTRATION  iSSit 

of  Inoney  before  any  negotiation  codld  be  opened*  To  thli  llMStilt* 
lag  demand,  &  decided  negative  was  given.  A  eomplbaiee  r/as 
nevertheless  repeatedly  ui^fed,  until  at  length  the  envoys  rofuaed 
to  hold  with  them  any  further  communication.  Afber  t^maiiaing 
several  months  at  Paris,  pressing  in  vain  to  be  rec<»ived  and 
heard,  two,  who  were  federalists,  were  ordered  to  leavt,  'ranee, 
but  Mr.  Gerry,  who  was  a  republican,  was  permitted  to  remain, 
and  was  invited  singly  to  enter  into  discussions  relating  to  the 
commencement  of  a  negotiation. 

4.  When  the^e  events  were  known  in  the  United  States,  they 
excited  general  indignation.  The  spirit  of  party  appeared  to  be 
extinct  *<  Millions  for  defence,  not  a  cent  for  tribute,"  re- 
sounded from  every  quarter  of  the  union.  The  treaty  of  alliance 
with  France  was  declared  by  congress  to  be  no  longer  in  force. 
Authoritjr  was  ^iven  for  capturing  armed  French  vessels. 
Provision  was  made  for  raising  immediately  a  small  regular 
army;  and,  in  case  events  should  render  it  expedient,  for 
kugmenting  it.  A  direct  tax  and  additional  internal  duties  were  laid. 
;  5.!  To  command  the  armies  of  the  United  States,  president 
L4ams,  with  the  unanimous  advice  of  tiie  Senate  ap^inted 
'  iorge  Washington.    He  consented,  but  with  great  reluctance, 

accept  the  omce,  declaring,  however,  that  ne  cordiallyap- 
reel  the  measures  of  the  government. 

6.  No  opportunity  was  presented  of  tisting'the  courage  and 
^kiil  of  the  American  troops.  At  sea,  a  desperate  Action  was 
fought  between  the  frigate  Constellation,  of  38  gims,  commanded 
by  commodore  Truxton,  and  the  French  frigate  L'InsUrgente, 
of  40  guns.  The  latter,  although  df  superior  force,  was  captured. 
The  same  intrepid  officer,  in  a  subsequent  action,  compelled 
SDOther  Frisn^h  frigate  of  50  guns,  to  strike  her  colors,  but  i^e 
after^'ards  escaped  in  the  night. 

7.'  The  United  States,  in  arms  at  home  and  Victorious  on  the 
ocean,  commanded  the  respect  of  their  enemy.  The  directory 
made  overtures  of  peace.  The  president  immediately  appointe<i 
ministers,  who,  on  their  arrival  at  Paris,  found  the  executive 
authority  in  the  possession  of  Bonaparte  as  (h^  consul.  Tiiey 
tare  promptly  accredited,  and  in  Septemb*^ir,  1800,  a  treaty  was 
concluded  satisfactory  to  both  countries. 

8.  VHule  this  negotiation  was  in  progress,  the  whole  Ameri- 
can people  were  overshadowed  with  gloom,  by  the  sudden  death 
of  the  FaUier  ofhis  country.  On  tlie  14th  of  December,  1799, 
after  an  illness  of  one  day  only,  general  Washington  expired. 
Intelligence  of  tMs  event,  as  it  rapidly  spread,  produced  sponta- 
wous,  de^  and  unaffected  grief,  suspending  every  other  thoiu^ht, 
and  absorhinff  every  different  feeling.  d 

T      ■  A 

■  ** 


ii*j 

•i'. 


a. 


k  t 


tsa  ..      ADAMSm  {IT99. 

^  9.  Oongrces,  then  In  seasion  at  Philadelphia,  imm^wit^y  a^. 
jouraed.  On  asaembling^  the  next  day,  the  hoitae  of  rcf  voifiQ^ 
tives  Nsdved,  "  that  the  speaker's  chair  should  be  shfo^ifd  in 
blade,  aiid  the  members  wear  black  during  thejesrion;  i^  Qiat 
a  joint  committee  should  be  appomted  to  devise  tfae  most  suitable 
manner  of  paying  honor  to  the  memonr  of  the  MAN  finit  in  w^, 
first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen^" 

10.  The  senate,  on  this  melancholy  occasion,  addressed  a 
letter  Of  condolence  to  the  president  of  the  United  States. 
'<  This  event,'' they  observe,  '^so  distressing  to  all  our  fellow 
citizens,  must  be  particularly  heavy  to  you,  who  have  long  been 
associated  with  him  in  deeds  of  patriotism.  Permit  us,  sir,  to 
mini^e  our  tears  with  yours.  On  this  occasion  it  is  inanly  to 
weep.  'To  lose  such  a  man,  at  such  a  ciials,  is  nO  common 
calamity  to  the  world.  4|ui*  country  mourns  a  father.  The 
Almighty  Bbposer  of  human  events  iias  taken  from  us  our 
greatest  benefactor  and  ornament  It  becomes,  us  to  submit 
with  reverence  to  HIM  who  maketh  darkness  hi?  oaviUop. 

11.  "  With  pati*iotic  pride  we  review  the  life  of  bur  WASH- 
INGTON, and  compare  him  with  those  of  other  countries  wlio 
have  been  pre-eminent  in  fame.    Ancient  and  modem  names 

•  are  diminii^ed  before  him.    Crreatness  and  guilt  have  too  often 
been  allied;  but  his  fame  is  whiter  than  it  is  brilliant.    The' 
destroyers  of  nationsstood  abashed  at  the  majesty  of  his  virtues. 
It  reproved  the  intemperance  of  theii  ambition,  and  darkened 
the  splendor  of  victory. 

12.  "  Such  was  the  man  whom  we  deplore.  Thanks  to  God, 
his  glory  is  consummated.  Washington  yet  lives  on  earth  in  his 
spotless  example — his  spirit  is  in  heave|i.  Let  his  countrymen 
cpnseerate  the  memory  of  the  heroic  general,  'the  patriotic  states- 
man, and  the  virtuous  sage :  let  them  teach  their  children  never 
to  forget  that  the  fruits  of  his  labors,  and  of  his  example,  are 
their,  inheritanceJ*' 

13.  Agreeably  to  the  report  of  the  committee,  and  the  unani- 
'  mousnsohres  of  congress,  a  funeral  procei^on  moved  from  the 

legislative  liaH  to  the  German  Lutheran  Phurch,  wheite  an  ora- 
tion was  delivered  by  general  Lee,  a  representative  from  Virginia. 
The  procession  was  grand  and  solemn^  the  oration  impressive 
and  elo<]uent.  Throughout  the  union  similar  n^ks  of  ai91i(^on 
were  exhibited.  A  whole  bereaved  people  appeared  in  mourning. 
In  every  part  of  the  republic,  funeral  orations  were  delivered, 
and  the  best  talents  of  the  nation  were  devoted  to  an  expression  | 
of  tfae  nation^s  grief. 

14.  In  pursuance  of  the  law  tinacted  b  1790,  a  plai^  had  beat  i 
selected  on  the  Potomac>  a  few  miles  above  Mount  Yemont  ^ 


Ii«f.l 


A&MINISTftATION. 


Aii  pernranmt  seat  6f  the  aatioiial  govemmciii  WicfalB 
diirict  ten  miles  sauare,  which  wis  cattd  llis  Disr  let  of  C  • 
iombi^  i'eiQr  wakiaid  out,  to  which  the  nme  of  ''^asUi^  i 
^  ajMHrbplriatiBlii'  given.  Puhiic  buficUngs  havfaig  boon  erootea, 
ttxB  offiecfTs  of  ffovemment  removed  to  that  phMse  m  1600,  and  in 
Ndvember  of  mi  year,  congress,  for  the  first  time,  there  com- 
menced its  session. 

15.  At  thi^period,  a  presidential  election  ag^  recurred. 
From  ther4^  of  tiie  adoption  of  the  constitution,  the  republican 
party  had  been  gradually  increasing  in  numbers.  The  two 
pardes  being  now  neaily  equal,  the  prospect  of  success  inspired 
Doth  widi  uncommon  ardor.  Tile  fbderahsts  stmported  Blr. 
Adams  and  general  Pinlcney ;  the  republicans,  Mr.  jeflerson  and 
colonel  Burr.  The  two  latter  received  a  small  majority  of  the 
electocal  votes ;  and  as  they  received  also  an  <etmai  number,  the 
selection  oY  one  of  them  to  be  president  devolved  upon  tiie  house 
of  representatives.  After  thirty-five  trials,  during  wliich  the  na- 
tion felt  intense  solicitude,  Mr.  Jefferson  was  chosen.  Colonel 
Burr  received  the  votes  of  the  federalists,  and  lost,  in  consequence, 
the  confidence  of  his  former  friends.  By  the  provisions  of  the 
constitution,  he  became,  of  course,  vice-furesident 

16.  The  causes  which  rendered  Mr.  Adams  unpopular  and 
ted  to  a  change  in  the  administration  were,  his  apparent  coldness 
towards  the  French  revolution ;  the  charge  that  the  federalists 
generally  were  partial  to  Great  Britain ;  die  expenditure  of  mon 
nev  for  building  a  navy  and  for  other  purposes  alleged  to  be  irn* 
pontic  or  useless ;  the  enactment  of  the  sdien  law,  by  whieh  the 
president  was  authorised  to  compel  suspected  foretgnere  l^yieave 
the  country,  and  of  the  sedition  law  which  proved  Mbllie 
authors  and  publishers  of  false  and  malidous  a^usatioi 
tiie  president  and  members  of  congress  should  be  prosecut 

Sunished.  But  more  effectual  than  these  was  the  charge  that 
Ir.  Adams,  and  the  party  whidi  supported  him,  entertained 
polidcal  opinions  less  favorable  to  liberty  than  those  of  the  party 
which  opposed  him.-*By  deserting  a  man  so  distinguished  as 
Mr.  Adams  for  his  talents,  for  his  experience  in  political  afiairs, 
and  for  the  important  services  which  he  had  rendered  to  his  coun- 
\xy  in  the  revolutionary  struggle,  the  people  shewed  how  jealous 
they  were  of  the  liberty  ihey  haid  obtaincMl,  and  how  firmly  they 
were  determined  to  guard  it  from  even  pc^ible  danger. 

17.  The  control  of  the  government  being  now  transferred  to 
the  republican  party,  they,  at  the  next  session  of  congress,  re- 
pealed, after  a  long  and  eloquent  debate,  a  law  slteringthejiidi- 
xial  system,  which  had  been  passed  at  the  close  of  Mr.  Aduns's 
aHminl^rfltion.     Thin  repeal  annihilated  the  offices  of  sliteea 


J£FF£ESON«S 


[1802.  I  W9^y 


luiiges,,  who  liad  just  been  appointed.    At  the  same  \MBsl6n^  t}M 
internal  duties  wem  also  aboushed.  t« 

IS,  A  second  census  of  the  ^leople,  refeiting  to  1800,  was 
completed  in  1801.  They  amounted  to  5,819,769,  having  in 
ten  years  increased  nearly  one  million  four  hundred  thousand* 
In  me  same  number  of  years  the  exports  increased  from  nineteen 
to  ninety-four  millions,  and  the  revenue  from  4,771,000  to 
12,945,000  dollars !  lliis  rapid  advance  in  (he  career  of  pros- 
perity has  no  parallel  in  the  history  of  nations,  ,and  is  to  be  attri- 
buted principally  to  the  institutions  of  the  country,  which,  se- 
curing equal  privileges  to  all,  give  to  the  enterprise  and  industry 
of  all,  free  scope  and  full  encouragement. 

19.  In  1802,  the  state  of  Ohio  was  admitted  into  the  union 
It  )vas  formerly  9,  portion  of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  for 
tlie  government  of  which,  in  1787,  an  ordmance  was  passed,  by 
the  continental  congress.  With  oommendable  foresight  they 
provided  that  slavery,,  the  source  of  wealmess,  of  poverty,  and  of 
crime>  should  never  exist  in  that  extensive  and  ferdie  i{^on. 
This  is  doubtless  one  of  the  causes  of  the  unparalleled  rapidity  of 
its  population.  In  thirty  years  from  its  first  settlement,  the 
number  of  its  inhabitants  exceeded  half  a  million.  The  state  of 
Tennessee,  which  was  previously  a  part  of  North  Carolina,  and 
lies  between  that  state  and  the  river  Mississippi,  waa  admitted 
In  1796. 

20.  The  right  of  deposite  at  New-Orleans,  conceded  to  tlie 
citizens  of  the  United  States  by  Spain,  and  necessary  to  the 
people  of  the  western  country,  had,  until  this  period,  been  freely 
enjoyed.  In  October,  the  chief  officer  of  that  city ^  prohibited 
the  exercise  of  it  in  future.  This  violation  of  a  solemn  engage- 
ment {produced,  throughout  the  states  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky, 
indignai4t  clamor  and  violent  commotion.  In  congress,  a  propo- 
sition was  made  to  take  possession,  by  force,  of  the  whole 
province  of  Louisiana,  and  the  injured  people  of  the  west  wei^ 
eager  for  permission  to  avenge  their  wrongs,  and  to  regain  their 
rights,  by  the  sword. 

21.  A  more  pacific  course  was  adopted.  Knowing  that  the 
province  had  been  ceded,  although  not  transferred,  to  France, 
tiie  president  instituted  a  negotiation  to  acquire  it  by  purchase. 
In  April,  1809,  a  treaty  was  concluded,  conveying  it  to  the 
United  States  for  fifteen  millions  of  dollars. 

22.  The  territory  thus  added  to  the  national  domain,  was  first 
discovered  by  the  French,  who,  in  1699,  began  a  settlement 
within  its  limits.  It  continued  a  coloay  of  that  nation  until 
1762,  when  it  was  ceded  to  Spdn.  In  her  possession  it  re* 
niained,  slowly  increasing  in  population,  until  Oip.tober,  ISOO, 


^ 


18M.1 


ADMINISTKJITION. 


n^a  k  was  retroceded  to  Fruce,  md  hf  b»  wu  aftenvanb, 
as  has  tieen  rel9.ted,  transfeired  to  llie  Uidtod  Slatfl^^  Tliein. 
habitantdy  a  mixture  of  Freneh  «nd  Bptaakaribj  wwte  wtitlmmBt* 
ous.  ha  booiidaries  have  nevier  been  dflfimd*  IXnjr  emfaMcey 
at  a  moderate  estimation,  a  territoiy  more  etHftitwi  llm  aome 
of  tlie  most  powerful  Eur^ean  kingdom^  and  In  many  parts 
die  sofl  is  exceedingly  fertile.  Its  aeq|uiBition  was  eonflidered, 
by  tlie  United  States,  of  the  greatest  in^itanee^as  it  gave  ^em 
(he  entire  control  of  a  river,  wfaicfa  is  one  of  ^  nohfist  in  the 
world. 

23.  SiiMe  the  year  1801,  war  had  existed  between  the  United 
(States  and  Tripoli^  one  of  die  states  of  Barinry,  sitinted  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  No  memorable  event  occuired  un* 
til  1809,  when  a  largi^  squadron,  under  the  command  of  com- 
modpre  Pk^ble,  iras  de^tched  into  that  sea.  On  arriving  be- 
fore Tripoli,  captain  Bainbridge,  In  the  frigate  Phibid^nhia,  of 
44  ^[tti^i  was  sent  into  the  haibor  to  reconnoitre.  While  fai 
eager  pursuit  of  a  small  vessel,  he  unfoitunately  advanced  so  far 
th^^die  fi^te  grounded,  and  all  ott^npts  to  remove  her  were 
in  V9m.  Tne  sea  around  her  was  immediaiteiy  covered  with 
^politan  gun-boats,  and>Gaptaitt  Bainbridge  was  compelled  to 
iurrender.  Tlie  officers  were  consid^ped  as  prisoners  of  war ; 
but  the  crew,  aceording  to  the  custom  of  Baito} ,  were  treated 
as  slaves. 

24.  At  the  capture  of  this  frigate,  the  enemy  rejoiced  and 
exulted  beyond  measure.  Lieutenant  Stepden  Decatur  con- 
ceived the  design  of  retaking  or  destroying  her.  Commodore 
Preble,  applauding  the  spirit  of  the  you&tful  hero,  granted  him 
permission  to  make  the  attempt  In  February,  1804,  he  sailed 
nrom  Syracuse,  in  a  small  schooner,  having  on  board  but  seven- 
ty<«ix  men,  entered  undiscovered  the  harbor  of  Tripoli,  and  ad- 
vancmg  boldly  took  a  station  dong^de  &e  frigate.  ^Fnrceiving^ 
the  crew  in  consternation,  Decatur  sprang  on  board,  his  men 
followed)  and  with  drawn  swoids  rushed  upon  the  enemy.  The 
decks  were  soon  cleared,  some  oeing  killed,  and  others  driven 
into  tiie  sea. 

25.  A  heavy  cannonade  upon  the  fiigate,  from  the  batteries 
on  ^ore  and  the  corsairs  near,  was  now  commenced,  and 
several  vessels  of  war  were  seen  approaching.  Sh^.was  set  on 
fire  and  abandoned,  none  of  the  party  being  killed  and  but  fotfr 
wounded.  Throughout  aU  the  phratieal  states,  tills  bj^liant  ex* 
idoit  exaHed  the  reputation  of  the  American  arms.  The  presl. 
dentj  hi  reward  of  his  address  and  bravery,  promoted  lieutenaitt 
Decatur  to  the  rank  of  post-captain  hi  the  navy. 

26.  While  the  squadron  remained  before  Tripoli,  oth^  Heeds 


I      •  !■ 


i^-.': 


■i:    iB 


I 


226 


JEFFERSON'S 


Lisas. 


of  heroism  were  performed,  evincing  a  love  of  fame  and  a  devo- 
tion  to  country  misurpassed  in  Grecian  or  Roman  story.  Thc^ 
events  and  operations  of  this  war  shed  a  lustre  upon  tlie  Ame- 
rican name,  gave  experience  and  character  to  the  officers,  and 
prepared  them  to  acquire  greater  glory  in  a  contest  with  a  nobler 
ibe.  They  were  equalled  however,  by  an  enterprise  on  land, 
bold  and  romantic  in  its  conception,  and  exhibiting,  in  its  execu- 
tion, uncommon  address  and  decision  of  character. 

27.  William  Eaton,  who  had  been  a  captain  in  the  American 
army,  was,  at  the  commencement  of  this  war,  consul  at  Tunis. 
He  there  became  acquainted  with  Hamet  Garamanly,  whom  a 
younger  brother  had  excluded  from  the  throne  of  Tripoli.  With 
him  he  concerted  an  expedition  against  the  reigning  sovereign, 
and  returned  to  the  United  States  to  obtain  permission  and  the 
means  to  undertake  it.  Permission  was  granted,  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  squadron  recommended,  and  such  pecuniary  assist- 
ance  as  could  be  spared  was  afforded. 

28.  To  raise  an  army  in  Egypt,  and  lead  it  to  attack  the 
usurper  in  his  dominions,  was  the  project  which  had  been  con- 
certed. In  the  begmning  of  1805,  Eaton  met  Hamet  at  Alex- 
andria, and  was  appointed  general  of  his  forces.  On  the  6th 
of  March,  at  the  head  of  a  respectable  body  of  n^ounted  Arabs, 
and  about  seventy  Christians,  he  set  out  for  Tripoli.  His  route 
lay  across  a  desert  one  thousand  miles  in  extent.  On  his  march, 
he  encountered  peril,  fatigue,  and  suffering,  the  description  of 
■  which  would  resemble  the  exaggerations  of  romance.  On  the 
25th  of  April,  havmg  been  fifty  days  on  the  march,  he  arrived 
before  Deme,  a  Tripolitan  city  on  the  Mediteiranean,  and  found 
in  the  hai'bor  a  part  of  the  American  squadron,  destined  to  as- 
sist him.  He  learnt  also  that  the  usurper,  having  received  no- 
tice of  his  approach,  had  raised  z  considerable  army  and  was 
then  within  a  day's  march  of  the  city. 

29.  No  time  was  therefore  to  be  lost.  The  next  morning 
he  summoned  the  governor  to  surrender,  who  returned  for  an- 
swer,  *<  My  head  or  yours.''  The  city  was  assaulted,  and  after 
a  contest  of  two  hours  and  a  half,  possession  gained.  The 
Christians  suffered  severely  and  the  general  was  slightly 
wounded.  Great  exertions  were  immediately  made  to  fortify 
the  city.  On  the  8th  of  May,  it  was  attacked  by  the  TApoiit! mi 
army.  Although  ten  times  more  numerous  than  Eaton's  band, 
the  assailants,  alter  persisting  four  hours  in  the  attempt,  were 
compelled  to  retire.  On  the  10th  of  June  another  battle  w-as 
fougnt,  la  which  the  enemy  were  defeated.  The  next  day  tiie 
American  frigate  Constitution  arrived  in  the  harbor,  which  su 
terrified  the  Tripolitans  that  they  fled  precipitately  to  the  deseit. 


[1805, 

kind  and  a  devo- 
an  story.  Th« 
upon  the  Ame- 
he  officers,  and 
istwith  a  nobler 
rprise  on  land, 
ag,  in  its  execu- 
Br. 

n  the  American 
onsul  at  Tunis, 
manly,  whom  a 
Tripoli.  With 
ning  sovereign, 
nission  and  the 
1,  the  co-opera> 
ecuniary  assist- 

it  to  attack  the 
I  had  be^n  con- 
iamet  at  Alex- 
i.  On  the  6tfa 
counted  Arabs, 
oli.  His  route 
On  his  march, 
description  of 
lance.  On  the 
irch,  he  arrived 
lean,  and  found 
destined  to  as- 
ig  received  no- 
army  and  wns 

next  morning 
sturned  for  an- 
ulted,  and  after 

gained.  The 
I  was  slightly 
nade  to  fortify 

the  Trtpoiit!  !i 
L  Eaton's  band, 

attempt,  were 
ther  battle  w:.s 
16  next  day  tli» 
irbor,  which  so 
f  to  the  des(Mt. 


d06.] 


ADMINlSTRAflOJf. 


S27 


80.  The  frigate  Gantie,  however,  to  arrest  the  operations  of 
Gaton,  in  the  midst  of  his  brilliant  and  successful  career.  Alarmed 
at  his  progress,  the  reigning  bashaw  had  offered  terms  of  peace, 
which,  being  much  more  favorable  than  had  before  been  offered, 
were  accepted  by  Mr.  Lear,  the  authorised  ageiit  of  the  govern* 
ment.  Sixty  thousand  dollars  were  given  as  a  ransom  for  the 
unfortunate  American  prisoners,  and  an  engagement  was  made 
X)  vrithdraw  all  support  firom  Hamet.  The  nation,  proud  of  the 
exploits  of  Eaton,  regretted  this  diplomatic  faiterference,  but  the 
treaty  was  ratified  by  the  president  and  senate  ;  and  thus  ended 
the  war  in  the  Mediterranean. 

31.  Colonel  Burr,  havmg  lost  the  confidence  of  die  republi- 
can party,  became,  in  1804,  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  go- 
vemoi  of  New- York  :  the  federalists  generally  gave  him  their 
rotes,  but  Mr.  Hamilton,  considering  him  an  unprincipled  po- 
(itican,  openly  opposed  his  election.  The  choice  fell  upon  the 
rival  candidate.  A  duel  ensueci  between  these  distinguished  in- 
dividuals, the  challenge  proceeding  from  Burr.  Hamilton  was 
mortally  wounded.  This  event  produced  a  strong  and  lively 
sensation  throughout  the  union.  At  the  next  presidential  elec- 
tion, which  occurred  in  the  same  year,  Mr.  Jefferson  was  elect- 
ed president,  and  George  Clinton  of  New-York,  vice-president, 
the  former  receiving  all  but  fourteen  votes. 

32.  Burr,  notwiwstanding  his  brilliant  talents,  now  sunk,  for 
a  time,  into  merited  obscivity.  His  future  conduct  showed, 
however,  that,  while  unobserved  by  his  fellow  citizens,  he  had 
not  been  idle.  In  the  autumn  of  1806,  his  movements  in  the  , 
western  country  attracted  the  notice  of  government  He  had 
purehtaed  and  was  buOdmg  boats  on  the  Ohio,  and  engaging 
men  to  descend  that  river.  His  declared  purpose  was  to  form  a 
settlement  on  the  banks  of  the  Washita,  hi  Louisiana  ;  but  the 
character  of  the  man,  the  nature  of  his  preparations,  and  the  in- 
cautious disclosures  of  his  associates,  led  to  the  suspicion  that  his 
true  object  was  either  to  gain  possession  of  New-Orleans,  and 
erect  into  a  separate  government  the  country  watered  by  the 
Mississippi  and  its  branches,  or  to  invade,  from  the  territories  of 
fhe  United  States,  the  rich  Spanish  province  of  Mexico. 

33.  From  the  first  moment  of  suspicion,  he  was  closidy  watch- 
ed by  the  agents  of  the  government.  At  Natchez,  while  on  his 
viray  to  New-Orleans,  he  was  cited  to  appear  before  the  supreme 
court  of  the  Mississippi  Territory.  But  he  had  so  enveloped 
his  projects  in  secrecy,  that  sufficient  evidence  to  convict  him 
could  not  be  produced,  and  he  was  discharged.  Hearing,  how- 
ever, that  seveinTl  perf^ons,  suspected  of  being  his  accomplices, 
liad  iieen  arrested  at  N^w-Oi  leuriH  ind  Hf^mvliere,  he  fled  hi  diw 


W- 


I  i< 


828 


JEFFERSON'S 


[1807 


m 


guise  drotti  Natchez,  was  apprehended  on  the  Tombigbee,  and 
conveyed  a  prisoner  to  Richmond.  Two  indictnents  were  foumf 
against  him,  one  chaiging  him  with  treason  against  the  United 
States,  the  other  with  preparing  and  commendng  an  expedition 
against  the  dominibns'of  Spain.  i 

34.  In  August,  1807,  he  was.  tried,  upon  those  indictments^ 
before  John  Marshall,  the  chief  justice-  of  the  United  States. 
Full  evidence  of  his  guiH  not  being  exhibited,  he  was  acquitted 
by  the  jury.  The  people,  however,  believed  him  guilty ;  and 
by  thehr  desertion  and  contempt,  he  was  reduced  to  a  condition 
of  the  most  abject  wretchedness.  The  ease  with  which  his  plans 
were  deieated,  demonstrated  the  strength  of  Uie  govemraent, 
and  his  fatewUl  ever  be  an  impressive  warning  to  those  who,  in 
a  free  country,  listen  to  the  suggestions  of  criminal  ambiUon. 

35.  The  wars  pit>duced  by  the  French  revolution  continued 
to  rage  in  Europe.  The  attempts,  made  by  the  neighboring 
kings,  to  compel  republican  France  to  resume  her  monarchical 
institutions,  had  not  onl^  been  resisted  and  defeated  by  her  in- 
dignant citiaens,  but  tiiey  had  followed  home  the  repelledi  inva- 
deta  of  their  country,  and  had  subdued  those  who  b^m  the 
war  with  the  hope  and  purpose  of  subduing  France.  The  na- 
tion had  necessarily  become  a  nation  of  soldiers,  and  onpiy  more 
daring  and  fortunate  than  the  others,  had  been  placea  at  dieir 
head  as  chief  of  the  republic*  By  his  extraordinary  talents,  and 
the  vast  means  subjected  to  his  single  will,  he  acquired  control 
over  most  of  the  European  kingdoms. 

36*  Enijbnd,  however,  unsubdued  and  undaunted,  had  be- 
come as  pre-eminent  on  the  water  as  France  on  the  land.  Her 
powerftil  navy  e3q>elled  every  hostile  navy  from  the  ocean,  and 
rode  triumphimt  in  every  sea.  America  profitted  from  the  de- 
struction of  the  ships  and  commerce  of  other  nations.  Being 
neutral,  her  vessels  carried  from  port  to  port  the  productions  of 
France  and  her  dependant  kingdoms ;  uid  also  to  the  ports  of 
those  kingdoms  the  manufactures  of  England.  Few  ships  were 
found  on  the  ocean  except  those  of  the  United  States  and  Great 
BritaUi.  ' 

87.  The  latter,  having  always  found  it  impossible  to  man  her 
numeroiis  fleets,  by  voluntary  enlistments,  hsul  been  accustomed 
to  resort  to  impressment,  or  seizing  by  force  her  sul^jects  and 
compeUing  them  to  serve,  as  sailors,  on  board  her  ships  of  war. 
Soon  after  the  peace  of  1783,  she  claimed  a  rl^Aht  to  search  for 
and  seize  them,  even  on  board  of  neutral  vessels  whide  traven* 
Ing  the  ocean.  In  the  exercise  of  this  pretended  right,  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  sometimes  by  mistake  and  sometimes  by 
desigB,  wei^  seiiftd,  dragged  from  their  friends,  transported  to 


[1807   I  I$a7.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


229 


nnbigbee,  and 
its  were  fouiKf 
i8t  the  United 
an  eipedition 

» 

e  indietments, 
United  States. 
was  acquitted 
Q  guilty;  wad 
to  a  eondition 
vhich  his  plans 
i  govemnientf 
I  those  who,  in 
ad  ambition, 
tion  continued 
e  neighboring 
(r  monarchicsd 
ted  by  her  in- 
repeUeifli  inva- 
vho  b^ran  the 
ice.  The  na- 
and  oMi^  more 
placea  at  their 
17  talents,  and 
quired  control 

nted,  had  be- 
he  land.  Her 
he  ocean,  and 
1  firom  the  de* 
Uons.  Being 
iroductions  of 
to  the  ports  of 
ewsh^fswere 
ktes  and  Great 

de  to  man  her 
m  accustomed 
'sul^jects  and 
>  ships  of  war. 
t  to  search  for 
while  trvrers* 
right,  citizens 
sometimes  by 
transported  tr> 


distant  parts  of  the  world,  compelled  to  perform  the  degrading 
duty  of  British  sailors,  ard  to  fight  with  nations  at  peace  with 
their  own.  Against  this  outrage  upon  personal  liberty  and  the 
rights  of  American  citizens,  Washington,  Adams,  and  Jeiferson 
bad  remonstrated  in  vain.  The  abuse  continued,  and  every  year 
added  to  its  enormity,  until  a  feeling  of  resentment  was  aroused 
worthy  the  best  period  of  the  Roman  republic. 

38.  But  not  Ln  this  mode  only  were  the  rights  of  the  United 
States  invaded  and  their  interest  Sj^rificed  on  the  ocean.  The 
carrying  trade  afforded  a  harvest  too  rich,  and  too  tempting  to 
British  cupidity,  to  be  long  enjoyed  unmolested.  American 
ships,  carrying  to  Europe  the  produce  of  French  colonies,  were, 
in  an  early  stage  of  the  war,  captured  by  British  cruisers,  «and 
condemneid  liy  thehr  courts  as  lawful  prizes.  Several  European 
ports  under  the  control  of  France,  were  declared,  by  British  or- 
ders in  council,  dated  in  May,  1806,  to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade, 
although  not  invested  with  a  British  fleet,  and  Ameriean  vessels, 
attempting  to  enter  those  ports,  were  also  captured  and  con- 
demned. ,i 

39.  France  and  her  allies  suffered,  as  well  as  the  United 
States,  from  these  transgressions  of  the  laws  of  nations.  Her 
vengeance  fell,  not  so  much  upon  the  belligerent  inflicting  the 
iqury,  as  up<m  the  neutral  enduring  without  resenting  and  re- 
pelling it  By  a  decree,  issued  at  Beriin  in  Noveml^r,  1806, 
the  French  emperor  declared  the  British  Islands  in  a  state  of 
blockade,  and  of  course  authorized  the  capture  of  all  neutral 
vessels  attemptmg  to  trade  with  those  islands.  From  these 
measures  of  both  nations,  the  conmierce  of  the  United  States 
severely  suffered,  and  their  merchants  loudly  demanded  of  the 
government  redress  and  protection. 

40.  In  June  1807,  an  event  oc  'jrred,  which  for  a  time  con- 
centrated upon  one  of  the  rival  nations  the  whole  wei^  of  po« 
puUr  indignation.  The  firigate  Chesapeake,  while  near  the  coasts 
of  the  United  States,  and  unsuspicious  of  danger,  was  fired  upon 
from  the  Leopard,  a  British  sh^  of  superior  force,  thi«e  of  ner 
men  were  killed  and  eighteen  wounded.  Being  unprepared  for 
action,  she  struck  her  colors,  was  then  boarded  by  a  detachment 
from  the  Leopard,  her  crew  mustered  and  four  of  them  forcibly 
carried  off  upon  the  pretence  that  they  were  British  deserters. 
The  truth,  upon  investigation,  was  ascertained  to  be,  that  three 
of  them  were  citizens  of  the  IJnited  States,  had  been  impressed 
bf  the  British,  and  had  afterwards  escaped  from  their  sendee. 

41.  This  insolent  attack  upon  a  national  ship, — this  wa;itou 
exercise  of  a  claiui  derogatory  to  national  honor, — ^aroused  the 
'pirit  of  the  republic.    The  distinctions  of  party  were  forgotten, 


H'    : 


230 


JEFFERSON'S 


[1808 


numerous  meetings  of  the  citizens  were  held,  tod  all  concurred 
In  the  expression  of  a  determination  to  support  the  government 
of  their  country  in  its  efforts  to  obtain,  whether  hy  negotiation  or 
war,  satisfaction  for  this  insulting  outrage. 

42.  The  president,  by  proclamation,  prohibited  all  British 
ships  of  war  from  continuing  in  or  enterint^  the  harbors  of  the 
United  States.  He  sent  instruetions  to  the  minister  at  London 
to  demand  satisfaction  for  the  insult,  and  security  against  future 
aggression.  He  summoned  f^ongress  to  meet  and  decide  what 
further  measures  ^ould  be  adopted.  The  British  government 
promptly  disavowing  the  act  of  its  officer,  the  hostile  feelings 
which  had  been  excited  began  to  subside;  but  delaying  to  render 
satisfaction,  and  refusing  to  adopt  adequate  measures  to  prevent 
a  continuance  of  aggression,  the^  were  not  extinguished  nor  ap- 
peased. 

43.  Bonaparte  having  declared  his  purpose  of  enforcing 
with  rigor  the  Berlin  decree ;  the  British  government  having 
solemnly  asserted  the  right  of  search  and  impressment,  and 
having  intimated  their  intention  to  adopt  measures  m  retaliation 
of  the  French  decree,  the  president  recommended  to  congress 
that  the  seamen,  ships,  and  merchandise  of  the  United  States 
should  be  detained  in  port  to  preserve  them  from  the  dangers 
which  threatened  them  on  the  ocean.  A  law  laying  an  in- 
definite  embargo  was  in  consequence  enacted.  A  hope  to 
coerce  the  belligerent  powers  to  return  to  the  observance  of 
the  laws  of  nations,  by  depriving  them  of  the  benefits  derived 
from  the  trade  of  America,  was  doubtless  a  concurring  motive 
for  passing  the  law. 

44.  A  few  days  only  had  elapsed,  when  information  was  re- 
ceived, that  Great  Britain  had  prohibited  neutrals,  except  upon 
the  degrading  condition  of  paying  a  tax  or  tribute  to  her^  from 
trading  with  France  or  her  allies,  comprising  nearly  eve/y  mari- 
tUne  nation  of  Europe.  This  was  followed,  in  a  few  weeks,  by 
a  decree  issued  by  Bonaparte,  at  Milan,  declaring  that  even 
neutral  vessel,  which  should  submit  to  be  visited  by  a  British 
ship,  or  to  pay  the  tribute  demanded,  should  be  confiscated,  if 
afVerwards  found  in  his  ports,  or  taken  by  his  cruisers.  Tlius, 
at  the  date  of  the  embargo,  were  orders  and  decrees  in  existence 
rendering  liable  to  capture  almost  every  American  vessel  sailing 
en  the  ocean. 

45k  In  the  New-England  (States,  the  embargo,  withholdhig  the 
merchmt  from  a  career  In  whichjie  had  been  highly  prosperous, 
and  in  which  lie  imagined  that  he  might  still  be  favored  of  fo^ 
tune,  oeeasioned  discontent  and  clamor.  The  federalists,  more 
nnmehnis  there  than  in  any  other  pan  of  the  union,  pronouncH 


W09.J 


ADMINlgf  RATION 


231 


it  a  measure  unwise  and  oppressive.  These  representations, 
vad  the  real  and  severe  distress  which  the  people  endured,  pro- 
{hiced  a  rapid  change  in  their  political  opinions.  In  a  ^hort 
time,  a  majority  became  federalists,  and  opposed  with  zeal  all 
the  measures  of  the  government. 

46.  Inthe  fall  of  1808,  a  new  election  of  chief-magistrate  took 
place.  Mr.  Jefferson,  believing  that  no  person  should  hold  that 
office  more  than  eight  years,  and  desirous  of  confirming  the  ex- 
ample of  Washington,  had  previously  announced  his  intention 
to  retire  to  private  life.  James  Madison  was  elected  president 
and  George  Clinton  vice-president. 

47.  In  March,  1809,  congress  repealed  the  embargo,  and 
substituted  a  law  prohibiting  all  intercourse  with  France  and 
Great  Britain.  Bonaparte,  in  retaliation,  issued  a  decree,  at 
Rambouillet,  directing  that  all  American  vessels,  which  were 
then  in  the  ports  of  France  or  might  aflerwards  enter,  should 
be  seized  and  confiscated. 

.  48.  In  the  noninterconrse  law,  a  provision  was  inserted,  that 
if  either  nation  should  revoke  her  hostile  edicts,  and  the  pre- 
sident should  announce  that  fact  by  proclamation,  then  the  law 
ihould  ^ease  to  be  in  force  in  regard  to  the  nation  so  revoking. 
In  Aprilf  Mr.  Erskine,  the  British  minister  at  Washington,  en- 
gaged, on  the  part  of  his  government,  that  the  orders  in  council, 
flofar  as  they  affected  the  United  States,  should  be  withdrawn  on 
the  10th  of  June;  and  the  president  immediately  issued  the  pro- 
clamation prescribed  in  the  law. 

49.  This  alrangeme^t  the  British  ministry  refused  to  ratify, 
declaring  that  Mr.  Erskine  liad  no  authority  to  make  it.  Re- 
calling him,  they  appointed  Mr.  Jackson  his  successor.  In  a 
correspondence  between  this  gentleman  and  the  secretary  of 
state,  tne  former  insinuated  that  the  American  government  knew 
that  Mr.  Erskine  was  not  authorized  to  make  the  arrangement, 
tnd  knew  of  course  that  it  would  not  be  binding  on  Great  Bri- 
tain. This  insbiuation  was  distinctly  denied  by  the  secretary, 
but  was  subsequently  repeated,  in  an  offensive  manner,  by  Mr. 
Jackson.  He  was  immediately  informed,  that,  on  account  of 
bis  indecorous  conduct,  no  other  communications  fr6m  him  would 
be  received.  He  was  shortly  atlei*wards  recalled  by  his  govern- 
ment. 

50.  The  noninterconrse  law  expired  in  May,  1810,  when  a 
proposition  was  made  equally  to  both  belligerents,  that  if  either 
would  revoke  its  hostile  edicts,  tliat  law  should  be  revived  and 
enforced  against  the  other.  '  (n  August,  Bonaparte,  by  his  mi- 
nister of  state,  assured  Mr.  Armstrong,  the  American  envoy  to 
France,  that  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  were  revoked,  the 


■'f^ 


I    I J 


232 


JEFFERSON'S 


[1811. 


revocation'to  take  effect  oh  the  first  day  of  Novemljfer  ensuing. 
Confiding  in  this  assurance,  ^e  presillent,  on  ^e  second  day  of 
November,  issued  his  proclamation,  declaring  that  all  inter- 
course with  Oreat  Britain  was  prohibited,  and  that  an  unrestrain- 
ed comfiierc^  with  France  was  allowed. 

51.  Crte^  Britain  hanng  expressed  a  willingness  to  rapeal 
her  orders  whenever  France  should  repeal  her  decrees,  she  was 
now  caUed  upon,  by  the  American  envoy,  to  fulfil  her  engage- 
ment She  objected,  that  the  French  decrees  could  not  be  con- 
sidered as  repealed,  a  letter  from  the  minister  of  state  not  being, 
for  that  purpose,  a  document  of  sufficient  authority.  In  answer 
to  this  objection,  proof  was  presented  that  the  French  admiralty 
courts  considered  them  repealed,  and  that  no  American  vessel, 
although  many  had  entered  the  ports  of  France,  had  been  sub- 
jected to  their  provisions.  Great  Britain,  however,  still  persist- 
ed to  enforce  her  orders.  ^ 

52.  For  this  purpose,  she  had  stationed  ships  of  war  before 
the  principal  harbors  of  the  United  States.  All  American  mer.^ 
chantmen,  departing  or  returning,  were  boarded^  searchckl,  and 
many  of  them  sent  to  British  ports,  as  legal  prizes.  Impress- 
ments too  were  frequent,  and  the  British  omcerd,  entertaining 
exalted  ideas  of  their  naval  strength,  and  holding  in  contempt 
the  republican  flag,  exhibited,  on  sJl  occasions,  aijt  Extreme  inso- 
lence of  behavior,  which  nations  as  well  as  individuals  expose 
themselves  to  Incur,  by  long  and  patient  endwekadd  of  insult  and 
aggression.  <    . 

53.  In  one  instance,  bowever,  their  insolimee  vtras  deservedly 
punished.  Commodore  Rogers,  sailing  in  the  frigate  President 
met,  in  the  evening,  a  vessel  on  the  coast  of  Yirginia.  He  hail- 
ed, but  instead  of  receiving  an  answer,  was  himed'in  turn,  and 
a  shot  was  fired  which  struck  the  mainmast  of  the  President 
The  fire  was  instantly  returned  by  the  commodore,  and  conti- 
nued for  a  few  minutes,  when,  finding  his  antagonist  was  of  in- 
ferior foree  lUnd  that  her  guns  were  aunost  silenced)  he  desisted. 
On  hailiog^  agahi,  an  answer  was  given,  that  the  ship  was  the 
British  sloop  of  war  Little  Belt,  of  18  guns.  Thirty-two  of 
her  men  were  killed  and  wounded,  and  the  ship  was  much  dis- 
abled. 

64.  Mr.  Foster,  successor  to  Mr.  Jackson,  arrived  at  Washing- 
ton in  Uie  summer  of  1811,  and  proposed  terms  of  reparation  for 
th^  attadc  <mi  the  Chesapeak.  These  were,  a  formal  disavowal 
<\t  the  act,  restoration  to  the  frigate  of  the  surviving  sailors  taken 
IVoni  it,  a  pecuniary  provision  for  those  who  were  wounded,  and 
for  the  fiunilies  of  those  who  were  killed.  These  terms  wcart 
accepted  by  the  president. 


[mi. 

embier  ensuing. 
» second  day  of 
that  all  inter- 
ianiinreistrain. 

ness  to  repeal 
icreeS)  she  was 
fil  her  engage- 
uld  not  be  con- 
itate  not  bemg, 
ty.  In  answer 
ench  admiralty 
neriean  vessel, 
had  been  sub- 
ir,  still  perslst- 

of  war  before 
Ijnerican  mer-^ 

searched,  and 
:es.  Impress- 
%  entertaioing 
g  in  contempt 
t^ztrenie  inso* 
^dtttils  expose 
i3of  insult  and 

^ras  deservedly 
^te  President, 
oia.  Helutil- 
id  intuit,  and 
:he  President 
>re,  and  conti- 
list  was  of  in- 
d)  he  desisted, 
ship  was  the 
Thirty-two  of 
was  much  dis- 

d  at  Wasliing- 
reparation  for 
mal  disavowal 
If  sailors  taken 
wounded*  and 
le  temif  wcsi 


iMiJf 


ADMINISTRATION. 


233 


55.  But  the  British  envoy  could  give  no  assurance  that  his 
government  was  disposed  to  make  a  satisfactory  arrangement 
of  the  subject  of  impressment,  or  to  repeal  the  orders  in  coun- 
c9.  These  orders,  on  the  contrary,  continued  to  be  enforced 
with  rigor ;  and  on  the  restoration  of  a  free  commerce  with 
France,  a  laive  number  of  American  vessels,  laden  with  rich 
cai*goes,  and  destined  to  her  ports,  fell  into  the  power  of  British 

raisers.  Such  wai  now  the  state  of  affairs,  that  the  United 
States  suffered  the  evils  of  war,  while  Great  Britain  enjoyed  the 
advantages.  Her  cruisers,  since  1803,  had  captured  nine  hun- 
dred American  vessels. 

56.  The  patience  of  the  nation  was  exhausted.  President 
Madison,  eaurly  in  November,  1811,  called  congress  together, 
laid  before  them  the  state  of  foreign  relations,  and  recommended 
that  the  republic  should  be  placed  in  an  attitude  to  maintain,  by 
force,  its  wounded  honor  and  essential  interests.  The  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people,  whose  sentiments  and  feelings  they  ex- 
pressed, determined  to  act  hi  accordance  with  the  views  of  tlie 
pr^ident. 

57.  Laws  were  enacted  providing  for  the  mcrease  of  the  re- 
gular army  to  35,000  men  ;  for  the  augmentation  of  the  naval 
establishment ;  empowering  the  president  to  accept  of  the  ser- 
vices of  voiunteers,  to  make  a  detachment  from  the  militia,  and 
to  borrow  eleven  millions  of  dollars.  It  was  the  expectation  of 
many  that  Great  Britain,  witnessing  these  serious  preparations, 
would  recede  from  the  stand  she  had  taken. 

58.  Events,  however,  occurred,  while  congress  were  in  ses- 
sion, which  considerably  diminiished  this  expectation.  For 
several  years,  the  Indian  tribes  residing  near  the  remote  lakes 
and  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  had  displaced  symptoms  of 
hostility,  murdering  a  number  of  whites  and  robbing  others  of 
their  property.  In  the  fall  of  1811,  general  Harrison,  with  a 
small  force,  was  sent  into  their  territories,  instructed  to  nego- 
tiate if  possible,  but  to  fight  if  necessary.  On  the  6th  of  No- 
vember, he  arrived  at  Tippecanoe,  theur  principal  town,  where 
he  was  met  by  Indian  messengers,  with  whom  an  agreement  was 
made,  that  hostilities  should  not  take  place  before  the  next  morn- 
ing, and  that  then  an  amicable  conference  should  be  held. 

59.  Just  before  daybreak,  the  savages,  in  violation  of  their 
®^S^i>^^^  made  a  sudden  and  furious  attack  upon  the  troops 
hi  their  encampment.  Nothuig  but  the  precaution  of  sleeuing 
hi  order  of  battle,  on  their  arms,  saved  tnem  from  total  dereat. 
A  dreadful  slaughter  was  made;  but  the  savagM  trere  6naUy  re- 
Jiulsed,  dispersed,  and  their  town  laid  vrzeM.  A  stitmic  belief 
was  entertained,  founded  upon  credible  testimoayy  that  they  had 

U2 


,H 


)  ' 


U'! 


234  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION.       [1812- 


I 


V' 


\ 


been  incited  to  hostility  by  British  agents  stationed  among 
them. 

60.  In  February,  1812,  John  Henry,  who  had  once  resided 
in  Canada,  communicated  to  the  president  tlie  fact,  that  in  1809, 
he  had  been  empl^^d  by  the  governor  of  tliat  province  ipoF  « 
secret  mission  to  Boston,  the  metropolis  of  the  New-England 
states;  and  that  he  was  instructed  to  confer  with  the  disaffected, 
upon  the  subject  of  a  separation  of  those  states  from  the  union, 
and  tiieir  foiTriing  a  polical  connexion  with  Great  Britain.  He 
exhibited  documents  in  support  of  his  disclosures,  which  he  was 
led  to  make,  by  the  neglect  of  his  employer  to  reward  him  for 
his  seivices.  It  did  not  appear  that  he  had  succeeded  in  cor* 
rupting  the  fidelity  of  any  individual ;  but  the  attempt,  in  a  time 
uf  peace,  and  in  me  midst  of  the  most  amicable  professions,  not 
only  preserved  in  full  force  but  increas)ed  the  previous  irritation. 

61.  Congress  continued  to  be  employed  until  the  20th  of  May, 
in  malcing  preparations  for  war,  stiU  cherishing  the  hope  that  a 
change  of  policy  in  Europe  would  render  unnecessary  sin  ap* 
peal  to  arms.  On  that  day,  the  Hornet  arrived  from  London, 
bringing  information  that  no  prospect  existed  of  a  favorable 
change.  On  the  fii^t  of  June,  the  president  sent  a  message  to 
congress,  recounting  the  wrongs  received  fVom  Great  Britaiin, 
and  submitting  the  question  whether  the  United  States  should 
continue  to  endure  them  or  resort  to  war  1 

62.  The  message  was  considered  with  closed  dooil^.  On  tlie 
18th,  an  act  was  passed  declaring  war  against  Great  Britain. 
The  measure  was  decidedly  condenmed  by  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  citizens,  among  whom  were  many  honest  and  able 
men.  Exercising  the  undoubted  privilege  of  freemen,  they 
exaimiined,  with  the  severest  scrutiny,  the  measures  and  motives 
of  the  administration.  They  asserted  that  the  war  ^vas  unne- 
cessary, partial,  and  unwise :  that  it  was  unnecessary,  because, 
in  their  opinion,  a  satisfactory  adjustment  of  all  disputes  might 
have  been  obtained  by  farther  negotiation:  that  it  was  partial, 
because  France  had  given  greater  provocation,  in  proportion  to 
her  means  of  annoyance,  than  Great  Britain :  that  it  was  un- 
wise, because  the  nation  was  not  prepared  for  war;  because,  by 
declaring  it  against  almost  the  only  remaining  enemy  of  France, 
the  United  States  indirectly  but  powerfully  assisted  Bonaparte  in 
his  design  of  universal  conquest ;  and  because  the  expenses  and 
sufferings  it  must  unavoidably  occasion,  would  more  than  coun 
terbalanee  all  the  advantages  sought  to  be  obtained.  And  many, 
passing  the  limits  of  candid  and  temperate  discussion,  indulged 
in  a  virulence  of.  invective  of  which  no  government  should  be 
the  ol^ect  that  is  not  manifestly  corrupt. 


[1812. 
oned  among 

once  resided 

that  ill  1809, 

>vince  ipopa 

^ew-£ngland 

16  diaaflected, 

^m  the  union, 

Britain.    He 

ivhich  he  was 

ward  him  for 

eeded  in  cor* 

npt,  in  a  time 

rofessions,  not 

ious  irritation. 

}  20th  of  May, 

le  hope  that  a 

cessary  ^  ap* 

from  London, 

f  a  favorable 

t  a  message  to 

Great  Britain, 

i  States  should 

toors.  On  the 
Gi^eat  Britain, 
nsiderable  por- 
onest  and  able 
freemen,  they 
■es  and  motives 
war  ivas  unne- 
(ssary,  because, 
disputes  might 
it  was  partial, 
n  proportion  to 
that  it  was  un- 
ir;  because,  by 
jmy  of  France, 
ed  Bonaparte  in 
le  expenses  and 
lore  tiian  coun 
ed.  And  manyt 
iission,  indulged 
ment  should  be 


mi 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1812. 


THE  people  of  the  United  States  remembered,  with  pride, 
the  patriotism  and  bravery  exhibited  by  their  army  in  the  revo- 
lutionary war.  A  long  period  of  peace  and  prosperity  had  in- 
creased their  confidence  in  their  own  strength;  and  the  belief 
was  generally  entertained,  that  victory  over  the  same  foe  would 
now  be  so  much  the  more  certainly  and  easily  gained,  as  the  na- 
tion was  more  rich  and  populous.  They  did  not  reflect,  that 
peace  had  impaired  the  military  energies  of  the  republic,  while 
their  enemy,  by  constant  exercise  in  arms,  had  acquired,  not  only 
addition  il  strength,  but  greater  skill  to  use  and  apply  it. 

2.  From  the  veteran  officers^  who  had  acquired  fame  in  the 
former  conflict,  a  selection  was  made  to  fill  the  principal  posts  in 
the  new  army.  Hemy  Dearborn,  of  Massachusetts,  was  ap- 
pointed major-general  and  commander-in-chief.  He  was  at  the 
batde  of  Bunker's  hilL  In  the  expedition  against  Quebec,  he 
served  as  a  captain  under  Arnold.  He  distinguished  himself  on 
these  and  other  occasions ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  bore  the 
conmiission  of  colonel.  He  held,  for  a  long  time,  the  office  of 
secretary  of  war,  and  discharged  its  duties  with  exemplary  in- 
dustry aiid  skill.  Thomas  Pinkney,  of  South  Carolina,  was  also 
appointed  major-genei'al.  Among  the  brigadiers  were  Wilkinson, 
Hull,  Hampton,  and  Bloomfield. 

3.  At  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  war,  general  Hull  was 
also  governor  of  the  Michigan  territory,  of  which  Detroit  is  the 
capital.  On  the  12th  of  July,  with  two  thousand  regulars  and 
volunteers,  he  crossed  the  river  dividing  the  United  States  from 
Canada.  On  the  same  day,  he  addressed  a  proclamation  to  the 
Canadians,  tendering  them  the  blessings  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  and  assuring  them,  in  a  lody  tone,  *<  that  bis  force  was 
sufficient  to  break  down  all  opposition,"  and  yet  was  but  the 
vanguard  of  one  much  gi^eater.  It  appeared  to  l>c  his  purpose  to 
attack  Maiden,  and  thence  proceed  to  Montreal. 

4.  Had  the  attack  been  instantly  made,  success  would  have 
been  highly  probable.  A  month  was  wasted  iu  niinous  delay. 
Distrust  and  contempt  expelled  confidence  and  attachment  from 
the  breasts  of  the  Canadians.  The  ardor  of  the  troops  bega|  to 
cool.     Maiden  was  reinforced  ;  and  at  thip  critical  moment,  in- 


!  I 


'!-, 


;-V 


! 

I 


236 


MADISON'S 


[1812 


formation  was  received  that  Mackinaw,  an  Amefican  post  above 
Detroit,  had  surrendered  to  a  large  body  of  British  and  Indians, 
who  were  rushing  down  the  river  in  numbers  sufficient  to  over* 
whelm  the  American  forces.     Panic  struck,  general  Hull  has 
teued  back  to  Detroit. 

5.  General  Brock,  the  commander  at  Maldf  n,  pursued  him, 
with  a  force  superior  in  number,  but  composed  of  militia  and 
Indians.  On  tne  14th  of  August,  he  erected  batteries  opposite 
Detroit,  The  next  day,  he  began  a  cannonade  upon  the  Ameri- 
can  fortifications  which  was  returned  with  precision  and  effect. 
On  the  i6th,  the  enemy  crossed  the  river,  taking  post  about  three 
miles  above  the  city.  Meeting  with  no  resistance,  and  hearmg 
that  some  of  the  American  troops  were  absent,  general  Brock 
resolved  to  march  directly  forward  and  assault  the  fort. 

6.  The  troops,  cool  and  undaunted,  awaited  in  good  order  the 
approach  of  the  enemy,  anticipating  an  easy  victory.  To  the 
astonishment  of  all,  general  Hull  forbade  the  artillery  to  fire, 
and  hung  out  a  white  flag  in  token  of  a  wish  to  capitulates  A 
correspondence  between  the  two  generals  was  immediately 
opened,  which  ended  in  the  surrender  of  the  army  and  of  the 
territory  of  Michigan.  v 

7.  It  Is  impossible  to  describe  the  indignation  of  the  soldiers 
and  citizens,  when  they  saw  themselves  delivered,  by  the  autho- 
rity of  one  man,  into  the  power  of  an  enemy  whom  they  supposed 
they  might  easily  have  conquered.  Many  believed  him  either  a 
traitor  or  coward.    'An  event  so  disgraceful,  occurring  in  a 

Suarter  where  success  was  confidently  anticipated,  caused 
iroughout  the  union  the  greatest  mordfication  and  amazement. 
Stung  by  disappointment,  all  united^  in  censuring  general  Hull. 
His  greatest,  perhaps  his  only  fault,  was  want  of  decision  and 
ener^. 

8.  The  people  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky  were  alarmed.  Nearly 
ten  thousand  citizens  made  a  tender  of  their  services,  and  a  part 
of  them,  placed  under  the  command  of  general  William  H.  Har- 
rison, marched  toward  the  territory  of  Michigan.  But  great 
and  numerous  were  the  difficulties  encountered ;  the  volunteers 
wereunw^ling  to  submit  to  the  wholesome  restraints  of  discif 
pline ;  and  winter  arrived  before  any  important  undertaking 
could  be  accomplished.  Several  incursions  were^made  Into  the 
country  of  the  savages,  who,  instigated  by  British  agents,  and  by 
a  celebrated  Indian  prophet,  and  commanded  by  Tecumseh,  a 
gallant  warrior,  had  become  almost  universally  hostile. 

9.  For  the  purpose  of  Invading  Canada,  hi  another  quarter, 
an  army  of  regular!^  iliid  militia  was  assembled  on  the  northern 
frontier  of  New- York.    It  was  far  less  numerous  than  the 


UlK. 


\ 


[1812. 


^. 


\ 


ostabovie 
and  Indians, 
ient  to  over- 
al  HuU  has 

>ursued  him, 

'  militia  anj 
lies  opposite 
»ntheAmeri- 
in  and  effect. 
9t  about  three 

and  hearing 
ineral  Brock 
fort. 

ood  order  the 
ry.  To  the 
illery  to  fire, 
ipitulate.     ^ 

immediately 
y  and  of  the 

*  the  soldiers 
by  the  autho- 
liey  supposed 
him  either  a 
icuning  m  a 
ated,  caused 
[amazement, 
general  Hull, 
decision  and 

led.  Nearly 
is,  and  a  part 
[iam  H.  liar- 
But  great 
^e  volunteers 
uts  of  disci- 
undertaking 
nade  into  the 
^nts,  and  by 
Fecumseh,  a 
He. 

ther  quarter, 
the  northern 
)U8  than  tho 


isii^l 


ADMIIMISTBATION. 


287 


goveri^tot  had  anticipated.  So  happy  was  the  condition  of  eveti 
ehe  poorest  class  of  American  citizens,  that  but  few  could  be 
induced  to  enlist  as  soldiers.  And  in.  jsome  of  the  states  the 
plausible  doctrine  was  maintained,  that  the  officers  of  the  gene- 
ral government  have  no  power  over  the  militia,  untO  called  into 
service  and  cohsigned  to  their  authority,  by  the  state  executive, 
and  that  even  then  they  cannot  be  compelled  to  march  beyond 
be  boundary  of  the  republic.  Several  governors  actually  with- 
held their  militia,  when  called  for  by  the  president,  and  thus  di- 
minished the  ahioUnt  of  one  species  of  force  upon  which  the 
general  government  had  relied. 

10.  General  Van  Rensselaer,  of  the  New-Tork  odlitia,  be- 
ing the  senior  officer  oh  that  frontier,  had  the  command  of  these 
troops,  which  were  called  the  army  of  the  centre.  His  head 
quarters  were  at  Lewistdwn,  on  thetriver  Niagara,  and  on  the 
opposite  side  was  Queenstown,  a  fortified  British  post  The 
militia  disphrping  great  eagerness  to  be  led  against  the  enemy, 
the  general  chet^rmined  to  cross  over  to  Queenstown.  The  mat 
attempt  was  defeated  by  tempestuous  we^er.  On  the  13th  of 
October,  a  party,  led  by  colonel  Van  Rensselaer,  effected  a  land- 
ing, although  opposed  b^  a  British  force  stationed  on  the  bank. 
The  colond  was  severely  wounded,  but  the  troops,  under  csqi- 
tains  Og>1vie  iaad  Wool,  sulvanced  to  storm  the  fort  They  gain- 
ed possession,  hut,  at  the  moment  of  success,  general  Brock  ar- 
rived, from  a  nei^boring  poet,  with  a  reuiforcement  of  six  hun- 
dred men.  These,  although  the  most  numerous,  were  gallantly 
driven  back  by  the  American  troops.  In  attemptmg  to  rally 
them,  general  Brock  was  killed. 

11.  General  Van  Rensselaer,  who  had  previously  crossed 
over,  now  returned  to  hasten  the  embarkation  of  the  rear  divi- 
sion. To  his  astonishment,  those  who  had  lately  shown  such 
eagerness  to  meet  the  enemy,  now  utterly  refused  to  pass  beyond 
the  national  boundary.  He  entreated  and  remonstrated,  but  in 
7am.  Meanwhile  the  enemy,  having  received  another  rehi- 
forcement,  advanced  to  attack  the  Americans  in  the  fort  A 
desperate  and  bloody  conflict  ensued,  of  which  the  militia  were 
calm  spectators.  In  the  end,  the  British  were  conc^pletely  victo- 
rious. Gf  one  thousand  men,  who  crossed  into  Giuiada,  but 
few  effected  their  escape. 

12.  Soon  after,  general  Van  Rensselaer  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice and  was  succeed  by  general  Alexander  Smyth,  of  Vhr- 
gbia.  In  a  turgid  address  to  the  "  Men  of  New-York,»»  he  an- 
nounced that,  in  a  few  days,  he  should  p^ant  the  American  stand- 
ard in  Canada,  and  invited  them  to  share  in  the  detoger  and  glory 
of  the  enterprise.  His  force  was  increased,  by  those  who  obeyed 


..'.....Ml 


^Wm 


238 


MADISON'S 


[1813. 


his  call,  to  4500  men.  The  morning  of  the  98th  of  No* 
vember  was  assigned  as  the  time  for  crossing.  So  taitly  were 
the  movements  of  the  troops,  that  witil  afternoon,  the  first  di- 
vision was  not  ready  to  leave  the  American  shore.  The  enemy 
appeared  in  force  on  the  opposite  bank ;  a  council  of  officers 
decided  that  it  was  inexpedient,  at  that  time,  to  cross ;  and  the 
troops  were  ordered  to  debark.  They  were  disappointed  and 
dissatisfied ;  but  their  clamor  was  appeased  by  th,e  assurance  that 
another  attempt  would  speedily  be  made.  ^ 

13.  The  next  day,  they  received  orders  to  be  in  readiness  to 
embark  on  the  first  of  December.  But  their  first  disappoint- 
ment had  sensibly  damped  their  ardor.  At  the  appointed  hour, 
the  boats  were  not  ready  to  move ;  and  when  ready,  but  1500 
men  were  found  willing  to  cross.  A  council  of  war  decided 
unanimously  against  proceeding,  and  again  the  troops  were  or- 
dered to  debark.  The  plan  of  invading  Canada  was  abandoned 
for  the  season.  The  blame  of  these  failures  was  attributed,  by 
the  soldiers,  to  their  commander;  and  so  highly  were  they  ex- 
asperated, that,  for  several  days,  his  life  was  in  danger  fronji  theit 
fury. 

14.  The  army  of  the  north,  which  was  under  the  immediate 
command  of  general  Dearborn,  was  stationed  at  Greenbush, 
near  Albany,  and  at  Plattsburg,  on  lake  Ohamplam.  From  the 
latter  post,  a  deta<?hment  mardied  a  i^ort  distance  into  Canada, 
surprised  a  small  body  of  British  and  Indians,  and  destroyed  a 
considerable  quantity  of  public  stores.  Other  movements  were 
anxiously  expected  by  the  people ;  but  after  the  misfortunes  at 
Detroit  and  Niagara,  the  general  deemed  it  inexpedient  to  en- 
gage in  any  important/enterprise. 

15.  Thus  ended  the  campaign  of  1812.  Although,  on  ;nany 
ocoaslous,  extraordinaiy  gallantry  had  been  displayed,  yet  no- 
tiiing  was  accomplished,  and  the  losses  sustained  were  numerous 
and  heavy.  Those  who  approved  of  the  declaration  of  war 
felt  disappointed,  mortified,  and  dejected.  They  attributed  most 
of  the  misfortunes  of  the  country  to  the  conduct  of  the  federal- 
ists, whom  they  accused  of  endeavormg  to  prevent  enlistments 
into  the  army,  and  of  maintaining  the  most  pernicious  doctrines 
in  relation  to  the  mUitia.  The  federalists  on  the  other  hand,  at- 
tributed these  repeated  failures  to  the  imbecility  of  the  adminis- 
tration, and  to  the  um^se  selection  of  militaty  officers.  They 
assumed  a  bolder  tone  of  censure,  and  evinced  a  more  deter- 
miitid  apirit^  opposition. 

16.  BvfHirhile,  on  land,  defeat  and  disgrace  attended  the  arms 
of  the  republh;,  on  the  ocean,  where  the  injuries  which  led  to  the 
war  had  been  infilcted,  they  gained  a  rich  harvest  of  victory  and 


Si. 


[1812.   I     1819iJ 


ADMINISTRATION. 


839 


98th  of  No. 
So  tardy  were 
n,  the  first  di- 
Tbe  enemy 
icil  of  officers 
;ross;  and  the 
ippomted  and 
assurance  that 

in  readmess  to 
rst  disappoint- 
ppointed  hour, 
lady,  but  1500 
if  war  decided 
■oops  were  or- 
^ras  abandoned 
I  attributed,  by 
were  they  ex* 
iger  frond  theit 

the  immediate 
it  Greenbush, 
n.  From  the 
B  into  Canada, 
id  destroyed  a 
>vements  were 
misfortunes  at 
pedientto  en- 

>ugh,  on  paany 
ayed,  yet  no- 
rere  numerous 
u*ation  of  war 
ittributed  most 
>f  the  federal- 
nt  enlistments 
nous  doctrines 
)ther  hand,  at- 
*  the  adminis- 
fficers.  They 
i  more  deter- 

nded  the  arms 
lich  led  to  the 
[>f  victory  and 


glory,  t^pon  the  declaration  of  war,  the  American  officers  and 
seamen  glowed  with  ardor  to  avenge  the  sufferings  of  their  im* 
pressed  fellow-citizens,  and  to  vindicate  the  honor  of  the  repub- 
lican flag.  Those  ships  of  war,  which  were  ready  for  sea,  im- 
mediately sailed  in  search  of  the  enemy. 

17.  On  the  19th  of  August,  captain  Hull,  who  commanded 
Uie  Constitution  of  forty'-four  guns,  descried  a  British  frigate. 
His  crew,  giving  three  cheers,  requested  to  be  placed  alongside 
of  their  antagonist.  For  three  quarters  of  an  hour,  the  latter  en- 
deavoured, by  skilful  manoeuvering,  to  obtain  the  advantage  of 
position.  Defeated  in  this,  she  advanced  towards  the  Constitu- 
tion, firing  broadsides  at  intervals.  When  she  had  approached 
within  half  pistol  shot,  a  tremendous  cannonade  burst  upon  her 
from  the  American  frigate.  In  thirty  minutes,  every  mast  and 
aeariy  every  spar  being  shot  away,  she  struck  her  flag. 

18.  She  was  found  to  be  the  Guerriere,  of  thirty-eight  guns, 
commanded  by  captain  Dacres.  Of  her  crew,  fif)y  were  killed 
and  sixty-four  wounded.  She  had  received  so  much  mjury  that 
it  was  thought  to  be  impossible  to  get  her  into  port,  and  she  was 
burned.  The  injury  sustained  by  the  Constitution  was  slight ; 
of  her  crew,  seven  were  killed  and  seven  wounded.  Although 
she  carried  a  few  more  guns  than  her  antagonist,  yet  the  im- 
mense disparity  of  effect  clearly  demonstrated  the  superior  skill 
of  the  American  seamen.  Captain  Hull,  on  his  return  to  the 
United  States,  was  welcomed  with  enthusiasm,  by  his  grateful 
and  admiring  countrymen,  who  conferred  upon  him  those  ho- 
nors and  distinctions  most  dear  to  the  patriot  and  hero. 

19.  But  this  was  the  first  only  of  a  series  of  naval  victories. 
On  the  18th  of  Otstober,  captain  Jones,  in  the  Wasp,  of  eighteen 
guns,  captured  the  Frolic,- of  twenty-two,  afler  a  bloody  conflict 
of  three  quarters  of  an  hour.  In  this  action,  the  Americans 
obtained  a  victory  over  a  force  decidedly  superior.  On  their 
part,  but  eight  were  killed  and  wounded ;  on  that  of  the  enemy, 
abouteighty  I  On  tibe  25th,  the  frigate  United  States,  commanded 
by  captain  Decatur,  encountered  and  captured  the  British  frigate 
Macedonian.  The  former  carried  a  few  guns  the  most,  but  the 
dbparity  of  loss  was  astonishingly  great.  Oa  the  part  of  the 
enemy,  a  hundred  and  four  were  killed  and  wounded ;  on  that  of 
the  Americans,  but  eleven!  The  Wasp  was  unfortunately  cap- 
tured, soon  afler  her  victory,  by  a  British  ship  of  the  line ;  the 
United  States  brought  her  prize  safely  to  New-York. 

20.  A  fourth  naval  battle  was  fought,  and  a  fourth  victory 
gained,  on  the  29th  of  December.  On  that  day,  the  Constitu- 
tion, of  forty-four  guns,  then  commanded  by  captam  Balnbrid^, 
captured  the  British  frigate  Java,  of  thirty-eight.     The  combat 


J' 


it 

I 


-M'^iH  II 


■v. 


%'■■ 


''&i 


t. 


84ft  MADISON'S  AI>MINI3TRATI0N.        [1&12. 

continued  more  than  three  hours.  The  Java  was  reduced  to  a 
wreck;  of  her  cnew  one  hundred  a^  sfaEty-one  were  killed  and 
wounded;  of  that  of  the  Constitution,  thirty-four. 

21.  Tbese  successive  victories  were  peculiarly  gratifying  tso 
the  nation;  they  were  gadned)  in  the  midfl  of  disasters  on  luid, 
and  hty  that  claB»  pf  Citizens  whose  rights  had  been  violated: 
they  Kere  gaiAM  oyer  a  people  clainiing  to  be  lords  of  the  sea, 
whom  kng  coK^ued  success  had  rendered  haughty  and  insolent, 
and  who  havjl  confidently  boasted  that  the  ii?hde  American  navy 
would  soon,be  swept  from  the  ocean. 

22.  Blanjf  Bridsh  merchantnen  were  likevnse  captured  by 
the  American  navy;  and  privathers,  issumg  from  ahnost  every 
port,  and  many  of  them  bearing  flags  inscribed  «  Free  Trade 
and  Sailor's  Rights,''  were  remarkably  successful.  The  num- 
ber of  prizes,  made  during  the  first  seven  months  of  the  fvar, 
exceeded  five  hundred. 

23.  In  the  autunm  of  this  year,  the  quadrennial  period  for  the 
election  of  president  and  vice-president  again  recurred.  ,  The 
candidates  for  president  were,  the  incumbent,  James  Madiapn  of 
Yirgufda,  and  De  Witt  Clinton  of  New-Tork;  for  vice-president, 
Elbridge  Gerry,  of  Massachusetts,  and  Jared  IngersoU,  of 
Pennsylvania.  Those  who  were  opposed  to  the  war,  suppwted 
Mr.  Clinton  and  Mr.  Ingersoll;  ana  they  were  joined  by  many 
who  believed  that,  should  the  former  be^  elected  president^  and 
should  he  find  it  impracticable  to  make  an  honourable  peace,  he 
would  call  forth  the  resources,  and  direct  the  arms  of  the  repub- 
lic, with  more  decision  and  energy.  Great  exertioni  were 
made  by  ^  partizans  of  the  opposing  sandkkites,  and  the  pas- 
sions of  the  people,  especially  in  the  isdddle  and  northern  states, 
we::«  highly  excited.  Of  the  electoral  votes  given,  Mr.  Madi- 
son received  one  hundred  and  tweni^-eight,  vm  Mr.  Gerry  one 
hundred  and  thir^-one,  anl  were  elected.  Mr*  Clintoa  received 
elgfaty-niiM,  and  Mr.  Ingei«oll  eighty-six. 


[1&12. 


reduced  to  a 
irekiUed  and 

graUfyingto 
Iters  on  laJad, 
een  violated: 
[s  of  the  sea, 
randioBolent, 
mencan  navy 

captured  by 
almost  every 
( Firee  Trade 
.  The  num- 
s  of  the  ivar, 

period  for  the 

curred.  ;  The 

ssMadiapnof 

ice-president, 

IngersoU,  of 

var,  suppwted 

inedbymany 

iresident^  and 

ible  peace,  he 

oftherepab- 

Eertions  were 

and  tiiepas- 

rthem  states, 

I,  Mr.  Madi- 

r.  Gerry  one 

ntoa  received 


CHAPTER  XXYIL 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1813. 


AT  the  eommentiement  of  the  session  of  congress,  held  in  tiie 
autninn  of  18}2,  the  president,  in  his  message,  stated  that,  fan- 
mediately  after  die  declaration  of  war,  he  communicated  to  the 
British govemmentthe terms  on  which  its  progress  aa^  be 
arrested ;  that  these  terms  were,  the  repeal  of  the  orders  in  eotm- 
cil,  the  dischai^  of  American  seamen,  and  the  abandonment  of 
the  practice  of  impressment ;  and  that  the  ministry  had  declined 
to  accede  to  his  oners. 

2.  He  also  stated  that,  at  an  eariy  period  of  the  war,  be  had 
received  official  information  of  the  repeal  of  the  orders  in  coun- 
cil ;  that  two  propositions  for  an  armistice  had  been  made  to 
him,  both  of  which  he  had  rejected,  as  they  could  not  have  been 
accepted  without  conceding;  to  Great  Britain  the  right  of  fan- 
pressment 

3.  The  rejection  of  these  propositions  was  approved  by  the 
national  representatives,  who,  far  from  abandoning  the  ground 
thef  had  taken,  adopted  more  vigorous  measures  for  the  prose- 
cution  of  the  war.  The  bounty,  and  the  wages  of  soldiers,  were 
increased.  The  president  was  authorized  to  raise  twenty  addi- 
tional regiments  of  infantry,  to  issue  treasury  notes,  and  to  bor- 
row money.  Provision  was  also  made  for  building  four  ships 
of  the  line,  six  frigates,  and  as  nlany  vessels  of  war  on  the  great 
lakes  as  the  public  service  might  require. 

4.  So  great  was  the  desire  of  the  citizens  of  the  western  coun- 
try to  renin  possession  of  the  territory  of  Michigan,  that,  hi  or- 
der to  effect  it,  general  Harrison  resolved  to  undertake  a  winter 
campaign.  General  Winchester,  with  a  portion  of  the  western 
army,  proceeded  in  advance  to  Frenchtown,  a  village  on  the 
river  Raisin,  not  far  from  Detroit.  A  British  party  stationed 
in  the  village  was  attacked,  routed,  and  entirely  dispersed. 

6.  The  Americans  encamped  near  the  field  of  battle,  a  part 
of  them  being  protected  by  close  garden  pickets.  Althou^^h 
near  an  enemy's  post,  but  little  precaution  was  taken  to  prevent 
a  surprize.  Early  in  the  momingof  the  22nd  of  Januaiy,  th^ 
^ere  attacked  by  a  large  force  of  British  and  Indians,  the  former 
commanded  by  colonel  Procter,  the  latter  by  the  chiefs  Round- 
I'lead  and  SpliUog.    The  troops  in  the  open  field  ivere  thrown 


H 


,m 


I 


m 


t  'H 


ilt 


2^ 

i'' 


MADISON'S 


[1813. 


■» 


into  disorder.  General  Winchester,  and  other  officers,  made  an 
ineffectual  attempt  to  rally  them.i  They  fled,  but  while  attempting 
to  escape  were  mostly  kUled  by  the  Indians.  The  general  and 
colonel  Lewis  were  made  prisoners. 

6.  The  troops  behind  the  pickets  maintained  the  contest  with 
undaunted  bravery.  At  length  colonel  Procter  assured  general 
Winchester,  that  if  the  remainder  of  the  Americans  would  imme- 
diately surrender^  they  should  be  protected  from  massacre ;  but 
othierwise  he  would  set  fire  to  the  viUage,  and  would  not  be  re- 
sponsible for  the  conduct  of  the  savages.  Intimidated  by  this 
threat,  general  Winchester  sent  an  order  to  the  troops  to  surren 
der,  which  they  obeyed. 

7.  Colonel  Procter,  leaving  the  wounded  without  a  guards 
marched  back  immediately  to  Maiden.  The  Indians  accom- 
panied them  a  few  miles,  but  returned  early  the  next  morning. 
Deeds  of  horror  followed.  The  wounded  officers  were  drag- 
ged from  the  houses,  killed  and  scalped  in  the  streets.  The 
buildings  were  set  on  fire.  Some  who  attempted  to  escape 
were  forced  back  into  the  flames.  Others  r.~ere  put  to  death  by 
the  tomahawk,  and  lefl  shockmgly  mangled  in  the  highway. 
The  inlamy  of  thfs  butchery  should  not  fall  upon  the  perpetra- 
tors alone.  It  must  rest  equally  upon  those  who  instigated  them 
to  hostUity,  by  whose  side  they  fouglil,  who  were  able,  and  were 
bound  by  a  solemn  engagement  to  restrain  them. 

8.  The  battle  and  massacre  at  Frenchtown  clothed  Kentucky 
and  Ohio  in  mourning.  Other  volunteers,  indignant  at  tiie 
treachery  and  crUelty  of  their  foes,  hastened  to  the  aid  of  Har- 
rison. He  marched  to  the  rapids  of  tiie  Miami,  where  he 
erected  a  fort,  which  he  called  tort  Meigs,  in  honor  of  the  go- 
vernor of  Ohio.  On  the  first  of  May,  it  was  invested  by  a  large, 
number  of  Indians,  and  by  a  party  of  British  troops  from  Maiden, 
the  whole  commanded  by  colonel  Procter. 

9.  Five  days  afterwards,  general  Clay,  at  the  head  of  1200 
Kentuckians,  made  an  attempt  to  raise  the  siege.  Dividing  his 
force  into  several  parties,  and  making  an  impetuous  onset,  he 
drove  the  besiegers  from  their  works.  His  troops,  supposing 
the  victory  complete  and  disregarding  the  orders  of  their  com- 
mander, dispersed  mto  the  woods.  The  enemy,  returning  from 
thehr  flight,  obtained  an  easy  victory.  Of  the  Americans,  two 
or  three  hundred  escaped  into  the  fort ;  about  three  bundled 
were  killed  or  made  prisoners ;  the  remainder  fled  to  the  nearest 
settlements.     The  enemy  sustained  considerable  loss. 

10.  The  fort  continued  to  be  defended  with  bravery  and  skill. 
The  Indfains,  unaccustomed  to  sieges,  became  weary  and  discon- 
tented.   On  the  8th  of  May,  notwKhstanding  the  enti^aties  ci 


1S13.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


245, 


T^t) 


their  chief,  Tecumsel',  they  deserted  their  allies.  On  the  9th^ 
the  enemy,  despniring  of  success,  made  a  precipitate  retreat. 
Greneral  Harrison,  leaving  general  Clay  in  command,  returned 
to  Ohio  for  reinforcements ;  i)ut  in  this  quarter  ^Lctive  operations 
were  not  resumed  until  a  squadron  had  been  built  and  prepared 
for  action  on  lake  Erie. 

11.  At  Sackett's  Harbor,  on  the  northern  frontier,  a  body  of 
troops  had  been  assembled  under  the  command  of  general  Dear- 
bom,  and  great  exertions  were  made,  by  comu'odore  Chauncey, 
to  build  and  equip  a  squadron,  on  lake  Ontario,  sufficiently  pow- 
erful to  contend  with  that  of  the  enemy.  By  the  25th  of  April, 
the  naval  preparations  were  so  far  completed  that  the  general, 
and  1700  troops,  were  conveyed  across  the  lake  to  the  attack  of 
York,  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada. 

12.  On  the  27th,  an  advanced  party,  led  by  brigadier-general 
Pike,  who  was  bom  in  a  camp  and  bred  a  soldier  from  his  hixfh, 
landed,  although  opposed,  at  the  water's  edge,  by  a  superior 
force.  After  a  short  but  severe  conflict,  the  enemy  were  driven 
to  their  fortifications.  The  rest  of  the  troops  having  landed,  the 
whole  party  pressed  forward,  carried  the  first  battery  by  assault, 
w^  vere  moving  towarcls  the  main  works,  when  the  enemy's 
mr  '  le  blew  up,  with  a  tremendous  explosion,  hurling  upon 
th^  v^v^vaucing  troops  immense  quantities  of  stone  and  timber. 

13.  Numbei3  were  killed,  the  galbnt  Pike  received  a  mortial 
wound ;  the  troops  halted  for  a  moment,  but  recovering  from  the 
shock,  again  pressed  forward  and  soon  gained  possession  of  the 
town.     Of  the  British  troops,  one  hundred  were  killed,  neariy 

; three  hundred  were  wounded,  and  the  same  number  made  pri- 
fsoners.  Of  the  Americans,  three  hundred  and  twenty  were 
killed  and  wounded,  and  nearly  all  of  them  by  the  explosion  of 
the  magazine.  The  flag  which  waved  over  the  fort  was  carried 
to  tlie  dying  Pike ;  at  his  desire,  it  was  placed  under  his  head, 
when,  with  the  smile  of  triumph  on  his  lips,  he  expired. 

14.  The  object  of  the  expedition  attained,  the  squadron  and 
troops  returned  to  Sackett's  tiarbor,  whence,  the  wounded  and 
prisoners  being  landed  and  other  troops  taken  on  board,  it  sailed 
to  Fort  George,  at  the  head  of  the  Lake.  Aflcr  a  warm  en- 
gagement, the  enemy  abandoned,  and  the  Americans  entered  the 
fort.  The  fugitives  retired  to  the  heights,  at  the  head  of  Bur- 
lington bay.  On  their  retreat,  they  were  joined  by  a  detach- 
ment from  fort  Erie  and  Chippeway.  Two  brigades,  under 
generals  Chandler  and  Winder,  were  despatched  In  pursuit.  On 
the  evening  of  the  5th  of  June,  they  encamped  at  Stoney  Creek, 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  enemy,  who,  considering  their  situation 


Ft' 


'I 


)    > 


'      i 
•I 


244 


MADISON'S 


[laia 


1 

1 

! 

1 

pi 

1     ' 

1: 

1 

r; 

desperate,  turned  upon  their  pursuers  and  attacked  them  in  the 
night  » 

15.  The  Americans  received  them  with  coohiess;  but  such 
was  the  darkness,  that  general  Chandler,  intending  to  place  h!m< 
self  at  the  head  of  his  artiUery,  threw  himself  into  the  midst  of 
a  British  paKy.  A  few  minutes  afterwards,  the  same  mistake 
was  ^6mmitted  by  general  Winder.  Satisfied  with  the  capture 
of  these  officers,  and  a  few  other  prisoners,  the  enemy  made  a 
precipitate  retreat.  The  American  troops  returned  to  fort 
George.  This  misfortune  was  soon  followed  by  pnother.  Lieu- 
tenant-colonel Boerstler,  having  been  sent,  with  500  men,  to  dis- 
perse a  body  of  the  enemy  collected  at  Uie  Beaver  Dams,  was 
surroimded,  and  the  whole  detachment  made  prisoners. 

rd.  While  the  greater  part  of  the  American  army  was  thus 
employed  in  Canada,  the  British  made  an  attack  upon  the  impor- 
tant post  of  Sackett's  Harbor.  On  the  27th  of  May,  their 
s  ][uadron  appeared  Lefore  the  town.  Alarm  guns  instantly  as- 
sepibled  the  citizens  of  the  neighborhood.  General  Brpwn,  of 
*ae  New-York  nilitia,  command3d  in  chief,  his  whole  force 
amo".  itmg  to  abovit  one  thousand  men.  By  his  orders,  a  slight 
breast  work  was  hastily  thrown  up,  at  the  only  place  where  the 
eneu^y  could  land.  Behind  this,  he  placed  the  militia,  the  regu 
jars  under  colonel  Backus  forming  a  second  line. 

17.  On^e  morning  of  the  29th,  one  thousand  British  troop9 
landed  from  the  squadron.     They  advanced  toward  the  breast- 
work.    The  militia,  seized  with  a  sudden  panic,  fled  in  confu- 
sion.   Colonel  Mills,  in  a  vain  attempt  to  rally  them,  was  moikj 
tally  wounded.     The  regulars,  after  a  spirited  resistance,  wc 
compelled  to  retire  towards  the  town,  but  in  their  retreat 
took  possession  of  the  houses  on  the  road.    From  these  coverti^ 
they  poured  so  destructive  a  fire  upon  the  British  column,  thi 
it  imlted  and  fell  back.     General  Brown,  by  a  stratagem,  con- 
verted this  slight  check  into  a  precipitate  flight.     Collecting  the 
panic  struck  militia,  he  directed  their  course  along  a  road,  which, 
while  it  led  from  the  village,  appeared  to  the  British  commander 
to  lead  to  the  place  of  landing.    Perceiving  them  marching  with ; 
great  speed,  he  supposed  that  their  object  was  to  cut  ofl*  his  re- 
treat, and  re>embarked  so  hastily  as  to  leave  behind  most  of  bis 
wounded.   General  Brown,  in  recompense  for  his  services,  was  lin  (} 
appointed  a  brigadier  in  the  regular  army.  I^ate 

IS.  Meanwhile,  upon  the  sea  coast,  a  distressing  and  preda-  Miieen 
tory  war  was  carried  on,  hy  large  detachments  from  the  power-  Ider, 
ful  navy  of  Great  Britain.  One  squadron,  stationed  in  Delw-  lAmc 
ware  bay,  captured  and  burned  (»very  mercba..t  vcsspl  which  Jrsnc 


[tau  I  iHtaA 


ADMINISTRATION. 


246 


i  them  in  the 

[less;  but  such 
;  to  place  him- 
D  the  midst  of 
same  mistake 
th  the  capture 
enemy  made  a 
umed  to  fort 
nother.  Lieu- 
90  men,  to  dis- 
rer  Dams,  was 
Miers. 

inny  was  thus 
pon  the  impor- 
of  May,  their 
IS  instantly  as* 
eral  Brown,  of 
is  whole  force 
orders,  a  slight 
»lace  where  tiie 
Olitia,  the  regu 

1  British  troopf 
rard  the  breast- 
j,  6ed  in  confu- 
^em,  was  mo^ 
esistance,  W( 
HP  retreat 
m  these  covertk| 
Bh  column,  ttii 
stratagem,  con- 
Collecting  the 
I  a  road,  which, 
lish  commander 
marching  with 
0  cut  off  his  re- 
ind  most  of  his 
is  services,  was 


sing  and  preda- 
Tom  the  powe^ 
;ioned  in  Del*- 
X  vessel  which 


came  within  its  reach.  Tiie  inhabitants  of  Lewiston,  in  the 
state  of  Delaware,  having  refused  to  sell  provisions  to  the  /ene- 
my, the  village  was  bombarded  and  seversd  attempts  were  made 
to  land,  but  they  were  defeated  by  the  militia. 

19.  Early  in  the  spring,  another  and  more  powerful  squadron 
arrived  in  OhesapeaJtc  bay.  It  was  commanded  by  admiral 
Cockbum,  who^  departing  from  the  Usual  modes  of  honourable 
warfare,  directed  his  efforts  pnncipally  against  unoffending  citi* 
zens  and  peaceful  villages.  The  farm-houses  and  gentlemeyi's 
seats  near  the  shore  were  plundered,  and  the  cattle  driven  away 
or  wantonly  slaughtered.  Frenchtown,  Havre  de  Grace,  Frede- 
ricktown,  and  Georgetown  were  sacked  and  burned.  Norfolk 
was  saved  from  a  similar  fate,  by  the  determined  bravery  of  a 
small  force  stationed  on  Craney  Island,  in  the  harbor.  A  furi- 
ous attack  was  made  upon  Hampton,  which,  notwithstanding  the 
gallant  resistance  of  its  small  garrison,  was  captures,  and  the 
unfortunate  inhabitants  suffered  all  which  a  brutal  and  unres- 
trained soldiery  >pouId  inflict. 

20.  The  ocean,  in  the  mean  time,  had  been  the  theatre  of 
sanguinary  conflicts,  in  which  the  victors  gauiet'  untarnished 
laurels.  Captain  Lawrence,  in  the  sloop  of  war  Hornet,  dis- 
covering, in  the  neutral  port  of  San  Salvador,  a  British  sloop  of 
war  of  superior  force,  challenged  her  commander  to  meet  him 
at  sea.  The  challenge  being  declined,  Captain  Lawrence  blocka- 
ded the  port  until  forcetl  by  a  ship  of  the  line  to  retire. 

21.  Soon  after,  on  the  23d  of  February,  the  Hornet  met  the 
^British  brig  Peacock,  of  about  equal  force.     A  fierce  combat 

In  lest  than  fifteen  minutes,  the  Peacock  struck  her 
displaying,  at  the  same  time,  a  signal  of  distress.  The 
)r8  hastened  to  the  relief  of  the  vanquished,  and  the  same 
mgth  which  had  been  exerted  to  conquer  was  now  exerted 
po  save.  Their  efforts  were  but  partially  successful.  She  sunk 
sfpre  all  her  crew  could  be  removed,  carrying  down  nine  Bri- 
tish seamen  and  three  brave  and  generous  Americans.  In  the 
' ),  the  loss  of  the  Hornet  was  but  one  killed  and  two  wound- 
that  of  the  Peacock  was  never  ascertained. 
12*  On  his  return  to  the  United  States,  captafai  iitwrence 
hfu  promoted  to  the  command  of  the  frigate  Chesapeake,  then 
liB  the  Harbor  of  Boston.  For  several  weeks,  the  British  fri- 
kate  Shannon,  of  equal  force  but  having  a  selected  crew,  had 
heen  cruising  before  the  port ;  and  captain  Brook,  her  comrnan- 
p'Or,  had  announced  his  wish  to  meet,  in  single  combat,  an 
jAmerican  frigate.  Inflamed  by  this  challenge,  captain  Law- 
i^^'nce,  althoui^h  his  crew  was  just  enlisted,  and  his  officers  were 

X2 


,1 


m 


.  ■  m 


::\ 


i ' 


246 


MADSION'S 


[1813 


atrangenr  to  him  anci  to  each  other,  set  sail,  on  the  finit  of  Jtme^ 
in  pikssuh  of  the  Shannon. 

23.  Towards  evening  of  the  same  day,  thej  met,  and  in* 
stantly  engaged,  with  unexampled  fur^.  In  a  very  few  miu'< 
utes,  and  in  quiclc  succeflsion,  we  sailing  master  of  the  Chesa- 
peake was  killed,  captain  Lawrence  and  three  Lieutenants  were 
severely  wounded,  her  rigging  was  so  cut  to  pieces  tibat  4ie  fell 
on  board  the  Shannon,  her  chest  of  arms  blew  up»  captain  Law- 
rence received  a  second  and  mortal  wound  and  Wat  carried  bon 
low ;  at  this  instant,  the  position  of  the  ships  being  fav<»rable, 
captain  Brook,  atthe  head  of  his  marines,,  ^dlandy  boarded  the 
Chesapeake,  when  every  officer  who  could  take  command  being 
Idlled  or  wounded,  resistance  ceased,  and  the  American  lElag 
was  struck  by  the  enemy. 

24.  That  fortune  favoured  the  Shannon  cannot  be  doubted. 
That  the  event  would  have  been  the  same  had  fortune  favoured 
neither,  is  rendered  probable  by  the  astonishing  effect  of  her 
fire.  This  unexpected  defeat  impelled  the  Americans  |o  seek 
for  circumstances  consoling  to  theirpride,  and  in  the  journals  of 
the  day,  many  such  were  stated  to  have  preceded  and  attended 
the  action.  But  nothing  could  allay  their  grief  at  the  fall  of  the 
youthful  and  intrepid  Lawrence.  His  previous  victory  and 
magnanimous  conduct  had  rendered  him  the  favourite  of  the 
nation,  and  he  was  lamented  with  sorrow,  deep,  sincere,  and 
lasting.  When  carried  below,  he  was  asked  if  the  colors  ebould 
be  struck.  "No,"  he  replied,  "they  shall  wave  while  I  live." 
When  the  fate  of  the  ship  was  decided,  his  proud  spirit  waB 
broken.  He  became  delirious  from  excess  of  mental  and 
bodily  suffering.  Whenever  able  to  speak, ,  he  would  exclaiin,| 
"Dont  give  up  the  ship!"  an  emression  consecrated  byhia 
countrymen;  and  he  uttered  but  few  other  words  during  tbe^ 
four  days  that  he  survived  his  defeat. 

25.  This  victory  was  not  achieved  without  loss.  Of  the 
crew  of  the  Shannon,  twenty-four  were  killed  and  fifly-six 
wounded.  Of  that  of  the  Chesapeake,  forty-eight  were  killed 
and  neariy  one  hundred  wounded.  Great  was  the  exultation  of 
the  enemy.  Yictdties  over  the  frigates  of  other  nations  were 
occurrences  too  common  to  excite  emotion;  but  the  capture  of 
an  American  frigate  Was  considered  a  glorious  epoch  in  the 
naval  history  of  Great  Britain.  The  honors  aiid  rewards  be- 
stowed uDon  captain  Brook  were  such  as  had  never  before  been 
received  but  by  the  conquerer  of  a  squadron.  These  demon- 
strations of  triumph  were  inadvertent  confessions  of  American 
superiority ;  and  were,  to  the  vanquished  themselves,  sources  "f 
triumph  and  consolation. 


[1818 

firak  of  Jvax% 

met,  and  in* 
ery  few  min'« 
of  the  (Dhesa- 
lutenantt  wer9 
IS  Ihat  ihe  fell 
captain  Law- 
7a§  carried  be^ 
limg  favjoi^le, 
dy  boarded  the 
ommand  being 
American  flag 

>t  be  doubted, 
rtune  favoured 
g  eflfect  of  her 
Bricans  to  seek 
the  journals  of 
id  and  attended 
t  the  fall  of  the 
us  victory  and 
ivourite  of  the 
5p,  sincere,  and 
le  colors  should 
5  while  I  live." 
>oud  spirit  wati 
>f  mental  and 
would  exclaim,, 
secrated  byhia 
»rd»  during  the^ 

;  I088.     Of  the 
d  and  fifty-9»x 
ight  were  killed 
he  exultation  of 
ler  nations  were 
t  the  capture  of 
s  epoch  in  the 
id  rewards  be- 
aver before  been 
These  denion- 
ns  of  American 
elves,  sources  nf 


TS13.] 


.AMInistration. 


^47 


^6.  The  next  encounter  at  sea  was  between  the  American 
brig  Argus  and  the  British  brig  Pelican.  The  latter  was  of 
superior  force,  and  was  victorious.  Soon  after,  the  American 
brig  Enterprise,  commanded  by  lieutenant  Burrows,  caqstured  the 
British  brig  Boxer,  commanded  by  captain  Blyth.  These  ves- 
sels were  of  equal  force,  but  the  greater  effect  of  the  fire  of  the 
l^eiptise  furnished  to  the  Americans  another  proof  of  the 
fjPerior  skill  of  theif  seamen.  Both  commanders  were  killed 
in  the  actioti,  and  were  buried,  each  by  the  other's  side,  in 
Portland. 

27.  The^eNrents  of  the  war  again  call  our  attention  to  the 
northwestern  frontier.  While  each  nation  was  busily  employed 
in  equipping  a  squadron  on  lake  Erie,  general  Clay  remained 
inactive  at  fort  Meigs.  About  the  last  of  July,  a  large  number 
of  British  and  Indians  appealed  before  the  fort,  hoping  to  entice 
the  garrison  to  a  general  action  in  the  field.  After  waiting  a  few 
days  without  succeeding,  they  decamped,  and  proceeded  to  fort 
Stephenson,  on  the  rivcr^andnsky.  This  fort  was  little  more 
than, a  picketing  surrounded  by  a  ditch ;  and  the  garrison  con- 
sisted of  but  160  men,  who  were  commanded  by  major  Oroghail, 
a  youth  of  twenty  one.  On  the  first  of  August,  it  was  invested 
by  500  regulars  and  800  Indians. 

28.  After  a  cannonade,  which  continued  two  days,  the  enemy, 
in  the  evening,  supposing  a  breach  had  been  made,  advanced  to 
assault  the  works.  Anticipating  this,  major  Croghan  had  planted 
a  six  pounder,  the  only  piece  of  cannon  in  the  fort,  in  a  position 
to  ennlade  the  ditch.  It  was  loaded  with  grape  shot  and  slugs, 
aikd  was  discharged  the  instant  the  assailants  arrived  before  it. 
The  British  commander  and  many  of  his  men  were  killed,  and 
many  others  severely  wounded.  The  remainder  in  haste  and 
disorder,  retreated  to  their  fbrmer  position,  and  at  dawn  of  day 
retired  to  Maiden.  The  youthful  Croghan,  for  his  valor  and 
good  conduct,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel. 
He  and  his  brave  companions  received  the  thanln  of  congress  ; 
and  to  evince  their  respect  for  his  virtues,  the  ladies  of  Chillicothe 
presented  to  him  an  elegant  sword. 

29.  In  the  mean  time,  by  the  exertions  of  commodore  Perry, 
an  American  squadron  had  been  prepared  for  service  on  lake 
Erie.  It  consisted  of  nine  small  vessels,  carrying  m  all  fifty-four 
gims.  A  British  squadron  had  also  been  built  and  equipped, 
under  the  superintendence  of  commodore  Barclay.  It  consisted 
ofsbc  vessels  mounting  6*^  guns. 

30.  Commodore  Perry,  immediately  sailing,  offered  battle  to 
bis  adversary.  Qn  the  tenth  of  September,  the  British  com- 
mander, having  the  wind  in  his  favor,  left  the  harbor  of  M8rf«>n, 


^  m 


M 


.:m 


:M^  I 


Sid" 


MADISO 


'X\   t 


N. 


ti^' 


[181^ 


to  accept  the  offer.  In  afew  hours,  the  wind  shifted,  giving  the 
Americans  the  advantage.  Perry,  forming  the  line  of  battle, 
hoisted  his  flag,  on  which  wer:,  inscribed  the  words  of  the  dying^ 
Lawrence^  "Don't  give  up  the  ship."  Loud  huzzas  from  al 
the  vessds  proclaimed  the  animation  Vith  which  this  motto  in- 
spired their  patriotic  crews.  .  * 

31,  About  noon,  the  firing  commenced ;  but  the  wind  ^being 
light,  the  Lawrence,  the  commodore-s  flag  ship,  was  the  only 
iljnerican  vessel  that  could,  at  first,  engage  in  close  action.  Foi 
two  hours,  she  contended  alone  with  two  vessels,  each  nearly 
her  equal  in  force.  All  but  seven  of  her  crew  were  either  Isilled 
or  wounded,  and  she,  by  the  damage  she  had  received,  was  ren- 
dered wholly  unmanageable.  The  wind  springing  up,  captain 
Elliot  waa  at  length  enabled  to  bring  the  Niagara  into  action. 
To  thi^  ship,  commodore  Perry,  sailing  in  an  open  boat  through 
the  midst  of  the  fire,  transferred  his  flag.  Again  tlie  combat 
raged  with  undiminished  fur^.  In  a  short  time,  one  of  the 
British  vessels  surrendered,-and  soon  ^fler  another;  and  the  rest 
of  the  American  squadron  now  joining  in  the  action,  the  victory 
was  rendered  decisive  and  complete.  At  four  o'clock,  the  brave 
and  fortunate  commander  despatched  to  general  Harrison,  at  foit 
Meigs,  this  laconic  epistle :  "  We  have  met  the  enemy,  and  they 
are  oidhs." 

,  32.  Great  ws|^  the  joy  which  this  brilliant  victory  occasioned 
throughout  the  union.  That  it  was  Achieved  over  a  superior 
force ;  that  it  was  the  first  ever  gained  over  a  squadron ;  that  it 
was  entirely  decisive ;  that  it  opened  the  way  to  the  recovery  of 
all  that  had  been  lost  by  the  defeat  of  general  Hull, — ^were  cir- 
cumstances which  threw  every  other  victory  into  the  shade,  and 
cast  the  brightest  lustre  upon  the  characters  of  the  heroes  who 
had  gained  it.  At  every  place  thathe  visited,  the  gallant  Perry 
received  the  most  flattering  proofs  of  a  nation's  gratitude  and 
love.  ^ .». 

33.  As  soon  as  general  Harrison,  who  had  been  joined  by 
governor  Shelby  with  a  large  body  of  Kentucky  militia,  received 
intelligence  of  this  victory,  he  hastened  to  the  lake,  and  was  con- 
veyed b;^  the  v^sssels  to  Maiden.  The  British  commander,  an- 
ticip^cting  thi«i  movement,  had  abandoned  that  place,  which,  on 
the  28th  of  September,  was  occupied,  without  opposition,  by  the 
American  army. 

84.  The  enemy,  passing  Detroit  in  their  retreat,  ascended  the 
river  Thames,  to  the  Moravian  villages.  They  were  pursued 
by  genertl  Harrison,  and,  on  the  6th  of  October,  brought  to 
action.  Hli  force  being  greatly  superior,  a  complete  victory 
vna  easily  and  speedily  gained.    Six  himdred,  nearly  the  whole 


£181^    I  lais.] 


ADMINISTRATION. 


349 


ted,  giving  the 
Une  of  battle, 
is  of  the  dyin^ 
izzas  from  al 
this  motto  in" 

he  wuid  4)eing 
was  tiie  only 
le  action.  Foi 
3,  each  nearly 
ire  either  killed 
jived,  was  ren- 
ing  up,  captain 
ra  into  action, 
jn  boat  through 
tin  the  combat 
le,  one  of  the 
!r;  and  t|ie  rest 
ion,  the  Victory 
clock,  the  brave 
Harrison,  at  fort 
snemy,  and  they 

tory  occasioned 
)ver  a  superior 
uadron;  that  it 
the  recovery  of 
uU, — ^were  cir- 
)  the  shade,  and 
he  heroes  who 
le  gallant  Perry 
's  gratitude  and 

been  joined  by 
nnilitia,  received 
ce,  and  was  con- 
commander,  an- 
lace,  which,  on 
)position,bythe 

5at,  ascended  the 
jy  were  pursued 
jer,  brought  to 
omplete  victory 
learly  the  whole 


of  the  party,  were  made  prisoners ;  Tecumseh,  the  celebrated 
Indian  chief  was  killed ;  and  all  ^he  posts  that  had  bee«;  surren" 
dered  by  general  Hull  were  recovered  from  the  enemy. 

35.  Leaving  general  Cass  in  command  at  Detroit,  general 
Harrison,  with  part  of  the  regular  force,  again  embai&d,  on 
board  the  vessels,  and,  on  the  24th,  arrived  at  BufSalo,  in  New- 
York,  Intending  to  join  the  American  army  on  the  Niagara  firao- 
tier.  But  a  sufficient  number  of  general  officers  having  been 
assigned  to  that  ai'my,  be  received  permission  to  return  to  Mi 
family*  . 

36.  Previous  to  the  events  just  related,  general  Dearboni,  ih. 
consequence  of  severe  indisposition,  was  withdrawn  from  active 
service,  and  general  Wilkinson  appointed  to  command  the  army 
of  the  centre,  which  comprised  about  7000  men.  Having  re- 
ceived orders,  from  the  secretary  of  war,  to  descend  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  attack  Montreal,  he  directed  the  scattered  detach*- 
ments  to  assemble  at  Gienadier-Island,  on  lake  Ontario.  Such 
were  the  difficulties  atiending  the  concentration  of  the  troops, 
and  such  perhaps  the  want  of  vigor  in  the  commander,  that  the 
floiilla,  upon  which  they  embarked,  did  not  get  under  way  until 
the  5th  of  November; 

87.  Their  progress  was  impeded  by  parties  which  the  enemy, 
tt  every  convenient  position,  had  stationed  on  the  Canada  shore. 
To  disperse  these,  a  body  of  troops,  under  the  command  of  ge- 
neral Brown,  was  landed,  and  (directed  to  march  in  advance  of 
the  boats.  At  Chrystler's  fields,  on  the  1 1th  of  November,  a 
body  of  the  enemy,  of  equal  force,  was  encountered.  In^e 
battle  which  ensued,  both  fought  with  resolute  bravery,  and  both 
claimed  the  victory.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  greatest, 
but  they  drove  the  enemy  from  their  position,  and  enabled  the 
flotilla  to  pass  unmolested. 

38.  The  next  day  it  arrived  at  St.  Regis.  At  this  place,  ge- 
neral Hampton,  who  commanded  the  troops  at  Plattsourg,  had 
been  ordered  to  meet  the  main  army,  and  no  doubt  had  been  en- 
tertained of  his  disposition  and  abilitjr  to  comply  with  the  order. 
But  here  general  Wilkinson,  to  his  surprise  and  mortification, 
was  informed  that  the  contemplated  junction  would  not  take 
place.  The  prmect  of  attacking  Montreal  was  abandoned,  and 
the  army  under  Wilkinson,  marching  to  French  Mills,  there  en- 
camped for  the  winter. 

89.  This  abortive  issue  of  the  campaign  occasioned  murmurs 
throughout  the  nation.     The  causes  which  led  to  It  have  never 
been  fully  developed.     The  severest  censure  fell  upon  general 
'Armstrong,  who  was  secretary  of  war,  and  upon  general  Hami)^' 
ton.     The  latter  soon  afler  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army» 


t  m' 


.Vf. 


250 


MADISON'S 


[1813 


t. 


and  general  Izard  was  selected  to  command  the- post  at  Platts- 
burg. 

40.  In  the  process  of  our  narrative,  some  events  have  bee^i 
passed  over,  which  will  now  be  related.  In  the  early  part  of 
,this  year,  the  emperor  of  Russia  offered  his  mediation  to  the  two 
powers  at  war.  On  the  part  of  the  United  States,  the  ofler  was 
promptly  accepted,  and  Messrs.  Adams,  Gallatin,  and  Bayard, 
were  appointed  commissioners  to  negotiate,  at  St.  Petersburg,  a 
peace  under  the  proffered  mediation. 

41.  On  the  24th  of  May,  congress  was  convent  by  procla- 
mation of  the  president.  Laws  were  enacted  imposing  a  direct 
tax  of  three  miUions  of  dollars ;  authorizing  the  collection  of 
various  internal  duties  ;  providing  for  a  loan  of  seven  and  a  half 
inillion  of  dollars^  and  prohibiting  the  merchant  vessels  of  the 
United  States  from  sailing  under  British  licenses.  Near  the 
close  of  the  session,  a  committee,  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
subject,  made  a  long  report  upon  the  spirit  and  manner  in  which 
the  war  had  been  conducted  by  the  enemy.  Many  proofs  were 
presented  of  shameful  departures  from  the  rules  of  warWe  db 
served  by  civilized  nations. 

42.  In  September,  commodore  Chauncey  made  two  cruisef 
upon  lake  Ontario,  and  repeatedly  offered  battle  to  the  enemyV 
squadron,  which  was  superior  in  force  ;  but  Sir  Jame^  Yeb,  tn« 
British  commander,  intimidated  by  the  result  of  the  battle  on 
lake  Erie,  retired  before  him.  On  one  occasion,  however,  in  a 
running  fight,  his  ships  sustadned  considei'able  injury. 

43.  In  the  same  mouth,  captain  Rogers,  who  commanded  thic 
frigate  President,  returned  from  a  long  crube,  having  captured 
eleven  merchantmen ;  but  he  met  no  armed  vessels,  me  captur6 
of  which  could  enhance  his  reputation.  Captain  Porter,  in  the 
Essex,  rode  triumphant  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  annoying  the  trade 
of  the  enemy  and  protecting  that  of  the  republic. 

44.  The  Indians  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  umon  had 
imbibed  the  same  hostile  spirit  as  those  at  the  northwestern. 
They  had  been  visited  by  Tecumseh,  and,  by  his  Eloquence,  per- 
suaded, that  the  great  Spirit  required  them  to  unite  and  attempt 
the  extirpation  of  the  whites,  and  had  promised  them  victory  as 
the  reward  of  their  exertions.  In  the  fall  of  1812,  a  <;ruel  war 
was  caiTie4  on,  by  the  Creeks  and  Seminoles,  agamst  the  fron- 
tier inhabitants  of  Georgia.  General  Jackson,  at  the  head  of 
2500  volunteers  from  Tennessee,  marched  into  the  country  of 
the  Indians.  They,  overawed  by  his  presence,  desisted  for  a 
time  from  hostility;  but,  after  his  return,  their  animosity  burst 
forth  with  increased  and  fatal  violence. 

45.  Dreading  their  cimelty,  about  three  hundred  men,  women, 


S 


ed  men,  women,] 


1813.1  ADMINISTRATION.  251 

and  chQdFen  sought  safety  in  fort  Minims,  in  the  Tensaw  set- 
tlement. Although  frequent  warnings  of  an  intended  attack-had 
been  given  them,  yet,  at  noon  day,  on  the  30th  of  August,  they, 
were  surprised  by  a  party  of  six  hundred  Indians,  who  with  axes 
cut  their  way  into  the  fort,  and  drove  the  people  into  the  houses 
which  it  enclosed.  To  these  they  set  fire.  Many  persons  were 
burned,  and  many  killed  by  the  tomahawk.  Only  seventeen  es< 
caped  to  carry  the  horrid  tidings  to  the  neighboring  stations. . 

The  whites  resolved  on  vengeance.  Again  general  Jackson, 
at  the  head  of  3500  militia  of  Tennessee,  marched  into  the 
southern  wilderness.  A  detachment  under  general  Coffee,  en- 
countering, at  Tallushatchie,  a  body  of  Indians,  a  sanguinary 
conflici.  ensued.  The  latter  fought  with  desperation,  neither 
giving  nor  receiving  quailer,  until  nearly  every  warrior  had  pei 
isbed. 

47.  At  Talladega,  another  battle  was  fought,  in  which  three 
,bundred  Indians  perished.    The  rest  of  the  party,  exceeding 

iven  hundred,  fled.  General  Jackson's  provisions  being  ex- 
lasted,  he  was  unable  to  pursue  them.  While  on  his  return  to 
the  settlements,  to  obtain  a  supply,  his  troops  became  refractory 
and  even  mutinous:  Nearly  all  returned  to  their  homes ;  but  to 
\ke  small  number  that  remained  were  soon  added  a  reinforce* 
ment  of  one  thousand  mounted  volunteers. 

48.  At  the  head  of  this  force,  he  marched  to  Emuckfaw, 
within  a  bend  of  the  Tallapoosa,  where  a  body  of  the  enemy 
were  posted.  To  several  skirmishes  succeeded  a  general  battle, 
in  which  the  whites  were  victorious,  but  sustained  considerable 
loss.  For  the  relief  of  the  wounded,  Jackson  returned  to  fort 
Strother,  where  the  volunteers  were  discharged.  General 
White  from  East  Tennessee,  and  general  Floyd  from  Georgia, 
led  separate  expeditions  against  the  Indians,  and  were  victorious 
in  every  combat.  So  enraged  were  the  savages,  that  but  few 
would  accept  of  quarter  or  seek  safety  in  retreat. 

49.  Yet  still  was  the  spirit  of  the  ,^reeks  unsubdued,  and 
their  faith  in  victory  unshaken.  With  no  little  sagacity  and 
skill,  they  selected  and  fortified  another  position  on  the  Talla- 
poosa, calle4.  by  themselves  Tohopeka,  and  by  the  whites. 
Horse-shoe  Bend.  Here  nearly  a  thousand  warriors,  animated 
with  a  fierce  and  determmed  resolution,  were  collected.  Three 
thousand  men,  commanded  by  general  Jackson,  marched  to  at- 
tack this  post.  To  prevent  escape,  a  detachment,  under  general 
Coffee,  encircled  the  Bend.  The  main  body,  keeping  within  it, 
advanced  to  the  fortress.     For  a  few  minutes,  the  opposing  £ot-',^ 

jCs  were  engaged,  muzzle  to  muzzle,  at  the  port  holes.     Soon 
troops,  leaping  over  the  walls,  mingled  mth  the  savagfss. 


mm 


li 


i  I 


i 


m 


252 


HADISON'S 


The  combat  was  furious  aacl  sangulnaiy.  Tli6  Indians,  BtektB, 
ki  length  to  the  liviei;,  beheld  the  troops  on  the  ifppos^  baidc^ 
Retornh)^,  they  fought  with  increased  furjrand  desperation,  and 
continued  to  resist  untfl  night.  I^ix  hundiied  warriors  were 
kiHed;  four  only  yielded  themsdves  prisoners;  the  reniaining 
three  hundred  escaped.  Of  the  whites^  filly-five  were  killed, 
and  one  hundred  and  forty-six  wounded. 

50.  It  was  expected  that  another  stand  would  be  made,  by  tiie 
Indians,  at  a  place  called  the  Hickory-ground.  Gfen^ral  Jack- 
son inarched  thither  in  April.  The  principal  chiefs  came  out 
to  meet  him,  and  among  them  was  Wetherford,  a  half  blood, 
distinguisiied  equally  for  his  talents  and  cruelty.  <<  I  am  in  your 
powar,"  said  he,  **  do  with  me  what  you  please.  I  commanded 
at  fort  Minuns.  I  have  done  the  white  people  all  the  harm  I 
could.  I  have  fought  them,  and  fought  them  bravely.  There 
was  a  time  when  1  had  a  choice ;  I  have  none  now,  e^^  hope  is 
ended.  Once  I  could  animate  my  warriors ;  but  I  cannot  ani- 
mate the  dead.  They  can  no  longer  hear  my  voice',;  their 
bones  are  at  Tallushatchie,  Talladega,  £muckfaw,  and  Toho^ 
peka.  While  there  was  a  chance  of  success,  I  never  supplica- 
ted peace ;  but  my  people  are  gone,  and  I  now  ask  it  for  my  na- 
tion and  myself."  Peace  was  concluded,  and  the  brave  gene- 
ral Jackson  and  his  tfbops  enjoyed  ^  honourable  but  short 
repose* 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 


CAMPAIGN  OP  1814. 


CONCLUSION  OF  THE  WAR. 


iN  the  winter  of  1613-14,  the  fifteenth  congress  held  a 
second  session.  To  increase  the  number,  and  add  to  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  army,  several  laws  were  passed,  by  one  of  which 
the  enormous  bounty  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  dollars  was 
offered  to  recruitH.  The  president  was  authorized  to  borrow 
twetaty-five  millions  of  dollars,  and  to  issue  treasury  notes  to  the 
amount  oi'  five  millions*  ^ 


tm. 


1914.] 


ADIHINISTRATION 


253 


Pipposhe  bank 
ssperatioii,  and 
nrarriors  wera 
the  remaining 
e  were  killed, 

e  made,  by  the 
General  Jack- 
defs  came  out 
»  a  half  blood, 
« I  am  in  your 
I  commanded 
all  the  harm  I 
•avely.  There 
w,  e^^  hope  is 
it  I  cannot  ani- 
y  vbice^,;  theie 
aw,  and  Toho* 
never  supplica- 
ik  it  for  my  na- 
he  brave  gene- 
hible  but  short 


mgress  held  a 
add  to  the  effi- 
f  one  of  which 
four  dollars  was 
ized  to  borrow 
ury  notes  to  the 


2.  Before  the  termination  of  tlie  session,  a  communication 
was  received  from  the  British  government,  declhiing  to  treat 
under  the  mediation  of  Russia,  and  proposing  a  direct  negotia- 
tion at  London  or  Crottenburgh.  Tne  proposition  was  accepted 
by  the  American  government,  who  chose  Gottenbureh  as  the| 
place  of  meeting,  for  which  GhMit  was  afterwards  substituted ; 
and  Henry  Clay  and  Jonathan  Russell,  were  joined  with  the 
commissioners  already  in.  Europe.  Mr.  Clay,  in  consequence, 
relinquished  the  station  of  roeaker  of  the  house  of  represeilta- 
iives,  and  was  succeeded  by  Langdon  Cheves,  of  South-Carolina. 

3.  Early  in  the  spring,  the  American  army  marched  from 
French-Mills;  a  part  of  the  troops^  tmder  the  command  of 
general  Wilkinson,  proceedhig  to  Plattsburgh,  and  the  remain 
der,  under  general  Brown,  retummg  to  Sackett's  Harbor.  Near 
the  last  of  March,  genersd  Wilkinson  penetrated  into  Canada, 
and  attacked  a  body  of  the  enemy,  occupyirg  a  large  store  miir, 
on  the  river  La  Cole.  He  was  repulsed  wiui  considerable  loss^ 
This  defeat  detracted  from  his  already  diminished  reputation^ 
He  was  removed  from  command,  and  generJ  IzaH  api^omted 
to  Succeed  him. 

4.  For  three  months,  the  armies  of  both  nations  conti^xu'^d  in- 
active. Meanwhile  information  was  received  of  t^  P'-  stupendous 
events  which  had  recently  occurred  in  Europe.  Tn  *.  emperor 
of  France,  having  been  arrest^  in  his  victorious  career  and 
sustained  defeat  afler  defeat,  was  compelled  to  abdicate  his  throne, 
and  retire  to  the  island  of  Elba.  Louis  the  eighteenth  was  pro- 
claimed king;  and  Great  Britain,  at  peace  with  all  the  world  but 
the  United  States,  was  enabled  to  direct  against  them  alone  the 
immense  force  which  had  been  employed  to  crush  her  rival;  She 
delayed  not  to  use  &e  advantages  afforded  by  her  good  fortune. 
From  the  ports  of  conquered  Fhmce,  ships  of  war  and  transports 
bearing  veteran  and  victorious  troops,  sailed  to  the  American 
continent,  some  destined  to  the  Niagar?  re  itier,  and  some  to  the 
Atlantic  coast. 

5.  These  events  could  not  be  viewed  with  indifference  by  the 
American  people.  The  friends  of  the  administration  anticipated 
a  severer  conflict,  and  prepared  for  greater  sacrifices  and  greater 
sufferings.  Its  opposers  were  encouraged  to  make  more  vigor- 
ous efforts  to  wrest  tiie  reins  of  authority  from  men  who,  they 
asserted,  had  shown  tiieinselves  incompetent  to  hold  them. 
These  efforts,  altiiough  condemned  by  a  great  majority  of  the 

rpeople,  diminished  in  no  slight  degree,  the  strengm  of  the  re- 
public. 

6.  In  the  beginnmg  of  July,  general  Brown,  who  bad  bee^i 
assiduously  cmploved  in  diacipTining  his  troops,  crossed  fh<? 

Y  ■     "• 


:m 


m 


W 

.!  ii-.  5 


m 


im4t 


MADISON'S 


[1814 


Niagahi  with  about  3000  men,  and  took  possession,  Without  op. 
position,  of  fort  Erie.  In  a  strong  position,  at  Cbippe^ta,  a  ibw 
miles  distant,  was  intrenched  an  equal  number  of  British  troops 
commanded  by  general  Riall.  On  the  4th,  ^neral  Brown  ap« 
proached  their  works.  The  next  day,  the  two  armies  met  in  the 
open  fieM.  The  conflict  was  obstinate  and  bloo.c?^r;^*^The 
Americans  were  victorious ;  and  the  enemy,  having  sustained  the 
loss  of  five  hundred  men,  sought  safety  behind  their  intrench 
ments.     ^ 

7.  This  decisive  victory,  achieved  after  so  many  reverses, 
was  hailed  as  an  omen  of  future  success.  Soon  afterwards, 
general  Riall,  abandoning  his  works,  retired  to  the  heights  oi 
Burlington.  Here  lieutenant-general  Drummond,  with  a  large 
reinforcement,  joined  him,  and  assuming  the  oommand,  led  back 
the  army  towards  the  American  camp.  On  the  25th,  was  fought 
the  battle  of  Bridgewater,  which  began  before  sunset  and  con- 
tinued until  midnight. 

8.  This  battle  was  fought  near  the  cataract  of  Niagara^  whose 
roar  was  silenced  by  the  thunder  of  cannon  and  the  dili  of  arms, 
but  was  distinctly  heard  during  the  pauses  of  the  fight.  At  in- 
tervals the  moon  shone  brightly,  but  oflen  her  light  was  obscured. 
Against  a  superior  force,  &e  Americans,  for  several  hours,  con- 
tended with  various  success.  Dj^ing  the  first  part  of  the  engage- 
ment, they  were  sorely  annoyed,  into  whatever  part,  of  the  field 
they  might  drive  the  enemy  or  be  driven,  by  the  British  artillery, 
stadoiied  on  a  commanding  eminence.  **  Can  you  storm  that 
battenr?''  said  general  Ripley  to  colonel  Miller.  **  V\\  try,  sir,** 
was  tne  laconic  answer.  At  the  ,woVd  of  command  his  men, 
with  steady  courase,  ascended  the  hill,  advanced  to  the  muzzles 
of  the  cannon,  killed  with  the  bayonet  sevei^  artillery-men,  on 
the  point  of  firing  their  pieces,  and  drove  the  remainder  before 
them. 

9.  Both  paities  were  instantly  reinforced,  and  the  enemy  made 


adari 
qui 
gathei 
ject  of 
again  they 


to  regaui  their  cannon.  They  were  repulsed,  but 
ated  the  attempt.  Nearly  all  the  opposing  forces 
und  this  position,  and  to  possess  it  was  the  sole  ob* 
armies.  Again  the  enemy  were  repulsed;  but 
ewed  the  effort.  After  a  violent  conflict,  they 
were  a  ihird  time  driven  from  the  hill.  The  firing  then  ceased ; 
the  British  trooM  were  withdrawn  ^  and  the  Americans  were  left 
in  quietpofliwalon  of  the  field. 

10.  UemffiUi  Brown  and  Scott  havfaig  both  been  severely 
woundedi  tht  eomroand  devolved  upon  general  Ripley.  He  re- 
maiiMXl  a  few  houra  upon  tlie  hill,  collected  the  wounded,  and 
then  remmed  nmnolested  to  the  camp.    The  number  of  the 


ADMINISTRATION 


255 


lolled  and  wounded  proves  the  bravery  of  the  combatants,  and 
the  severity  of  the  conflict.  On  the  American  side  it  vras  743 ; 
on  the  British,  one  hundred  less;  and  of  the  latter  117  more 
were  missing  Uian  of  the  former.  The  British,  therefore,  besides 
losing  their  position,  sustained  the  greater  loss  of  men. 

11.  General  Ripley  found  his  force  so  much  weakened,  that 
he  deemed  it  prudent  again  to  occupy  fort  Erie.  On  the  4th  of 
August,  it  was  invested  by  general  Drummond  with  5000  troops. 
In  defending  it,  no  less  bravery  and  skill  were  requisite,  and  no 
less  were  displayed,  than  in  contending  in  the  field.  In  the 
night  between  the  14th  and  15th,  the. besiegers  made  an  assault 
upon  the  fort,  which  was  repelled  with  conspicuous  gallantry  by 
the  garrison,  the  former  losmg  more  than  nine  hundred  men,  the 
latter  but  eighty-four. 

12.  -The  siege  was  still  continued.  On  the  2d  of  September, 
general  Brown,  having  recovered  from  his  wounds,  threw  him- 
self into  the  fort  and  took  command  of  the  garrison.  For  their 
fate,  great  anxiety  was  felt  by  the  nation,  which  was,  however, 
in  some  degree,  removed  by  the  march  from  Plattsburgh  of  5000 
men  to  their  relief.  On  the  17*li,  sL  sortie  was  made  by  the  be- 
sieged, general  Porter  of  the  New- York  militia,  and  general 
Hillerof  the  regular  army,  commanding  divisions.  The  bra- 
very of  the  troops  equalled  that  which  they  had  displayed  in  the 
recent  contests.  After  an  hour  of  close  fighting,  they  returned 
to  the  ibrt,  liaving  killed,  wowftded,  and  taken  one  thousand  of.- 
the  enemy.  Their  loss  was  severe,  amounting  to  more  than 
five  hundred. 

13.  On  the  21st  of  September,  the  forty-ninth  day  of  tha 
siege,  general  Drummond  withdrew  his  forces,  relieving  the  gar- 
rison from  their  toil,  which  had  been  incessant,  and  from  ueir 
danger,  which  had  been  encountered  without  fear.  Seldom 
have  troops  deserved  higher  praise  of  their  country.  On  tho 
9th  of  October,  general  Izard  arrived  witli  the  reinforcement 
from  Plattsburgh,  and  being  senior  officer,  took  the  command. 
On  the  18th,  he  marched,  with  his  whole  force,  in  pursuit  ofthe 
tnemy,  whom  he  found  at  Chippewa,  strongly  posted  in  a  forti- 
fied camp.  After  making  several  unsuccessful  attemnts  to  en- 
tice them  into  the  field,  he  evacuated  Canada,  and  placed  his 
troops  in  winter  quarters  at  Buffalo,  Blackrock,  and  Batavia. 

14.  The  march  of  the  troops  from  Plattsburgh  having  left 
that  post  almost  defenceless,  the  enemy  determined  to  attack  it 
hf  land,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  attempt  the  destruction  of  the 
American  flotilla  on  lake  Champlain.  On  the  8d  of  September, 
ilr  George  Prevost,  tt^e  goveraor-genei'al  of  Canadai  with  an 


'It 


Mi 


h 


1 

I'i 


256 


MADISON'S 


[1814. 


I 

1    .      .  . 
,      1-      i 

1.         : 

•  > ,    ,        i 
1       ■ 

1 

,.'ifjii 

\S 

'. 

'■*\h. 

S      • 

1  'lii'' 

f  1      t 

a'fl.H, 

army  of  14,000  men,  mosfof  whom  had  served  in  the  wars  of 
£urope,  entered  the  territories  of  the  United  States.  As  soon 
as  his  object  was  ascertained,  brigadier-general  Macomb,  th« 
commander  at  Plattsburgb,  called  to  his  aid  the  militia  of  New* 
York  and  Vermont,  who,  with  alacrity  and  without  distinction  of 
party,  obeyed  the  call. 

15.  On  the  6th,  the  enemy  arrived  at  Plattsburgh,  which  is 
situated  near  lake  Ghamplain,  on  the  northerly  bank  of  the  sniail 
river  Saranac.  On  their  approach,  the  American  troops,  whc 
were  posted  on  the  opposite  bank,  tore  up  the  planks  of  the 
bridges,  with  which  they  formed  slight  breastworks,  and  p:e» 
pared  to  dbpute  the  passage  of  the  stream.  Sevend  attempts 
to  cro0B  it  were  made  by  the  enemy,  but  they  were  uniforml; 
defeated.  From  this  time,  until  the  11th,  the  British  army  were 
employed  m  erecting  batteries,  while  the  American  forces  wefe 
every  hour  augmented  by  the  arrival  of  volunteers  and  militia. 

16.  Early  in  the  morning  of  that  day,  the  British  squadron, 
cv.imhnded  by  Commodore  Downie,  appeared  off  the  harbor  oi 
Plattsburgh,  where  that  of  the  United  States,  commanded  hj 
commodore  McDonough,  lay  at  anchor  prepared  for  battle. 
The  former  carried  ninety-five  guns,  and  was  manned  with  up- 
wards of  1000  men,  the  latter  carried  eigfaty-slz  guns,  and  wai| 
manned  with  820  men. 

17.  At  nine  o'clock  the  battle  commenced.  Seldom  has  the 
ocean  witnessed  a  more  furious  encounter  than  now  took  place 
on  the  bosom  of  this  transparent  and  peaceful,  lake.  At  the 
game  moment,  the  enemy  on  land  began  a  heavy  cannonade  up 
on  the  American  lines,  and  attempted,  at  different  places,  to  croi 
tlie  Saranac.  At  a  f^  /  above  the  village  the  strife  was  hot  andj 
deadly.  As  oflen  as  the  enemy  advanced  into  the  water,  the 
received  a  destructive  fire  fr^m  the  militia,  and  their  dead  liodie 
floated  down  the  stream  literally  crimsoned  with  blood. 

18.  At  half  past  eleven,  the  shout  of  victory,  heard  along  th 
Americni  lines,  announced  the  result  of  the  battle  on  the  lake.j 
A  second  British  squadron  had  yielded  to  the  prowess  of  Ameri 
can  seamen.  The  cry  animated  to  braver  deeds  their  brethrei 
on  the  land.  Fainter  became  the  efforts  of  tlie  enemy.  In  tin 
aflernoon,  ihey  withdrew  to  theu'  intrenchments.  In  the  niehi 
they  began  a  precipitate  retreat,  and  had  fled  eight  iniles  befoi 
thoir  departure  w^?  known  in  the  American  camp. 

19.  Upon  the  lake,  the  American  loss  was  110 ;  the  Britli 
194,  besides  prisoners.     On  land,  the  American  loss  was  U^ 
that  of  tha  British  was  estimated  at  2600.    In  the  latter  nu 
\}cr^  however,  were  included  more  then  five  hundred  Britli 


) 


Bd  inthe  ware  of 
States.  As  soon 
al  Macomb,  the 
militia  of  New- 
tout  distinction  of 

sburgh,  which  is 
bank  of  the  sn.all 
•ican  troops,  wlc 
the  planks  of  the 
itworks,  and  p^^* 

Several  attempts 
Y  were  uniformi; 
iritish  arm)r  were 
pican  forces  we^e 
teers  and  militia. 
British  squadron, 
I  off  the  harbor  ol 
},  commanded  bf 
pared  for  battle. 

manned  with  up* 
six  guns,  and  mi 

Seldom  has  the 
m.  now  took  place 
fui  lake.  At  the 
gtvy  cannonade  up- 
Bnt  places,  to  cvm 
strife  was  hot  and 
ito  the  water,  they 
d  their  dead  bodies 
rith  blood, 
y,  heard  along  thi 
batde  on  the  lalie. 
prowess  of  Ameri 
seds  their  brethreu 
iic  enemy.  I»i  t^" 
jnts.  In  the  nijht, 
i  eight  miles  befoit 

;amp. 

I  110;  theBrlU 
lean  loss  was  119 
[n  the  latter  nu» 
jre  hundred  BritW 


1814.1 


ADMINISTRATION. 


257 


soldiers,  who,  preferring  America  to  their  native  country,  de 
serted  from  the  retreating  army.    With  these  splendid  victories 
'^osed  the  campaign  on  U)e  northern  frontier. 

20.  On  the  ocean,  tlie  republican  flag  maintained  its  high  re- 
putation. Victory  was  not  always  won ;  but  defeat  never  oc- 
curred attend^  ^ith  dishonor.  The  Essex,  commanded  by 
captain  Portei^aiiera  bloody  combat  protracted  longer  than  was 
necessary  to  vindicate  his  fame,  struck  to  a  British  frigate 
and  sloop  of  war  whose  united  force  was  much  superior.  The 
American  sloop  Peacock  captured  the  Epervier  of  equal  force. 
The  sloop  Wasp,  commanded  by  captain  Blakely,  captured  the 
Reindeer,  and  afterwards,  in  the  same  cruise,  sunk  the  Avon, 
each  of  superior  force.  She  made  several  other  prizes ;  but 
never  returned  into  port.  Darkness  rests  upon  her  fate.  She 
probably  foundered  at  sea.  The  ^public,  with  deep  and  sincere 
grief,  mourned  the  loss  of  her  galknt  ciew. 

21.  The  people  of  the  middle  and  southern  states,  anticipat- 
ing a  great  augmentation  of  the  enemy's  force,  and  uncertain 
where  the  blow  would  fall,  made  exertions  to  place  every  ex- 
posed position  in  a  posture  of  defence.  The  citizens  of  New- 
York  displayed  extraordinary  activity  and  zeal.  Philadelphia 
and  Baltimore  were  supposed  to  be  in  less  danger,  but  additions 
were  made  to  their  fortifications.  For  the  protection  of  Wash- 
ington, a  military  district,  embracing  Maryland,  Columbia,  and 
a  part  of  Yirginia,  was  established,  and  the  command  of  it 
given  to  general  Winder,  of  Baltimore.  One  thousand  regular 
troops  W4"re  placed  at  his  disposal,  and  he  was  authorised  to  caL 
to  his  aid  1 5,000.  miliUa. 

22.  In  tlie  beginning  of  August,  the  expected  reinforcements, 
consisting  of  many  vessels  of  war,  and  a  large  number  of  troops, 
anived  in  the  Chesapeake  fpom  Europe.  Of  this  force,  several 
frigates  and  bomb  vessels  were  ordered  to  ascend  the  Potomac ; 
another  division,  under  sir  Peter  Parker,  v  is  directed  to  tlireaten 
Baltimore;  the  main  body  ascended  the  Patuxent,  as  far  as 
Benedict,  where,  on  the  19th  of  August,l[ive  thousand  men,  com- 
manded by  general  Ross,  were  landed. 

ii3.  In  the  mean  time,  general  Winder  had  called  on  the 
militia  to  repair  to  his  standard.  They  were  exceedingly  remiss 
in  obeying  tne  call.  On  the  2and,  not  more  than  two  thousand 
nad  assembled.  At  the  head  of  these,  and  of  one  thousand  re- 
gulars, he  took  a  position  not  far  from  the  enemy,  intending  to 
prevent  their  progress  mto  the  country. 

24.  A  particular  account  of  the  subsequent  events  will  net  b4 
attempted.  General  Ross,  marching  tl»rough  a  scattered  popu* 
lotion,  advanced  towards  Wjwhington.     The  Americans  retired 

y2 


\:. 


J  (  . 

.  "1 


k 


25S 


MADISON'S 


tl8l4* 


Allit'  I 


'before  him.  A  stand  was  made  near  Bladensburgh.  The  mi- 
litia  tied  on  the  approach  of  danger ;  but  a  hodf  of  seamen  an«S 
inarlneSy  commanded  by  commodore  Barney,  not  only  maintim^' 
ed  their  ground,  but  compelled  the  enemy  to  give  way.  They 
rallied,  however,  immediately  ;  outflanked  the  heroic  baifd,  put 
it  to  flight,  and  hastened  forward. 

The  retreatin/r  forces  were  ordered  to  assemWe  on  the 
heights  near  the  capitol ;  and  there  they  were  joined  by  a  be  dy 
of  Virginia  militia.  But  ^^eneral  Winder,  consi(iering  his  foice 
too  weak  to  oppose  effectual  resistance,  retreated  to  the  heigLts 
of  Georgetown.  Washington,  thiis  lefl  defenceless,  was  di- 
verted by  most  t  f   J  e  cii'zens.  *.-w 

On  the  24th,  it  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening,  the  enemy  enter 
(Dd  the  city,  and  at  nine,  the  capitol,  oresident's  house,  and  many 
other  buildings,  were  set  on  fire.  Valuable  libraries,  works  of 
taste,  and  elegant  specimens  of  the  fine  arts,  were  consigned  to 
destruction.  On  the  evening  of  the  next  day,  the  enemy  lef^ 
the  city,  and  returned  unmolested  to  Benedict ;  where,  on  the 
30th,  they  embarked  on  board  the  transports.  Their  loss,  dur- 
ing the  inpursion,  including  deserters,  and  such  as  died  from 
fatigue  on  tlie  march,  exceeded  eight  hundred. 

The  capture  of  Washington  reflected  disgrace  upon  those  by 
^vhom  it  ought  to  have  been  defended.  The  destruction  of  the 
national  edifices  attached  a  still  darker  stigma  to  the  character  of 
tiie  enemy.  The  whole  civilized  world  exclaimed  against  the 
net  as  a  violation  of  the  rules  of  modem,  warfare.  The  capi- 
tals  of  most  of  the  European  kingdoms  had  lately  been  in  the 
power  of  an  enemy ;  but  in  no  instance  had  the  conqueror  been 
guilty  of  similar  conduct.  An  indignant  spirit  pervaded  the  re> 
public.  The  friends  of  the  .government  were  not  only  increas* 
ed  in  number,  but  felt  an  additional  motive  to  exert  all  their  fa- 
culties to  overcome  the  enemy  of  their  country,    f 

The  squadron  which,  at  the  same  time,  ascendod  the  Foto* 
mnc,  met  with  even  les|3  resistance  than  that  which  ascended  the 
Patiixent.  As  soon  as  it  arrived  at  Alexandria,  the  citizens  pro- 
posed a  capitulation ;  and  the  terms  were  speedily  adjusted  with 
tiie  British  commander.  To  purchase  safety,  they  delivered  up 
all  their  shipping;  all  the  merchandize  in  the  city,  and  all  the 
naval  and  ordnnnce  stores  public  and  private.  With  a  fleet  of 
prizes,  loaded  with  a  rich  booty,  the  enemy  returned  immedi- 
ately to  the  oeean. 

The  success  of  the  attack  on  Washington  encofiraged  geneiiil 
Ross  to  undertake  an  expedition  against  Baltimore.  On  tlie 
12th  of  Sepfomber,  he  landed  5000  man  on  North  Point,  about 
fburlMn  milM  from  the  i^ty,  to  which  he  directed  his  march. 


ti6i4«  I  wyLJi 


ADlAlNISTRATION. 


SkUd 


irgh.  The  mi* 
of  seamen  anj 
t  only  mainteSn^ 
ire  way.  They 
leroic  baird,  put 

semble  on  the 
)iiied  by  a  bt  dy 
(ieiring  his  foice 
d  to  the  heigLts 
Lceless,  was  d(- 

he  enemy  enter 
louse,  ami  many 
raries,  works  of 
ire  consigned  to 
,  the  enemy  left 
;  where,  on  the 
Their  loss,  dur- 
:;h  as  died  from 

e  upon  those  bj 
3struction  of  the 
the  character  of 
mod  against  the 
ire.  The  capi- 
ily  been  in  the 
conqueror  been 
l>ervaded  the  re- 
lot  only  increas- 
xert  all  their  fa- 

:endod  the  Poto- 
icb  ascended  tiie 
the  citizens  pro- 
ily  adjusted  with 
hey  delivered  up 
city,  and  all  the 
With  a  fleet  o( 
Bturned  immedi- 

sottraged  genei-al 
Imore.  On  the 
>rth  Point,  about 
jcted  his  march. 


Plreparations  for  defeddii^iM!  ali^Mdy  been  made.  Hie  whole 
^  the  mUitia  h;ii2  been  eall^  iiito  the  field ;  the  aged  and  the 
rich  had  voltmlarily  enter^  the  iranks ;  and  assistance  had  been 
obtained  from  P^dnn^vama^  and  Virginia. 

30.  General  SmiUi,  who  commanded  the  American  forces, 
detached  general  Striker,  ii^ith  three  thousand  men,  to  fetard  the 
progress  of  the  enemy.  -The  advanced  parties  meft  about  eight 
miles  frokn^e  city,  in  th(g  skirmiA  which  ensued  general  Ross 
was  killed;  The  invadeirs,  however,  under  the  command  of 
colond*Br6oke,  continued  to  advance,  and  soon  met  and  attacked 
the  delachment  under  Sicker.  One  of  the  militia  regiments 
gave  ^y.  This  communicated  a  panic  Uf  the  others,  and  the 
general  fell  baek  to  the  heights,  where,  behind  breastworks  has- 
tily erected,  the  main  body  of  &e  Americans  awaited  an  attack. 

31.  After  landing  the  troops  at  North  Pomt,  the  British  fleet 
had  sailed  up  the  Petapseo  and  bombarded  fort  McHenry  and 
fort  Covington,  which  stand  at  the  entrance  into  the  harbor. 
The  former  was  commanded  by  major  Armistead,  the  latter  by 
lieutenant  Newcomb,  of  the  navy.  Both  were  gallantly  defended, 
the  fleet  was  repulsed,  and  the  commander  of  the  troops,  finding 
that  the  naval  force  could  aflbrd  no  farther  assistance,  retreated, 
on  the  14th,  to  North  Point,  and  the  next  day  re-embariced. 
Soon  after,  the  fleet  left  Chesapeake  bay,  and  part  proceeded 
southward  to  convey  the  troops  to  the  theatre  of  future  operations 
and  of  unprecedented  slaughter. 

32.  In  the  New-England  states,  a  majority  of  the  people 
were,  from  the  first,  opposed  to  the  war ;  and  as  it  restrained 
them  from  their  most  profitable  pursuits,  commerce  and  the 
fisheries,  their  dissatisfaction  continued  to  increase.  They  com- 
plained that  their  peculitu*  interests  were  disregarded,  and  that 
the  government,  employing  elsewhere  the  resources  drawn  from 
New-England,  did  not  aflbrd  them  that  protection  to  which,  as 
n  part  of  the  nation,  they  were  entitl^.  The  most  zealous 
therefore  recomrriended  that,  not  only  the  militia  but  the  revenue 
dhouMI  be  reta^aed  at  home  and  employed  for  their  own  defence 
and  protection. 

39.  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  proposed  that  a  con- 
vention of  delegates,  from  the  New-England  states,  should  as- 
temble  at  Hartford  to  devise  means  to  obtain  redress  of  theii* 
grievances.  To  this  proposition  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island 
acceded.  In  December  the  convention  met,  consisting  of  dele- 
gates fW>m  those  states,  appofaited  by  their  legislatures ;  of  two 
from  New-Hampshire,  and  one  from  Vermont,  appointed  al 
county  meetings.  Their  sittings  vrere  secret  Upon  their  ad- 
journment, Uiey  published  an  address  to  the  people,  in  which,  in 


'  )^B  i| 


I 


-•  (  '. 


260 


MADISON'S^ 


[1814. 


bold  md  forcible  language,  they  enumlW^  the  measures  of  the 
n^tio^Ev  ^vcniii^ei^  supposed  to  be  particuliufy 'detrbpeutfil  to 
the  interests  of  New-jBngiand,  and  of  tbe  commercial  class  of  the 
nation,  and  proposed  such  amendments  to  the  constitution  as 
would  prevent,  in  iliture,  tbe  adoption  of  similar  measures*' 

34.  In  the  fall,  information  was  recdved  that  the  Americim 
and  British  comniissipners  had  met  and  held  conferences  at 
Ghent  Great  Britain,  f«ndered  airogjmt  by  ber  rec^t  triumphs 
in  Europe,  hy  the  capture  of  Wa^ingtpn,  and  hj  the  J^ldness 
of  the  opposition,  tlemanded  terms  which  extir.giushtid  tb^".  hope 
of  a  speedy  reconciliation.  Congress  shrunk  nk  from  tlv«  ^utj 
whicli  the  crisis  imposed.  Altbougli  the  eis^^emiiturei^  of  tbi;  na< 
tion  greatly  exceeded  the  income ;  a]thougb  its  finances  were  in 
disorder,  and  its  credit  ivas  impaired,  yet  the  national  legislatui'e, 
with  undaunted  firmness,  entered  upon  the  t^sk  of  fomifhing 
the  means  to  prosecute  the  war  with  iricreased  vigor.  The 
taxes  were  augmented,,  and  new  loajis  were  sutb^'riztwl.  The 
dntits  oi  secretary  of  war,-from  whijh  post  gcneroLi  Arpstrong 
was  n  raov^l,  were  assigned  to  Mr.  Mouroe,  «he  secretary  of 
state,  and  Mr.  Dallas  of  Pennsylvanisi,  was  appointed  secretary 
of  tl^  treji'v^ry. 

85.  T!^e  repose  of  general  Jackson,  and  of  the  troops  whon» 
he  commanded,  was  interrupted  by  the  arrival  at  Pensacola,  in 
August,  of  three  British  ships  of  war,  bringing  three  hundred 
soldiers,  and  arms  and  ammunition  to  be  distributed  among  the 
Imiians  of  Florida.  The  troops  wer^  permitted,  by  the  Spaniards, 
to  thise  possession  of  the  fort,  and  the  commander  issued  a  ]ffo- 
clamation,  indicating  an.intention  of  carrying  on  war  against  tlie 
adjacent  parts  of  the  republic. 

3d.  General  Jackson,  with  characteristic  promptness,  took 
instant  and  efiicient  measures  for  calling  to  his  aid  the  patriotic 
militia,  who  had  before  been  victorious  under  his  banners.  And 
having  remonstrated  hi  vain  with  the  governor  of  Pensacola,  for 
affording  shelter  and  protection  to  the  enemies  of  the  United 
States,  hev  near  the  end  of  October,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  re- 
gulars and  two  thousand  mounted  volunteers,  marched  against 
that  place.  A  flag,  sent  to  demand  redress,  was  fired  on  from 
thft  batteries.  *  He  immediately  marched  into  the  city,  stormed 
ti^c  fort,  obtained  entire  povession,  and  compeUed  the  British  to 
evacuate  Florida.  ^ 

37.  Returning  to  hiihead-auarters  at  Mobile,  be  there  receiv- 
ed intelligence  that  apowerfut  expedition  was  on  the  way  to  at- 
tack New-Orleans.  Without  delay,  he  marched  with  his  troops, 
to  that  city.  He  found  it  in  a  stato  of  confusron  and  alarm. 
Thfl  militia,  composed  of  men  of  all  nations,  was  imperffectif 


measures  of  the 
-defcrii|ieiitfil  to 
rcial  class  of  the 
oonstittttion  as 
measures.' 
t  the  American 
conferences  at 
recent^riumpbs 
>y  ,th<*  Jlijol^ess 
ilalH'4  the:  hope 
vt  from  tie  hxiy 
ituresj  of  tbt  na* 
finances  were  in 
iona!  legfelatui^, 
k  of  fiimif^hing 
ed  vigor.  The 
ith'^»riz(j<3.  The 
lei'h.i  Arpistrong 
;he  secretary  of 
lointed  secretary 

be  troops  whom 
it  Pensacola,  in 
I  three  hundred 
iited  among  the 
>y  the  Spaniards, 
ier  issued  a  ]ffo- 
L  war  against  the 

iromptness,  took 
aid  the  patriotic 
s  banners.  And 
>f  Pensacola,  for 
IS  of  the  United 
of  a  body  of  re- 
marched  against 
IS  fired  on  from 
He  city,  stormed 
led  the  British  to 

,  he  there  receir- 
m  the  way  to  at- 
I  with  his  troops, 
mon  and  alarm. 
was  impcrftctiv 


I8M.3 


ADMI^nSTRATION. 


.    m 


organized.  Many,  feeling  no  attachment  to. the  republic,  had 
refused  to  enter  the  ranks.  No  fortifications  existed  on  the 
various  routes  by  which  the  place  coidd  be  approached ;  and 
fears  were  entertained  that  the  reinforcements  of  militia,  which 
were  expected  from  Kentuclcy  and  Tennessee,  could  not  arrive 
in  time  to  take  part  in  the  contest 

38.  Undismayed  by  the  di£Sculties  which  surrounded  him, 

f general  Jackson  adopted  the  most  decided  and  efficient  means 
or  the  safety  of  this  rich  and  important  city.  He  visited  m  per- 
son every  exposed  point,  and  designated  the  positions  to  be  for- 
tified. He  mmgled  with  the  citizens  and  infused  into  the  greater 
part  his  own  spirit  and  ene^gy.  By  his  presence  and  exhorta« 
tions,  they  were  animated  to  exertions  of  which  before  they 
were  not  supposed  to  be  capable.  All  who  could  wield  a  spade, 
or  carry  a  musket,  were  put  to  work  upon  the  fortifications,  or 
tramed  in  the  art  ol*  defending  them. 

39.  The  Mississippi,  upon  the  east  bank  of  which  New-Or- 
leans stands,  flows  to  the  ocean  hi  several  channels.  One,  leav- 
ing the  main  stream  above  the  city,  runs  east  of  it  and  forms,  in 
its  course,  lake  Ponchartrain  and  lake  Borgne.  Early  ui  De- 
cember, the  enemy  entered  this  channel.  Their  whole  force 
amounted  to  about  8000  me/i,  a  part  of  whom  had  just  left  the 
shores  of  the  Chesapeake,  and  the  remamder  had  arrived  di- 
rectly from  England.  A  small  squadron  of  gunboats  under 
lieutenant  Jones,  was  despatched  to  oppose  their  passage  into 
the  lake.  These  were  met  by  a  superior  iorce,  and  after  a  spi- 
rited conflict,  in  which  the  killed  and  wounded  of  the  enemy  ex- 
ceeded the  whole  number  of  the  Americans,  they  Were  compell- 
ed to  surrender.  m 

40.  This  disaster  required  the  adoption,  ui  the  city,  of  more 
vigorous  measures.  Disaffection  growing  bolder,  martial  law 
was  procli^ed ;  the  authority  of  the  civil  magistrate  was  sus- 
pended; and  arbitrary  power  was  assumed  and  exercised  by  the 
commander-in-chief.  May  no  emergency  hereafter  occur,  hi 
which  a  military  officer  shall  consider  hunself  authorized  to  cite, 
as  a  precedent,  this  violation  of  the  constitution. 

41.  On  the  21st  of  December,  four  thousand  mllitm  arrived 
from  Tennessee.  On  Uie  22d,  the  enemy ,.ha!ving  previously 
landed,  took  a  position  near  the  mam  channel  of  the  river,  about 
eight  miles  below  the  city.  In  the  evening  of  the  23rd,  general 
Jaclnon  made  a  sudden  and  furious  attaeit  upon  their  camp. 
They  were  thrown  into  disorder;  bul  iSMf  iiMtt  fillied  and 
feufl^t  with  bravery  equal  to  that  of  the  asMttanti.  iatiffied 
tvf£  the  advantage  first  gained,  he  withdr^ir  his  troops,  Ibrtified 


!  M 

■if 

ii 


m 


■)-( 


.1, 


262 


MADISON'S 


'W 


a  strong  position  four  miles  below  New-Orleans,  and  supported 
it  bj  batteries  erected  on  the  west  bank  of  th^  river. 

42;  On  the  28th  of  December,  and  first  of  Januaiy,  vigor- 
ousbut  unsuccessful  attacks  were  made  upon  these  foptinoations, 
by  the  enemy.  In  the  mean  time,  both  armies  had  received  re* 
inforcements;  and  general  Packenham,  the  British  commander, 
resolved  to  exert  all  his  strength  in  a  combined  attack  upon  the 
.  Americfm  positions  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  With  almost  in- 
OKe(|ible  industry,  he  caused  a  canal,  leading  from  acreek  empt)'- 
Ing  into  lake  Borgne  to  the  main  channel  of  the  Mississippi,  to 
be  dug,  that  he  might  remove  a  part  of  his  boats  and  artillery  ti) 
the  latter.  AU  things  being  prepared,  the  8th  of  January  was 
-aligned  for  the  assault. 

43.  In  the  night,  a  regiment  was  transported  across  the  river, 
to  storm  the  works  on  the  western  bank,  and  turn  the  guns  on 
the  American  troops  on  the  eastern.    Early  in  the  morning,  the 
iQiain  body  of  the  enemy^  ^consisting  of  seven  or  eight  thousand 
men,  marc^ied  from  their  camp  to  the  assault.  WhUe  af  proach- 
Ing,  fearless  and  undaunted,.shower3  of  grape-shot  thinned  their 
4*anks.    When  they  came  witibin  musket  shot  a  vivid  stream  of 
fire  burst  from  tfa^  American4ine».     General  Jackson  having 
fiiaced  his  troops  in  two  ranks,  those  in  the  rear  loaded  for  those 
in  fnont,  enabling  them  to  fire  with  scarcely  a  moment's  inter- 
mission   The  inilitia  of  the  west,  trained  from  infancy  to  the 
upe  of  the  rifle,  seldom  took  unsteady  or  uncertain  aim.    The 
;|il4ih  was  soon  covered  with  dead  and  wounded.     Some  British 
regiments;  faltered  and  fell  back;  but  others  advanced  and  pre- 
sented new  victims.     While  bravely  leading  to  the  walls  the  re- 
i||giment  which  b<^  the  ladders,  general  Packenham  was  killed. 
In  attempting  to  restore  order  and  to  rally  the  fugitives,  general 
Gibbs^  the  second  in  command,  was  wounded  mortally,  and  ge- 
neral Keene  severely.     Without  officers  to  direct  them,  the 
troops  first  halted,  then  fell  back,  and  soon  fled  in,  disorder  to 
their  camp,    In  little  more  than  an  hour,  two  thousand  of  the 
.  enemy  were  laid  prostrate  upon  the  field ;  while  of  the  Ameri- 
cans but  seven  were  killed  and  six  wounded — a  disproportion  of 
loss  without  a  paraQel  in  the  annals  of  warfare. 

44.  Th^  tKents  of  the  day,  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  pre- 
sent a  striking'jinstfvnce  of  the  uncertainty  of 'warlike  operations. 
There  the  Am^'/icans  were  thriee  the  number  of  the  assailants, 
tei^tedby  intrencbments ;  but  they  ingloriously  fied. 
ol^ltopPl  until  the  gritish  party,  receiving  in- 
\MiiBi0mtikoi  the  main  army,  withdrew  frompur- 
le  iriver.  They  then  returned  and  resumed 
Intrenchments. 


[1814.  I    ldl4.J 


ADMINISTRATION; 


263 


mA  supported 
!r.    '■ 

uiuaiy,  vigor- 
fortincation?, 
d  received  re* 
1  commander, 
tack  upon  the 
''ith  almost  in- 
L  creek  empty- 
Ediississippi,  to 
uid  artillery  tw 
'  January  was 

jross  the  river, 
n  the  guns  on 
e  moruing,  the 
eight  thousand 
hile  af  proach- 
)t  thinned  their 
ivid  stream  of 
[ackson  having 
)aded  for  those 
loment's  inter- 
infancy  to  the 
dn  dm.    The 

Some  British 
anced  and  pre- 
e  walls  the  re- 
lam  was  killed, 
jitives,  general 
ortally,  and  ge- 
•ect  them,  the 

in  disorder  to 
housand  of  the 

of  the  Ameri- 
isproportion  of 

'the  river,  pre- 
ike  operations. 
'  the  assailants, 
gloriously  fled, 
y,  receivuig  in- 
rew  frompur- 
d  and  resumed 


45.  General  Lambert,  upon  whom  the  command  of  the  Bri- 
tish army  had  devolved,  having  lost  all  hope  of  succeiWy  prnmr* 
ed  to  return  to  his  shipping.  In  his  retreat  he  was  not  molest- 
ed: general  Jackson  wisely  resolving  to  hazard  nothing  that  he 
had  gained*  in  attempting  to  gain  stiU  more. 

46.  In  the  midst  of  ute  rejoicings  for  this  signal  victoiy,  a 
special  messenger  arrived  from  Europe,  with  a  treaty  of  peace, 
which,  hi  December,  had  been  concluded  at  Ghent.  The  Bri- 
tish government  hsid  receded  firom  all  their  demands ;  and  as  the 
orders  in  council  had  been  repealed,  and  all  mothre  for  the  im- 
pressmeut  of  seamen  had*  ceased  with  the  war  in  Burppe,  no 
stipulation,  in  relation  to  these  subjects,  vras  inserted  in  the  trea- 
ty, whi^  provided  merely  for  the  restoration  of  peace  and  the 
revision  of  boundaries.  The  treaty  was  immediately  ratified  by 
the  president  and  senate. 

47.  The  war,  however,  did  not  cease  on  the  ocean,  mitfl  two 
additional  vietories  had  imparted  a  brighter  lustre  to  the  MpubB- 
can  flag.  In  February,  the  Constitution,  then  cnusing  under 
the  conrnmiid  of  captain  Stewart,  captured  the  Cyane  and  Le- 
vant, whose  forces  united  were  superibr  to  hers;  and  in  Mareb, 
the  cioop  Hornet  captured  the  brig  Pen^^iiii,  stronger  in  gui)8 
and  men  than  the  viiMfr 


m^ 


'm 


■  t 


1  i  -^ 

I" 

ii 


l!    'I 


ll 


■    ■**".■     r 


APPENDIX. 


Tiffi  ^Qgfitfh  oolonfv  of  Nordi  America  were  se^edundev 
the  most  favouFable  stuspices.  The  mind  of  man  had  just 
burst  firem  tt^^tdem,  and  begun  to  ddigfat  in  Oie  free  and  vigor«> 
(mg  «xepoia0  of  its  powers.  Reli^on  and  goremment  had  be» 
rome  themes  of  animated  discussion.  The  people  had  boldly 
^estioned  the  divine  right  of  their  rulers  to  control  their  ac- 
tioDS,  and  of  their  priests  to  prescribe  to  ^em  articles  of  faith. 
The^  h|td  assumed  a  hi^er  rank  and  b<Hder  attitude;  and,  con- 
scbus  of  their  own  power*  had  begun  to  feel  less  dependence 
upon  others. 

2.  From  that  country,  where  the  advancement  of  knowledge 
had  been  greatest,  came  those  who  peopled  this  western  wildeN 
ncss.  They  belonged  principally  to  a  class,  so  high  as  to  have 
participated  largely  in  the  advantages  which  knowledge  imparts, 
and  yet  not  so  high  as  to  be  above  the  power  of  the  oppressor. 
The  persecutions  they  had  endured  rendered  the  principles  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty  more  dear  to  their  hearts;  and  led  to 
ini^uiries  and  reflections,  which  fixed  a  conviction  of  their  truth 
more  firmly  in  their  understandings. 

3  No  occasion  could  be  more  fortunate,  no  men  could  be 
better  fitted,  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  superstructure  entirely 
new.  Their  knowledge  enabled  them  to  discern  the  good  and 
the  evil  of  the  political  institutions,  which  had  existed  in  the 
world ;  and  their  feelings,  chastened  by  their  sufferings,  or  eld* 
vated  by  theur  favourable  view  of  human  nature,  led  them  to  re- 
ject those  provisions,  which  sacrificed  the  happiness  of  many  to 
the  splendour  of  a  few ;  and  to  adopt  such  only  as  gave  equal 
lights  and  privileges  to  all. 

4.  In  every  nation  of  Europe,  ecclesiasUoal  establishments 
existed,  almost  co-ordinate  with  the  civil  authority.  The  offi- 
cei^  of  these  establishments  were  numerous,  and  their  privile- 
ges extensive.  For  their  support,  in  eaj'ly  times,  a  tenth  part  of  | 
the  income  of  the  laity  was  appropriated.  Possessing  wealth, 
eTid  rank,  and  loaruing,  their  influence  was  great,  and  was  con- 


APPENDIX. 


265 


!i«  settled  under 
\  man  had  just 
)  free  and  vigors' 
irnmeni  llad  be» 
Miple  had  boldly 
control  th^  ac- 
urtides  of  faith, 
itude;  and,  cun- 
less  dep«adence 

tut  of  knowledge 
I  western  wildeN 
9  high  as  to  have 
owledge  imparts, 
[>f  the  oppressor, 
the  piinciplee  of 
arts;  and  led  to 
on  of  their  truth 

o  men  could  be 
itructure  entirely 
iern  the  good  and 
id  exist^  in  the 
offerings,  or  el©- 
"6,  led  them  tore- 
liness  of  many  to 
mly  as  gave  equal 

aJ  estabUshments 
lority.  The  offi- 
and  their  privile- 
les,  a  tenth  part  of 
Possessing  wealth,  i 
•eat,  and  was  con< 


stantljr  exerted  to  acquire  and  preserve  dominion  over  the  minds 
imd  oonsciencei  of  men.  Their  success  was  equal  to  the  meana 
which  they  employed.  They  continued  to  add  to  their  wealth 
and  power,  unttt,  corruptee'  by  luxury  and  idleness,  they  forgot 
their  outies  to €(od and  toman ;  and  encumbered  society  with  a 
useless  and  oppressive  weight. 

5.  No  part  of  these  establishments  have  been  transferred 
(0  Ameiioa.  The  first  settlers  of  most  of  the  colonies  were  too 
proud  of  their  attainments,  in  spiritual  knoi^ledge,  to  submit  to 
dictation  in  matters  of  faith ;  and  too  independent  In  feeling  to 
ftd^owledge  a  superior  on  earth.  Here  man  resumed  his 
natuittl  aiuLdi^fied  station ;  and  the  ministers  of  the  gospel, 
maintaining  an  apostolical  simplicity  of  character  and  manners, 
have  sfeldom  sou^  to  obtain,  and  possess  not  the  means  ttf  ob- 
taining, any  greater  influence  than  that  winch  superior  virtue 
and  piety  confer. 

6.  The  doctrine  of  hereditary  right  prevailed  also  throughout 
Europe.  By  the  fundamental  regulations  of  nearly  every  king- 
domr  the  monarch  and  nobles  transmitted  to  their  eldest  sons, 
even  though  destitute  of  talents  and  virtue,  their  aulhority,  pri- 
vileges, and  rank.  The*  people  often  jiaw  on  the  throne  men, 
who  were  guilty  of  the  most  atrocious  wickedness,  and  whose 
conduct  involved  communities  and  nations  in  miseiy ;  but  no  at- 
tempt could  be  made  to  remove  or  punish  them  without  incur- 
ring the  penalty  of  rebellion.  They  saw  also,  in  oth^r  exalted 
stations,  men  equally  wicked  and  equally  beyond  their  coiitroL 

6.  The  law  of  primogeniture  existed  as  a  part  of  the  here- 
,  ditary  system.  The  eldest  l^on  inherited,  not  the  title  only,  but 
fdso  all  the  lands  of  the  father.  By  this  unjust  and  unnatural 
law,  the  younger  sons  and  the  daughters  were  doomed  to  com- 
parative poverty.  One  portion  of  the  people  was  made  rich  and 
anotheV  poor.  Few  were  placed  in  that  happy  medium  between 
wealth  and  poverty,  which  is  most  favourable  to  virtue,  to  hap- 
piness, and  tp  the  improvement  of  the  human  faculties. 

8.  The  prindple,  that  power  could  be  inherited,  was  at  once 
rejected  by  the  firat  emigrants  to  America.  They  had  witnessed, 
in  Europe,  the  pernicious  operation  of  this  principle ;  they 
were  convinced  of  its  absurdity  ;  and  even  had  not  such  been 
the  case,  that  equality  of  rank  and  condition,  which  existed 
among  them,  would  have  prevented  any  one  from  claiming  such 
a  privilege  for  his  family,  and  &il  others  from  submitting  to  itb 

9.  The  law  of  primogeniture  fell  of  course  into  disuse,  or  was 
abolished.  That  equali^  of  rights  and  of  rank,  which  prevailed 
at  first,  has  continued  to  prevail ;  and  though,  in  some  of  torn 
colonies,  the  extravagant  grants  of  land,  which  were  made  br 


\  w 


ill;! 


.'^ 


.is.. 

m 


i 


266 


APPENDIX. 


capricious  governors  to  their  favorites,  introduced  great  inequality 
of  fortune,  jet  the  salutary  operation  of  various  laws  is  continually 
diminishing  this  inequality,  dividing  and  dislr.^bir'^^^p-andougnnany 
that  wealth,  which,  when  in  the  hands  of  a  fe^:^  v  ^9  k"s  beneiicial 
to  the  public,  and  productive  of  less  individual  ^'tjoyment. 

10.  The  systems  of  government  established  in  the  colonies 
were  also  departures  from  European  precedents,  and  were  in 
perfect  harmony  with  their  social  institutions.  Most  of  the 
provisions  of  the  early  charters  were  doubtless  suggested  by  the 
first  emigrants,  and  of  course  accorded  with  their  liberal  political 
principles.  The  kings,  who  granted  them,  conceded  many  pri- 
vileges to  encourage  the  settlement  of  colonies  in  America,  en- 
tertaining no  suspicion  that  their  successors  would  ever  have 
occasion  to  i^egret  their  concessions.  These  chzcrters  made  but 
little  cUstinction  in  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  colonists. 
Every  man  could  regard  those  around  him  as  his  equals.  The 
state  of  individual  dependence  being  hardly  known,  all  sense  of 
dependence  on  the  mother  country  was  gradually  lost ;  and  the 
transition  from  a  colonial  to  an  independent  condition  was  natural 
and  unavoidable. 

11.  In  nothing  is  the  contrast  between  the  two  systems  of  go. 
vemment  greater  than  in  the  requisitions,  which  they  make  of 
the  people,  for  their  support  and  defence.  That  of  Great  Bri. 
tain  may  be  taken  as  a  favorable  example  of  the  European  go- 
vernments. The  people  of  that  kingdpm  pay,  annually,  for  the 
support  of  their  sovereign  and  his  relatives,  nearly  two  and  a 
half  millions  of  dollars,  while  the  compensation  of  the  president 
of  the  United  States  is  but  twenty-five  thousand.  In  the  salaries 
of  the  subordinate  officers  of  government,  the  disproportion  is 
not  so  great,  but  is  generally,  neverthdess,  as  four  or  five  to  one. 

12.  The  military  peace  establishn^ent  of  Great  Britain  costs 
annually  thirty-four  millions  of  dollars ;.  that  of  the  United  States 
but  little  more  than  five  millions.  The  naval  establishment  of 
the  former  costs  twenty-two  millions ;  that  of  tho  latter  less  than 
two  and  a  half  millions.  British  subjects  pay  m  taxes,  raised 
exclusively  for  national  purposes,  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  dollars 
yearly  for  each  individual ;  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  pay, 
in  ffy^ofiyl  and  state  taxes,  at  the  rate  of  but  two  dollars.  And 
as  the  ifbole  population  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  is  included 
in  &e  estimate,  the  iiidividaal  wealth  of  the  subjects  of  the  united 
kingdom,  and  of  the  citizens  of  the  American  republic,  may,  on 
an  wetWi  he  considered  nearly  equal. 

18.  Witfi  buidens  tfaatf  light,  not  embarrassed  by  too  much 
regulation,  nor  vesti^icted  by  monopolies,  but  left  at  liberty  to 
punae  their  own  tntere^ts,  as  individual  judgment  may  dictate, 


APPENDIX. 


267 


great  inequality 
?s  is  continualiy 
<ssr  amoug  many 
^3  le-s  beneticial 
'tjoyment. 
in  the  colonies 
3,  and  were  in 
Most  of  the 
uggested  by  the 
•liberal  political 
leded  many  jpri- 
n  America,  en- 
ould  ever  have 
i£trters  made  but 
)f  the  colonists, 
is  equals.  The 
iwn,  all  sense  of 
ly  lost ;  and  the 
ition  was  natural 

ro  systems  of  go- 
h  they  make  of 
kt  of  Great  Bri- 
e  European  go- 
innually,  for  the 
sarly  two  and  a 
of  the  president 
In  the  salaries 
disproportion  is 
ur  or  five  to  one. 
eat  Britain  costs 
he  United  States 
establishment  of 
i^  latter  less  than 
in  taxes,  raised 
)f  fifteen  dollars 
nited  States  pay, 
ro  dollars.    And 
reland  is  included 
ects  of  the  united 

epublic,  may,  on 

ed  by  too  much 
left  at  liberty  to 
Lent  may  dictate; 


the  citizens  of  the  republic  have  boldly  embarked  in  all  the  or« 
dinary  pursuits  of  man ;  and  in  all  have  met  with  a  degree  of 
success,  which  exhibits  a  favorable  and  foipible  commentary 
upon  their  free  institutions,  and  proves  that  no  other  people  sur* 
pass  them  in  activity  or  enterprise. 

14.  In  the  pursuits  of  agriculture,  by  far  the  greatest  por 
tion  of  the  inhabitants  are-  engaged ;  and  for  that  employment 
the  country  is  most  favorably  situated.  It  embraces  every-  de- 
sirable variety  of  climate.  The  soil  is  generally  good ;  in  many 
parts  of  the  union,  it  is  exceedingly  fertile ;  and  it  produces,  or 
may  be  made  to  produce,  almost  every  vegetable,  which  can  be 
used  as  the  food  of  man,  or  as  the  material  of  manufactures. 
The  northern  states  produce  Indian  com,  rye,  wheat,- flax,  hemp, 
oats,  potatoes ;  and  their  pastHres  feed  and  fatten  large  numbers 
of  cattle  and  sheep.  The  middle  and  western  states  produce 
tobacco,  and  the  same  articles  as  the  northern,  but  wheat  in 
much  greater  abundance.  In  the'  southern  states,  cotton  is 
principally  cultivated,  but  considerable  quantities  of- rice  and 
sugar  are  produced. 

15.  In  1820,  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  agriculture 
was  2,070,646.  The  value  of  all  its  products  export^  during 
the  year  ending  the  30th  of  September,  1823,  was  37^646,000 
dollars.  The  principal  articles  were,  cotton  to  the  value  of 
20,446,000  dollars;  flour  to  the  value  of  4,962,000  doUar»; 
tobacco  to  the  value  of  4,852,000  dollars  ;  and  rice  to  the  value 
of  1,821,000  dollars.  The  Value  of  provisions  of  all  kinds  ex- 
ported was  13,460,000  dollars,  and  it  has,  in  many  years,  been 
■greater.  A  people  able  to  spare  such  an  amount  of  the  necessa- 
ries  of  life  can  never  be  in  danger  of  suffering  from  want. 

16.  The  agricultural  class  is  conspicuous  for  industry,  morali- 
ty, and  general  intelligence ;  but  has  less  ^Mrofessional  knowledge 
than  the  same  class  in  Europe.  Land  having  hitherto  been 
cheap,  and  not  exhausted  by  cultivation,  agriculturists  have  not 
been  eager,  and  it  has  not  been  necessary,  to  make  practical  ap- 
plication of  the  discoveries  of  science.  A  change  in  these  re- 
spects having  taken  place,  especially  in  the  Atlantic  states,  many 
now  study  their  profession  as  a  science ;  and,  as  all  professions 
are  estimated  according  to  the  skill  and  mtelligence  required  to 
attain  eminence  in  them,  they  are  raising  their  own  nearer  to  that 
rank  in  society,  to  which  the  utility  and  importance  uf  agricul- 
ture entitle  it.  More  taste  and  neatness  are  displayed,  and  the 
appearance  of  the  country  is  visibly  and  rapidly  improving. 

17.  The  COMMERCE  of  the  United  States  has  yielded  a  rich 
harvest  of  wealth.  Various  circumstances  have  directed  to  this 
pursuit  the  attention  of  a  large  portion  of  the  population,  and 


m 


m 


■y 


i\ 


M 


II 


268 


APPENDIX. 


•?    ! 


have  contributed  to  their  prosperity  in  it  For  two  thousand 
miles,  the  republic  bounds  upon  the  sea,  and  in  that  space  has 
many  excellent  harbors.  The  finest  timber  for  ship  building  is 
abundant,  an '  easily  procured.  Near  the  shores  of  the  north- 
em  states,  and  on  the  adjacent  banks  of  Newfoundland,  are  fish- 
ing stations,  unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  world.  Fishing  is  con- 
sequently a  lucrative  employment,  in  proportion  to  the  capital 
invested,  and  attracts  to  it  a  large  number  of  the  natives  of  those 
states.  These  become  accustomed  to  a  seafaring  life,  and  soou 
pass  into  larger  vessels,  destined  for  more  distant  and  perilous 
voyages.  i  ^ 

18.  The  state  of  the  world,  for  several  years  subsequent  to 
the  commencement  of  the  French  revolution,  offered  great  en- 
couragement to  the  commercial  enterprise  of  the  country.  While 
almost  every  other  power  was  engaged  in  war,  the  United  States 
were  neutral ;  their  vessels  navigated  the  ocean  in  safety,  and 
were  employed  to  carry,  from  port  to  port,  the  commodities  of 
the  belligerent  nations.  In  fifteen  years,  beginning  with  179d, 
these  favorable  circumstances  increased  the  amount  of  Ameri- 
can tonnage  from  491,000  to  1,242,000  tons,  and  the  revenue 
arising  from  commerce,  from  4,899,000  to  16,363,000  dollani. 

19.  In  1820,  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  commeree 
was  72,493.  In  1823,  the  whole  amount  of  exports  was 
74,799,000  dollars;  the  amount  of  imports  was  77,679,009 
dollars,  the  balance,  in  favor  of  the  United  States,  being  about 
three  millions  of  dollars.  As  the  impoits,  however,  are  always 
undervalued  at  tlie  custom-house,  the  additional  wealth,  which, 
in  that  year,  accrued  to  the  nation  from  commerce,  was  undoubt* 
edly  greater. 

20.  In  other  years,  the  commerce  of  the  country  has  flour- 
ished more.  In  1807,  the  exports  amounted  to  108,343,000 
dollars,  and  the  imports  to  138,574,000  dollars.  The  principal 
causes  of  the  decline  which  has  taken  place,  have  been,  tirre  re- 
storation oi'  peace  in  Europe,  ai)d  the  increase  of  tlie  product  of 
domestic  manufactures.  The  formei  b?««  permitted  all  otiier 
nations  to  become  our  competitors ;  the  latter  has  rendered  it 
umiecessary  to  resort  to  Europe  for  most  of  the  convpiiieuces 
and  many  of  the  luxuries  of  life.  The  depression  will  not  long 
continue.  The  independence  of  the  South  American  republics 
has  opened  a  wide  field  for  the  enterprise  of  our  merchants,  and 
gh'en  a  brighter  hue  to  th^ir  future  prospects, 

21.  The  ODD  FISHERY  on  the  north  eastern  coast  of  America 
attracted,  at  an  early  period,  the  attention  of  the  world,  la 
1583,  sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  found  Uiirty  six  vessels  nshing  in 


APPENDIX. 


269 


%■ 


^r 


coast  of  America 
'  the  world.  Ifl 
vessels  tishing  in 


df  St.  John,  m  Newfoundland.  They  were  priiici*! 
r'^from  Biscay,  in  Spain,  and  Britany  in  France,  and,  for 
many  years,  the  French  retained  almost  a  monopoly  of  Ihia 
source  of  wealth.  In  1744,  they  employed,  in  this  fishery,  114 
large  ships,  navigated  by  about  24,000  seamen,  and  the  quai/ttiy 
of  fish  tsJten  amounted  to  1,149,000  quintals. 

22.  The  war  of  1766,  expelling  the  French  from  the  coi  h 
nent,  transferred  the  privileges  which  they  had  enjoyed  to  Grtut 
Britadn.  The  English  colonies,  from  theur  vicinity,  participati  J 
largely  in  them.  In  the  year  1760,  six  hundred  and  sixty  ves' 
sels,  navigated  by  4,400  seamen,  were  fitted  out  from  the  ports 
of  New-England.  During  the  revolutionary  war,  the  Ameri* 
cans  were  compelled  to  i-elinquish  this  profitable  pursuit ;  and  it 
required  all  the  firmness  and  address  of  the  negotiators  of  the 
peace  of  1783,  to  secure  to  these  states  those  advantages  which 
nature  seems  to  have  intended  for  them,  and  which  they  had  en- 
joyed as  a  component  part  of  the  British  empu*e.  They  were 
at  length,  however,  notwithstanding  the  covert  opposition  of 
France,  conceded  by  the  mother  country. 

23.  From  that  peiio;),  till  1807,  the  number  of  vessels  and 
men  Employed  in  this  pursuit  continued  to  increase.  An  esti- 
mate has  been  made  that,  from  1790  to  1810,  twelve  hundred 
vessels  of  all  kinds,  navigated  by  10,500  men  and  boys,  were, 
on  an  average,  yearly  employed  in  the  Bank, Bay,  and  Labrador 
fisheries ;  1,150,000  quintals  of  fish  were  caught  and  cured;  and 
37,000  barrels  of  oil  were  made.  The  annual  value  of  the  pro- 
duct of  these  fisheries  could  not  have  been  less  tlian  three^and  a 
half  millions  of  dollars.  They  were  interrupted  by  the  last  v/ar 
with  Great  Britain,  and  have  not  since  regained  their  former 
activity.  As  nurseries  of  seamen,  they  are  important  to  the  na- 
tion; and  as  such  have  received  the  particular  attention  and  en- 
couragement of  government.  A  uounty  which  has,  in  some 
years,  amounted  to  200,000  dollars,  Is  paid  to  the  owners  and 
crews  of  the  vessels  employed. 

24.  The  WHALE  fishery  of  the  United  States  ought  not  to 
be  passed  over  unnoticed.  Its  successful  prosecution  requires 
uncommo.i  hardihood  and  skill.  As  early  as  1690,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Wantuckei.  engaged  in  this  pursuit,  and  were  soon  after 
joined  by  their  brethren  of  the  town  of  New-Bedford.  In  a 
few  years,  tViese  monsters  of  tlie  deep  were  driven  from  tlie 
American  coasts ;  but  were  pursued  with  ardor  Into  seas  the  most 
!!«mote.  In  1715,  two  hundred  and  twenty  eight  tons ;  !n  1771, 
twenty-seven  thousand  tons;  in  1815,  forty  two  thousand  tons 
of  shipping  were  emploved  in  this  buyiness.     The  product  of 

Z9 


i 


270 


APPENDIX. 


this  BdteTjf  exported  in  1807,  consisting  of  common  and  «|p^« 
maceti  oil  and  vrhale-bone,  was  valued  at  606,000  dollars  •,  |^ 
1823,  at  653,000  dollars. 

25.  An  extract  from  the  speech  of  Mr.  Burke  delivered  in 
the  British  Parliament,  in  1775,  presents,  in  eloquent  language, 
a  correct  idea  of  the  importance  of  this  fishery,  and  of  the  en- 
terprise and  dexterity  of  those  engaged  in  it.  **  As  to  the 
wealth  which  the  colonies  have  drawn  from  the  sea  by  their 
fisheries,  you  had  all  that  matter  fully  opened  at  your  bar.  You 
surely  thought  those  acquisitions  of  value;  for  they  seemed 
even  to  excite  your  envy ;  and  yet  the  spirit  hj  which  that  enter- 
prising employment  has  been  exercised,  ought  rather,  in  my 
opmion,  to  have  raised  your  esteem  and  admiration. 

26.  <*  And  pray,  sir,  what  in  the  world  is  equal  to  it  t  Pass  by 
the  other  parts,  and  look  at  the  manner  io  which  the  people  of 
New-England  have  of  late  carried  on  the  whale  fisheiy.  While 
we  follow  them  among  the  tumbling  mountains  of  ice,  and  be- 
hold them  penetrating  into  the  deepest  frozen  recesses  of  Hud- 
son's bay  and  Davis's  straits ;  whilst  we  are  looking  for  them 
beneath  the  arctic  circle,  we  hear  that  they  have  pierced  into 
the  opposite  region  of  polar  cold ;  that  they  are  at  the  Antipodes, 
and  engaged  under  the  frozen  serpent  of  the  soutli.  Falkland 
Island,  which  seemed  too  remote  and  romantic  an  object  for  the 
grasp  of  national  ambition,  is  but  a  stage  and  resting  place  in  the 
progress  of  their  victorioup  industry. 

27.  *<  Nor  is  the  equinoctial  heat  more  discouraging  to  them 
than  the  accumulated  winter  of  both  poles.  We  know  that, 
while  some  of  them  draw  the  line  and  strike  the  harpoon  on  the 
coasts  of  Africa,  others  run  the  longitude  and  pursue  the  gigan- 
tic game  along  the  coast  of  Brazil.  No  sea  but  what  is  vexed 
by  their  fisheries.  No  climate  that  is  not  witness  to  their  toils. 
NeiU:ier  the  perseverance  of  Holland,  nor  the  activity  of  France, 
nor  the  dexterous  and  firm  sagacity  of  English  enterprise,  ever 
carried  this  most  perilous  mode  of"^  hardy  industry  to  the  extent 
to  which  it  has  been  pushed  by  this  recent  people ;  a  people 
who  are  still,  as  it  were,  but  in  the  gristle  and  not  yet  hardened 
into  the  bone  of  manhood. 

28.  **  When  I  contemplate  these  thUigs ;  when  I  know  that 
the  colonies  owe  little  or  nothing  to  any  care  of  ours,  and  that 
they  are  not  squeezed  into  this  happy  form  by  the  constraints  of 
watchful  and  suspicious  government,  but  that,  through  a  wiue 
and  salutary  neglect,  a  generous  nature  has  been  suffered  to  take 
its  own  way  to  perfection ;  when  I  reflect  upon  these  effects, 
when  I  see  how  profitable  they  have  been  to  us,  I  feel  all  the 
pride  of  power  sink,  and  all  presumption  in  the  wisdom  oi 


APPENDIX. 


271 


M)  dollars*,  ««^ 

e  delivered  in 
yient  language, 
md  of  the  en- 

(^As  to  the 
)  sea  by  their 
our  bar.  You 
>  they  seemed 
lich  that  enter- 
rather,  in  my 
on. 

to  it?  Pass  by 
li  the  people  of 
fishery.  VVhile 
of  ice,  and  be- 
cesses  of  Hud- 
loking  for  them 
ire  pierced  into 
t  the  Antipodes, 
•utli.  Falkland 
m  object  for  the 
ting  place  in  the 

iraging  to  them 
We  know  tliat, 
5  harpoon  on  the 
ursue  the  gigan- 
it  what  is  vexed 
>S8  to  their  toils, 
tivity  of  France, 
enterprise,  ever 
try  to  the  extent 
eople ;  a  people 
lot  yet  hardened 

len  I  know  that 
Df  ours,  and  that 
he  constraints  of 
,  thr(»ugh  a  wise 
n  suffered  to  take 
►on  these  effects, 
us,  1  feel  all  the 
i  the  wisdom  oi 


human  contrivances  melt  and  die  away  within  me.    My  rigor 
relents.    I  pardon  something  to  the  spirit  of  liberty  '' 

29.  Manufactures. — ^VHiile  the  United  States  were  colo- 
nies, the  mother  country  endeavoured  to  prevent  the  inhabitants 
from  manufacturing  any  article  whatever,  even  for  Vneir  own 
use.  The  erection  of  slitting-mills  was  prohibited,  and  hatters 
were  forbidden  to  take  any  apprentice  for  less  than  seven  years, 
or  to  eii.ploy  more  than  two  at  a  time.  In  addition  to  these  and 
other  legislative  enactments,  the  wages  of  labour  were  high, 
and,  neither  skill  nor  surplus  capital  existed  in  the  country.  Bi* 
little  attention  wap  of  course  given  to  manufactures,  and  the  in. 
habitants  received  their  supplies  from  the  artizans  of  England. 

30.  Some  attempts  were  however  made,  a  few  years  previou* 
to  the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war,  to  introduce 
manufactures.  Such  was  in  part  the  intention  of  the  non-im> 
portation  agreements;  aiiu  some  of  the  colonial  legislatures,  to 
encourage  the  production  of  wool,  and  the  manufacture  o< 
cloths,  exempted  sheep  from  taxation.  But,  at  no  time,  previ- 
ous to  the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  did  manufacturers 
exist  in  the  country  in  sufficient  number  to  be  considered  a  class 
of  the  population. 

31.  And  indeed  it  was  not  until  the  imposition  of  the  embar- 
go, in  1807.  that  any  considerable  impulse  was  given  to  this 
branch  of  industry.  Prevented  by  this  interruption  of  com- 
merce, from  exchanging  their  products  for  foreign  articles,  the 
inhabitants  then  attempted  to  fabricate  them  for  themselves. 
From  the  want  of  experience  aad  «ikiH,  many  of  the  first  at- 
tempts were  unsuccessful ;  but  in  a  verv  short  time,  these  defi- 
ciencifes  were  supplied,  aiul,  at  the  dost-  .'  the  war,  the  amount 
of  the  products  )f  manufactures  w.i*<  astonishingly  great. 
Forming  an  estimate  from  the  amount  m  1810,  which  was  near 
170  millions,  it  could  not  have  Wen  less,  for  1814,  than  twfti 
hundred  millions  of  dollars.  In  vUia  amount,  however,  are  in- 
cluded the  products  of  household  manufactures,  and  of  the 
mechanic  arts.  .^ 

32.  Peace,  by  affording  to  foreigners  an  opportunity  of  intro- 
ducing the  goods  which  had  accumulated  in  their  ware-houses, 
checked,  for  a  few  yearn,  the  impulse  which  the  restrictive 
measures  and  the  war  had  given.  In  each  of  uie  three  years 
following  1815,  the  value  of  articles  manufactured  wm  probably 
leas  than  in  any  one  of  tlie  preceding  six  years.  Irtym  the  )^ar 
1818,  the  amount  has  gradually  increased,  and  in  1821  and 
1822,  it  was  probably  greated  than  it  had  ever  before  been.  It 
will  hereafter  coutinue  to  increaHc,  and  tlie  navigation  of  the 
country  will  be  employed,  not  so  much  in  brimming  home  tlt«» 


272 


APPENDIX. 


manufactures  of  other  nations,  as  in  carrying  ab.^oad  those  of 
the  United  States.  In  this  way,  domestic  mantifactures  will 
repay  to  commerce  the  capital  they  have  lately  drawn  from  it. 

3?.  The  states  in  which  the  greatest  attention  is  devoted  to 
this  branch  of  industrj-^lre  Rhode-Island,  Pennsylvania,  Mas- 
sachusetts, New-Hampraire,  and  Connecticut.  The  principal 
manufactures  ^re  those  of  cotton  and  of  woollen  cloths,  of  iron, 
and  of  leather.  In  1^26,  the  number  of  inhabitants  engaged 
in  manufactures  was  349,606. 

34.  The  question,  whether  agriculture,  commerce,  or  manu- 
factures is  most  productive  of  national  wealth,  and  to  whicl 
the  government  ought,  in  preference,  to  extend  its  protection 
and  encouragement,  has  lately  been  warmly  discussed,  by  the 
politicians  and  writers  on  political  economy,  in  America,  and  in 
Europe.  Each  interest  had  its  advocates.  The  decision  of  the 
impartial  statesman  would  probably  be,  that  neither  should  be 
encouraged  to  the  neglect  of  tlie  otliers ;  that  if  either  is,  in 
any  dejjree,  to  be  preferred,  it  is  that  which  is,  at  the  time,  the 
most  depressed  ;  or  that  which  supplies  most  of  the  means  of 
national  defence,  and  most  of  tlio  necessaries  and  conveniences 
of  life. 

36.  Debt,  Revenue,  and  Exfenditures. — When,  in  1790, 
the  public  debt  was  first  funded,  it  amounted  to  about  75,000,000 
of  dollara.  In  1S03,  by  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  it  was  aug- 
mented to  about  86,500,000.  In  the  eight  years  which  followed, 
a  large  amount  was  paid,  leavintf  due,  in  1812,  but  liUle  more 
than  45,000j000.  To  defray  tlye  expenses  of  the  war,  which 
was  declared  in  that  year,  mo;e  than  80,000,000  of  new  debt 
was  contracted.  A  large  portion  has  since  been  paid,  and,  on  the 
i^rstday  of  January,  1623,  the  amount  of  It  was  90,865,877 
dollars. 

36.  The  present  revenue  of  the  republic  is  derived  princi- 
pally fnim  commerce,  anil  from  the  sale  of  public  lands.  In 
1822,  tliere  accrued  from  the  former  source,  the  simi  of 
20,500,775  tJollara ;  from  the  latter  source,  1,8^-3,581;  and  r«'(»n\ 
other  sources,  839,084.  The  amount,  however,  which  was  ^^* 
tually  received,  during  the  year,  was  but  20,232,427. 

.  37.  The  expenditures,  during  the  same  year,  were  as  follows  : 
Civile  diplomatic,  and  miscellaneous,  1,967,996;  for  tb?  pay  and 
iupj>ort  of  t)ie  army,  the  construction  of  forts,  the  supply  «  f 
anus,  tlie  paymejit  of  pensions,  and  the  vavinas  oxpensta  of  th«' 
Indian  departnieiit,  5,635,188;  ft)r  (he  support  uiul  increase  (.. 
the  navy,  2,224,158  ;  for  the  pa)'meut  of  the  lutereHt,  and  l\.\ 
the  redemptioii  of  that  portion  of  l\\v.  principal  of  tlie  deU  whli'h 
l»ecamp  dne  within  the  y«ar,  7,848.949  •  femonnth-.g  in  the  wholi 


APPENDIX. 


273 


)ad  those  of 
ictures  will 
n  from  it. 
3  devoted  to 
vania,  Mas- 
he  principal 
ths,  of  iron, 
ttts  engaged 

;e,  or  manu- 
id  to  whicl; 
s  protection 
ssed,  by  the 
erica,  and  in 
clsion  of  the 
ler  should  be 
either  ia,  in 
;he  time,  the 
the  means  of 
conveniences 

hen,  in  1790, 
1 75,000,000 
I,  it  was  aug- 
lich  followed, 
it  liUle  more 
e  war,  which 
of  new  debt 
1,  and,  on  the 
90,865,877 

erived  princi- 
ic  lands.  In 
the  «imi  of 
81 ;  and  f^'uuA 
vhlch  was  c:^;- 

>rt. 

re  as  rollox^'S : 
orth:*p;iyan(i 

hft  supply  (I* 
xp(Mist;a  of  th«* 
lid  inci-easi'C  ('^" 
[orfHt,  'A\\<S  l'» 
\^\k^  deU  whii'b 
jj  in  the  wh«»lr 


to  17,676,591,  and  leaving  an  excess  of  revenue  over  expendi* 
ture  of  2,555,836  dollars. 

38.  Education. — In  the  kingdoms  of  £urc|>e,  large  sums 
have  been  appropriated,  by  the  government,  for  the  purposes  of 
education.  IVearly  all,  however,  has  been  expended  in  found- ' 
ing  or  endpwing  universities.  To  these  the  sons  of  the  noble 
and  the  rich  could  alone  gain  access ;  and  the  intention  and  ef- 
fect of  the  expenditure  has  always  been,  to  produce  erudite 
scholars  and  able  orators,  and  to  perpetuate  a:id  widen  the  sepa- 
ration between  the  higher  and  the  lower  classes  of  the  popula- 
tion. 

39.  The  people  of  the  United  Sl^ates  have  bad  a  different  ob- 
ject in  view,  and  one  more  congenial  with  their  political  institu- 
tions. Desirous  that  none  should  be  ignorant,  theii'  first  and 
principal  care  has  been,  to  impart  the  advantages  of  instructioa 
to  the  whole  mass  of  the  population.  With  this  view,  the  legis- 
latures of  many  of  the  states  have  ordained  that  schools,  for  the 
education  of  all  the  youth  in  reading,  wiiting,  and  arithmetic, 
shall  be  kept,  and  supported  by  a  public  and  general  tax. 

40.  This  system  was  adopted  in  Massachusetts  as  early  as 
1647.  A  law  was  then  passed,  by  that  colony,  providing  that  a 
school  should  be  kept  in  every  township  having  fifty  household 
ers,  in  which  all  the  children,  who  might  resort  to  it,  should  be 
taught  to  read  and  write.  As  the  number  of  inhabitants  in- 
creased, the  townships  were  divided  into  small  districts,  and  a 
school  supported  in  each.  Thus,  the  means  of  education  were 
provided,  at  the  public  expense,  clhd  the  opportunity  of  acquir- 
ing it  placed  within  the  power  of  all, 

41.  Immediately  ufter  their  first  settlement,  the  same  system 
was  adopted  by  the  other  colonies  of  ^^ew-Engl^nd  ;  and  it  has, 
by  all  ot  them,  hewn  preserved  and  cherished  to  the  present  time. 
Connecticut,  having  a  iarge  tract  of  land  in  Ohio,  which  was 
sold  for  1,200,000  dollars,  appropriated  the  whole  sum  to  the 
support  of  common  or  primrjy  schools.  The  sum  has  since 
been  augmented  to  1 ,700,000  dollars,  and  the  interest  is  annually 
distributed  to  the  several  school  districts,  according  to  the  num- 
ber ol  scholars  taught  in  each.  No  district,  iiowever,  is  enti- 
tled to  any  aid  from  this  fund,  unl*»ss  it  had,  in  the  preceding 
year,  expended,  for  tiie  same  purpose,  a  certain  amount  derived 
from  its  i>wn  resources, 

42.  The  cflect  of  this  system  hos  been,  to  render  the  great 
body  of  Jie  people  of  these  states  tlie  most  enlightened  in  the 
world.     AH  can  read  aiid  write,  and  rarely  can  ons  be  found  noi 

ualified,  liy  rducation,  to  transact  tiie  common  coucerna  of  life. 
"o  educate  his  childron,  in  tl.c  first  obj#Tt,  rnd  the  chief  glory 


m 


274 


APPENDIX. 


S 


ot  the  parent ;  their  ignorance  is  to  him  and  to  them  disgrace- 
ful. In  these  schools,  the  human  mind  receives  its  first  impulse 
in  the  career  of  learning ;  an  impulse  which  carries  many  for- 
ward to  high  stations  of  honor  and  of  usefulness. 

43.  The  great  state  of  New- York,  distinguished  for  noagni- 
ficent  projects  of  internal  improvement,  and  for  liberal  patron- 
age of  literature  and  the  arts,  has  lately  adopted  a  system  i^jarly 
similar  to  that  of  Connecticut.  From  various  sources,  it  has 
accumulated  a  fund,  the  income  of  v^'hich  is  to  be  applied  annu 
ally  to  the  support  of  common  schools.  This  fund,  in  1820, 
amounted  to  1,215,000  dollars.  Since  that  year,  all  the  unsold 
and  unappropriated  lands,  which,  when  disposed  of,  will  proba- 
bly produce  about  one  million  more,  have  been  permanently  de- 
voted to  the  same  object.  The  annual  interest  of  this  fund  is 
distributed,  accoixling  to  population,  among  the  several  town- 
ships, on  their  raising,  for  the  same  purpose,  an  additional  sum 
equal  to  tliat  which  they  receive  from  the  state.  In  1821,  tbree 
hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand  children  were  taught,  in  the 
several  district  schools ;  a  number  nearly  equal  to  that  of  all  the 
children  in  the  state  between  five  and  fifteen  years  of  age.  In 
1823,  the  number  taught  was  400,000. 

44.  Virginia  has  also  a  literary  fund,  the  interest  of  a  part  of 
which  is  appropriated  for  the  support  of  common  schools.  Tbis 
fund  is  of  recent  ortt^rin,  and  its  income  is  yet  small.  The  ad- 
vantages of  education  are,  however,  so  highly  appreciated  in  that 
state,  by  its  enlightened  citizens,  that  most  of  die  rising  genera- 
tiuii  are  instructed  in  private  schools,  or  by  domestic  teachers. 
The  same  remark  will  apply  to  most  of  Uie  middle  and  southern 
states  ;  yet,  in  these,  too  many  of  the  children  of  the  poor,  will 
remain  in  it^norance  until  effectual  provision  is  made,  by  the  re- 
if>ective  governments,  for  the  instruction  of  all. 

45.  The  national  government  has  not  been  unmindful  of  the 
importance  of  universal  education.  Before  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution,  it  ncquii^.  by  tlie  cession  of  the  states  claimuig  it, 
the  property  oi  eaix^  ail  tlie  unappropriated  land  within  the  na- 
tional i>QnjndariH3.  In  offen*  this  land  for  sale,  it  has  reserved, 
in  every  township,  one  section,  compriiiing  640  acres,  for  the  use 
of  schools.  As  the  population  of  the  new  states  becomes  more 
dense,  these  lands  will  constitute  a  valuable  and  productive  fund, 
and  the  system  of  free  schools,  thus  plAnteJ  in  the  western,  will 
there  pixiduce  the  same  beneiits  as  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
union. 

46.  Scho<^g  of  a  higher  order,  to  which  the  name  of  a^jade- 
mi^s  has  been  eppliod,  are  nume.'ous  in  all  the  statei^,  especially 
in  those  of  New  England.     Many  are  incorporated,  and  soiue 


APPENDIX. 


275 


hem  disgrace- 
ts  first  impulse 
ries  many  for- 

ed  for  magni- 
liberal  patron- 
i  system  K^^arly 
lources,  it  has 
I  applied  amiu 
iind,  in  1820, 
,  all  the  unsold 
of,  will  proba- 
ermanently  de- 
of  this  fund  is 
I  several  town- 
additional  sum 
In  1821,  three 
e  taught,  in  the 
9  that  of  all  the 
irs  of  age.     In 

pest  of  a  part  of 
1  schools.  This 
mall.  The  ad- 
ireciated  in  that 
B  rising  genera- 
nestic  teachers, 
le  and  southern 
)f  the  poor,  will 
lade,  by  the  re- 

imindful  of  tlie 

adoption  of  the 

gUes  clsdming  it, 

i  within  the  na- 

,  it  has  reserved, 

ores,  for  tlie  use 

I  becomes  more 

productive  fund, 

le  western,  will 

D  portion  of  the 

name  of  acade- 
tate^s  eapeciaUy 
•ated,  and  some 


considerable  funds. 


That  at  Exeter,  in  New-Hamp- 
shire, holds  the  highest  rank ;  its  funds  amount  to  80,000  dol- 
lars; it  has  a  library  containing  700  volumes,  and  a  handsome 
philosophical  apparatus.  In  these  schools  are  taught  English 
grammar,  composition,  histcsy,  geography,  mathematics,  the 
Latin  and  Greek  languages.  Many  young  men  resort  to  them 
to  acquire  an  education  superior  to  thkt  wldch  can  be  obtained  at 
the  primary  schools,  and  many  to  prepare  themselves  to  enter 
some  college  or  university.  They  are  principally  taught  by 
those,  who  have  just  received  a  degree  m  the  arts,-and  who  are 
unable,  from  the  want  of  property,  to  eiigage  immediately  in  the 
study  of  the  professions  which  they  intend  to  pursue. 

47.  Of  colleges  and  universities  tliere  is  also  a  large  number 
in  the  United  States.  The  oldest  t^md  first  in  rank  is  Harvard 
College,  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  It  was  established  in 
1638,  only  eighteen  years  after  the  first  settlement  of  Plymouth. 
It  had  then  a  fund  of  about  5,000  dollars,  nearly  two  thirds  of 
which  was  a  donation  from  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  of  Charies- 
toi>m.  The  first  degrees  were  conferred,  upon  nine  young 
gentlemen,  in  1643.  It  has  since  received  many  and  large  ad- 
ditions to  its  funds,  principally  donations  from  individuals ;  and, 
from  the  exertions  of  its  learned  presidents  and  professors,  has 
with  short  intermissions,  been  constantly  advancing  in  reputa- 
tion, and  increasing  in  usefulness.  The  library  contains  about 
twenty^five  thousand  volumes.  In  1824,  the  faculty  consisted 
of  a  president,  and  twenty  professors  ;  the  number  of  students 
was  222,  and  of  the  resident  graduates  146. 

48.  YnJe  College  was  founded  in  1700,  and  incorporated  in 
1701.  It  was  fiM  established  at  Saybrook ;  but,  in  1716,  was 
removed  to  New-Haven,  in  Connecticut.  -  Elihu  Tale,  a  mer- 
chant in  London,  having  made  to  it  a  donation  of  more  than  four 
thousand  dollars,  its  name  was,  in  1718,  changed  from  the  Col- 
legiate School,  to  Yale  College.  Afterwards  bishop  Berkeley, 
the  celebrated  metaphj^sician,  who  had  resided  two  years  in  Ame- 
rica, presented  to  it  a  collection  of  books,  consisthig  of  nearly 
one  thousand  volumes  r  and  a  farm  in  Ne^vport,  the  annual  rent 
of  which,  on  a  long  lease,  is  two  hundred  and  forty  bushels  of 
wheat.  From  the  Sc?te,  and  from  other  sources,  it  has  received 
many  liberal  donations.  Its  libraries  contain  about  nine  thousand 
volumes.  In  1824,  the  faculty  consisted  of  a  president,  and 
eleven  professors,  and  the  number  of  its  students  was  349. 

49.  In  addition  to  these,  there  are,  in  the  union,  about  fifty 
colleges  and  universities  autiiorized  to  confer  degrees.  In  all  of 
these  tu'e  taught,  the  English,  Latin,  and  Greek  languages,  rhe- 
toric, mathematics,  nattiral  philosophy, logic,  chymistry^astreno 


1,: 

h 


11 


276 


APPENDIX 


mjt  faisto<v$,  idtd  geography.  In  some  of  them  are  '«Jso  taught 
the  Hebrew,  oiiental,  and  modern  European  languages^  anato- 
myt  surgerj,  medicme,  botanj,  polite  literature,  divinity,  ethics, 
natural  and  mumcipal  law,  poHtics,  and  elocution. 

50.  LiTEEATURE. — ^The  remark  has  often  been  made,  that  tiie 
United  States  have  produced  no  eminent  scholars ;  and  that  the 
national  charactw  has  not  been  iUustrated  by  literary  and  scien^ 
tififi  performances  of  disttnguished  merit.  This  remaffe  is 
doubtless  just.  Compared  vdth  those  of  the-  old  world,  their 
writers  have  not  eichibited  the  same  labored  poli&h  of  style,  nor 
their  men  of  science  the  same  perseverance  and  extent  of  invest!^ 
gation.  Their  historians  are  not  equal  to  Hume  or  Robertson; 
their  poets  to  Milton  or  Pope ;  their  chemists  to  Lavoisier  oi 
Pavy ;  nor  their  metaphysicians  to  Locke,  Berkeley,  or  Reid. 

51.  But  this  fact  implies  no  deficiency  of  mental  vigor  in  the 
people.  The  mind  of  the  nation  has  received,  from  Circum- 
stances, a  different  direction.  Those  who  are  endued  with  ex- 
traordinary talent;  whatever  may  have  been  their  originsil  pro- 
pensities, have  been  called  from  the  closet  to  labor  in  the  legisla- 
tive hall,  or  the  cabinet;  to  vindicate  the  cause  or  defend  the  in- 
terest of  their  country  abroad ;  to  dispense  justice  from  the 
bench,  or  to  support  and  defend,  at  the  bar,  the  claims  and  the 
rights  of  their  fellow  citizens. 

52.  To  perfi)rm  these  duties,  certainly  not  less  honorable  nor 
less  difficult  than  any  thing  which  the  mere  scholar  can  pedbrm, 
a  greater  variety  of  talents,  and  greater  intellectual  labor,  have 
been  required  in  this  than  in  any  other  country.  Here,  in  com- 
paratively a  short  period,  the  foundations  have  been  laid,  and  the 
superstructures  erected,  of  new  political  institutions.  Many 
govf^rnments  have  been  established  over  communities  differing 
from  each  other,  and  from  those  of  Europe ;  and  over  these  a 
paramount  government,  with  extensive  and  important  powers. 
For  each  of  these  communities,  a  new  S3rstem  of  law  has  been 
required,  and  each  government  has  a  separate  executive,  legisla- 
tive, and  judicial  department.  The  population  of  no  country 
has  been  called  upon  to  supply  such  a  number  of  legislators,  of 
judges,  and  of  lawyers ;  nor,  it  may  be  added,  of  instructers  of 
yoi^.  And,  whik  Ih^  number  accounts  for  the  comparative 
neglect  of  literature  and  the  fine  arts,  the  talents  they  have  dis- 
pK^«d  sufficiently  vindicate  ttie  republic  from  the  reproach  of 
intellectual  inferiority. 

58.  j^t  not  in  &ese  modes  alone  have  the  people  of  tliei^ 
states  proved,  that  in  original  powers  of  mind  they  may  assert 
an  equality,  at  least,  with  those  of  any  other  nation.  None  hm 
made  more  teiportant  discoverf<»s  in  the  useful  arts.     Englan^J 


APPENDIX. 


277 


ire  ^so  taught 
gaages4  anato* 
divinity,  ethics, 
I. 

Q  made,  that  the 
s;  and  that  the 
Jraiy  and  sclew- 
his  remaffe  is 
Id  world,  their 
bh  of  style,  nor 
xtentofiliresti- 
i  or  Robertson; 
,6  Lavoisier  01 
(eley,  or  Reid. 
ital  vigor  in  the 
,  from  fcircum- 
adued  witli  ex- 
ir  original  pro- 
or  in  S\e  legisla- 
)r  defend  the  in- 
istice  from  the 
claims  and  the 

s  honorable  nor 
ar  can  perform, 
ual  labor,  have 
Here,  in  com- 
een  laid,  and  the 
fcutions.  Many 
mities  differing 
over  these  a 
)ortant  powers, 
f  law  has  been 
ecutive,  legisla- 
of  no  country 
■  legislators,  of 
f  instructers  of 
he  comparative 
s  they  have  dis- 
the  reproach  of 

p«e{de  of  thci^ 
they  may  assert 
ion.  None  ha^ 
arts.    England 


boasts  of  her  Arkwright,  who  invented  the  spinning  machine ; 
of  her  Worcester,  Newcomen,  and  Watt,  by  whose  ingenuity 
and  labors  the  powers  of  steam  were  substituted  for  the  uncer« 
tain  aid  of  wind  and  water  in  moving  the  machinery  of  manu<* 
factories. 

54.  America  may  boast  of  her  Godfrey,  whose  quadrant  has 
been  almost  as  serviceable,  m?  the  compass,  to  navigation ;  of  her 
Franklin,  who  has  made  our  dwellings  comfortable  within,  and 
protected  them  from  the  lightning  of  heaven ;  of  her  Whitney, 
whose  cotton  gin  has  added  to  the  annual  product  of  that  article 
at  least  one  hundred  millions  of  pounds ;  of  her  Whittemore,  the 
inventor  of  the  wonderful  machine  for  making  cards;  of  her 
Perkins,  the  inventor  of  the  nail  machine ;  and  of  her  Fulton, 
who  has  rendered  the  power  of  steam  subservient  to  the  pur- 
poses of  navigation. 

55.  But  the  United  States  have  produced  authors  who  would 
do  honor  even  to  any  other  nation.  The  style  of  Franklin  is 
perspicuous  and  pure ;  and  few  men  of  any  age  or  country  have 
contributed  more  by  their  writings,  to  enlighten  and  to  benefit 
minkind.  The  histories  of  Marshall,  Ramsay,  Belknap,  Wil- 
liams, and  the  Annals  of  Holmes,  are  works  of  sterling  merit, 
interesting,  and  instructive.  Among  theological  writers,  Ed- 
wards, Hopkins,  Dwight,  Lathrop,  Davies,  Kollock,  and  Buck- 
minster,  are  deservedly  eminent.  And  as  a  novelist,  Brown  has 
few  equals. 

56.  Many  of  the  political  writers  of  this  country  have  dis- 
played great  vigor  of  thought,  and  force  of  expression.  The 
pamphlets  and  state  papers  to  which  the  revolutionary  struggle 
gave  existence ;  the  numbers  of  the  Federalist ;  the  official  let- 
ters of  Mr.  Jefferson,^  secretary  of  state,  and  of  the  Ameri- 
can ministers  at  Ghent,  not  only  display  intellectual  powers,  but 
possess  literary  merit,  of  the  highest  order.  Some  of  the  best 
writers  of  this  republic  have  not  been  the  authors  of  books. 

57.  To  the  fine  arts  still  less  attention  has  been  paid  thaKL  to 
literature ;  but  the  neglect  is  to  be  attnbuted  rather  to  the  defi- 
ciency of  patronage  than  to  the  want  of  capacity  to  excel.  Ben- 
jamin West,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  presided  for  many  years 
over  the  Royal  Society,  comprising  the  most  eminent  painters 
of  Great  Britain.  In  portrait-painting,  Copley  and  Stuart  have 
acquired  a  high  reputation ;  and  in  historical  painting,  Trumbull 
and  Alston  excel.  The  United  States  claim  only  the  honor  of 
their  birth ;  England  and  Italy  that  of  patronizing  and  instructing 
them. 

58.  Relic  roN. — Tli<^  consequences  resulting  from  the  enjoy- 
ment of  n»]i«lous  liberLr  l<ave  been  hfghlv  favorable.     Free 

^'     •  ?>  A 


I'  mi 


i 


!278 


APPENDIX. 


discussion  has  enlightened  the  ignorant,  digr.nned  superstition  of 
its  dread^  powers,  and  consigned  to  oblimn  many  erroneous 
and  fantastic  creeds.  Religious  oppression,  and  the  vindictive 
feelings  it  arouses,  are  hardly  known.  Catholics  and  Protes- 
tants live  together  in  harmony;  and  protestants who  disagree, 
employ,  in  defending  their  own  doctrines,  and  in  asaailing  those 
of  their  antagonists,  the  weapons  only  of  reason  and  eloquence. 

59.  In  the  New-England  states,  the  independents  or  congre- 
gationalists  constitute  the  most  n^erous  denomination ;  in  the 
middle  states,  the  presbyterians ;  and  in  the  southern,  the  me- 
thodists.  Baptists,  episcopalians,  and  Roman  catholics,  are 
found  in  all  the  states;  but  in  Maryland  and  Louisiana,  the 
catholics  are  more  numerous  than  elsewhere.  Each  of  these 
sects  has  one  or  more  seminaries  of  learning,  in  which  its  pe- 
culiar doctrines  are  taught,  and  young  men  are  educated  for  the 
ministry.  Many  other  sects  exist,  but  reason,  less  tolerant  than 
the  laws,  is  gradually  diminishing  the  number. 

60.  Character  and  Manners. — ^Foreigners  have  asserted 
that  the  Americans  possess  no  national  character.  If  at  any 
period  this  assertion  has  been  true,  it  was  then  no  reproach.  In 
ita  youth,  a  nation  can  have  no  established  character.  The  in- 
habitants of  this  republic,  coming  from  every  quarter  of  the 
world,  speaking  many  different  languages,  dispersed  over  a  vast 
extent  of  territory,  could  not  immediately  assimilate  and  exhibit 
those  few  prominent  traits,  which  nations  as  well  as  individuals, 
in  their  mavurity,  display. 

6L  But  the  germ  of  a  national  character  has  always  existed. 
It  has  grov  n  with  our  growth,  and  is  gradually  throwing  into  the 
shade  those  unfavourable  and  discordai^  traits,  which  have  dis- 
6gured  and  partly  concealed  it  from  viliv^  Who,  that  has  read 
the  history  of  these  states,  has  not  peiwi^d,  in  the  inhabitants, 
an  energy  of  purpose  capable  of  surmo^untiifg  all  obstacles ;  a 
spirit  of  enterprise,  that  leaves  nothing*  useful  miattempted ;  a 
proud  sense  of  personal  dignity  and  independence ;  a  decided 
preference  of  utility  before  show  ;  and  a  love  of  knowledge  tha^ 
has  dispelled  ignorance  from  the  land  ?  They  may  have  been  too 
much  devoted  to  the  pursuit  of  gain;  too  much  addicted  to 
habits  of  intemperance ;  too  much  inflated  ^vith  national  vanity ; 
bigoted  and  superstitious :  but  these  traits  are  now  less  apparent; 
they  are  constantly  melting  away,  and  those  more  noble  appear- 
ing in  bolder  relief. 

62.  They  whose  wealth  or  talents  place  them  In  the  first  rank 
in  society,  are,  in  their  manners,  free  from  awkwardness,  for- 
mality, haughtiness,  and  ostentation  ;  but  they  do  not  display  tlic 
ulegance  or  refiTiement  of  the  ?mn(*.  rhss  m  Eurojie.  The  mass 


APPENDIX. 


y 


279 


superstition  of 
lany  erroneous 
the  vindictive 
s  and  Protes- 
who  disagree, 
assailing  those 
md  eloquence, 
nts  or  congre- 
oation ;  in  the 
:hem,  the  me- 
catholics,  are 
Louisiana,  the 
Each  of  these 
which  its  pe- 
iucated  for  the 
s  tolerant  than 

!  have  asserted 
T.  If  aft  any 
reproach.  In 
;ter.  The  in- 
^uarter  of  the 
ed  over  a  vast 
ite  and  exhibit 
as  individuals, 

Iways  existed. 
3wing  into  the 
iich  have  dis- 

that  has  read 
le  inhabitants, 

obstacles;  a 
lattempted;  a 
ce;  a  decided 
lowledge  tha^ 
have  been  too 
addicted  to 
itional  vanity ; 
less  apparent; 
noble  appear- 

the  first  rank 
vardness,  for- 
lot  display  the 
je.  Th^.  mass 


of  the  people  are  serious,  shrewd,  inquisitive,  manly,  and 
generally  respectful ;  but  they  know  little,  and  practise  leas,  of 
the  ceremonies  of  formal  politeness.  To  foreigners,  accustomed 
to  the  servility  of  the  lower  classes  in  Europe,  they  doubtle<«i 
often  appear  rough  and  uncourtly ;  and  many  fashionable  tourist* 
may  have  had  their  feelings  needlessly  wounded,  a|^d  their  deli« 
cacy  shocked ;  but  when  respectfully  treated,  they  display  na- 
tive politeness,  and  generosity  of  sentiment.  Time  will  remove 
the  grosser  defects ;  but  may  it  never,  by  polishing  too  deeplyr 
impsdr  that  strength  of  character,  which  is  essentisd  to  the  per- 
manence of  our  republican  institutions. 


il 


63.  A  review  of  the  rapid  pro,'  of  the  United  States  in 
population,  wealth,  and  power ;  a  ey  of  their  present  physical 
and  moral  condition ;  and  a  comp  o  f  them,  in  either  respect, 
with  other  nations,  cannot  fail  ti  >  an  American  citizen 
an  elevated  conception  of  his  own  couutry,  and  to  justify  the 
loftiest  anticipations  of  the  future. 

64.  In  a  period  of  thirty  years,  ending  with  1820,  the  popula- 
tion of  the  republic  increased  from  3,893,835,  to  9,642,160; 
it  consequently  doubles  in  less  than  twenty-five  years.  In  Great 
Britain,  the  population  does  not  double  in  less  than  eighty  years ; 
and  in  that  country  the  increase  is  nearly,  if  not  quite,  as  rapid 
as  in  any  other  in  Europe. 

65.  The  Augmentation  of  wealth  and  power  csymot  be  so 
easily  ascertained.  It  is  the  opinion  of  many,  well  qualified  to 
judge,  that  U  has  been  still  more  rapid  ;  and  when  the  increase 
of  our  exports,  which  in  the  same  period  advanced  from  nine- 
teen to  sixty-five  millions ;  when  the  growth  of  our  cities  and 
villages ;  the  increase  of  our  manufacturing  establishments,  of 
our  national  and  mercantile  navy,  of  our  fortifications  and  otheh 
means  of  defence;  the  extent  of  our  internal  improvements; 
and,  beyond  all,  the  extensive  territories  reclaimed  from  a  state 
of  nature  and  made  productive  and  valuable,  are  adverted  to, 
that  opinion  will  not  appear  unfounded  nor  extravagant. 

66.  Although  now  inferior  to  the  principal  nations  of  the  old 
world,  yet  but  a  short  period  will  elapse  before  the  United  States, 
should  their  progress  hereafter  be  the  same  that  it  has  been,  will 
overtake  and  pass  them.  Their  great  natural  advantages  will 
continue  to  urge  them  forward.  Extensive  tracts  of  fei&e  land 
yet  remain  vacant  of  inhabitants ;  the  portions  already  settled  are 
capable  of  supporting  a  much  more  numerous  population;  new 
roads  and  new  canals  will  give  greater  activity  to  internal  com* 
merce,  and  open  new  fields  to  the  untiring  industry  and  enter* 


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280 


APPENPIX. 


prise  of  man ;  and,  a  small  part  only  being  required  by  tbe 
government,  neariy  the  whole  annual  income  will  be  added  to  the 
general  capital,  augmenting  it  in  a  compound  ratio. 

67.  That  these  splendid  anticipations  are  not  the  suggestions 
>  of  national  vanity,  the  history  of  the  past  sufficiently  proves. 

ITet  their  fulfilment  depends,  in  a  great  degree,  upon  die  future 
conduct  of  the  people  themselves ;  upon  their  adherence  to  the 
principles  of  their  fathers ;  upon  the  preservation  of  free  political 
institutions,  of  industrious,  frugal,  and  moral  habits;  and,  above 
all,  upon  the  universal  diffusion  of  knowledge. 

68.  This  truth  should  sink  deep  into  the  hearts  of  the  old  and 
the  young*  The  citizens  of  this  republic  should  never  forget 
the  awful  responsibilities  restiifig  upon  them.  They  constitute 
the  oldest  nation  on  this  western  hemisphere,  the  first  on  the  list 
of  existing  republics.  They  stand  forward,  the  object  of  hatred 
to  some,  of  admiration  to  many,  of  wonder  to  all ;  and  an  im- 
presave  example  to  the  people  of  every  country.  To  them  is 
committed  an  experiment,  successful  hitherto,  the  final  result  of 
Which  most  have  a  powerful  influence  upon  the  destiny  of  man- 
kmd ;  if  favorable  and  happy,  the  whole  chHlized  worid  Will  be 
free ;  if  adverse,  despotism  and  darkness  will  again  overshadow  | 
it.  May  they  ever  he  sensible  of  the  vast  hnportance  of  thebr 
example.    May  they  never  betray  thebr  sacred  trust. 


iired  by  the 
added  to  the 


,•/ 


suggestions 
ntly  proves. 
a  die  future 
trence  to  the 
free  political 
;  andy above 

r  the  old  and 
never  forget 
ey  constitute 
•St  on  the  list 
ect  of  hatred 

and  an  im- 

To  them  is 

inal  result  of 

tiny  of  man- 

vorid  Willbe 

overshadow! 
nee  of  their ' 
}t. 


Quwt. 
I. 
2. 


QUESTIONS 


ve 


HALE'S    HISTORY 


Of  TBB 


UNITED   STATES. 


r 


n.   — 

4.  — 

5.  — 


6. 

8. 

7. 

•i. 

8. 

m^ 

». 

..^ 

10. 

_ 

1). 

— 

K. 

9. 

13. 

.^ 

14. 

10. 

15. 

— 

16. 

_ 

17. 

11. 

IP. 

^^ 

i9. 

.^ 

io. 

_ 

21. 

' .. 

S2. 

12. 

23. 

.. 

24. 

IS. 

25. 

.mm 

2«. 

mm 

27. 

_ 

2S. 

•» 

W. 

14. 

WAS  the  eoMtinent  of  America  known  to  the  aaeientsT 

What  wu  the  olyect  of  the  vojrages  of  diieoveiy  made  in  the  I51h 

century? 
Who  was  a  distingnithed  navigator  of  that  age  7 
Where  was  he  bom? 
What  incidents  led  him  to  HAsk  that  he  conld  reach  the  Eatt  Ia« 

dies  by  sailing  west  7 
To  «^om  d«id  he  apply  for  assistance  7 
Who  became  lus  mend  and  patron  7  ^ 

When  did  he  set  soH  ?   From  what  port  7 
What  course  did  he  steer  7 

What  phenomenon  was  first  obserred  daring  his  voyage  ? 
How  cud  his  crews  behave  7   What  did  tliey  thn-^ten  to  do  7 
How  did  he  appease  them  ?  ^ 

When  was  land  discovered? 
What  other  islands  did  he  discover  and  visit  7 
How  was  he  received  on  his  rehim  ? 
Wlio  flrbt  discovered  the  continent  7     When  7 
Upon  what  did  the  English  found  their  claim  to  the  eaitorn  portion 

of  North  America? 
.  From  whom  does  tlie  continent  derive  its  name  7 
"Who  is  supposed  to  have  entered  the  harbov  of  New-Toik  7 
What  induced  Cologni  to  attempt  a  settlement  In  America  7 
Wliat  was  the  result  7 

By  whom  w  as  the  second  attempt  made  7    When  7    Where  7 
Was  it  fortunate  7 

On  irhat  occasion  was  the  spirit  of  adventure  rerived  7 
Who  most  encouraged  the  scheme  of  colonisation  7 
What  compaaiert  were  formed  7 
What  territory  was  granted  to  each  7 
What  privileges  were  secured  to  the  emigrants? 
When  was  Quebec  nettled  7   By  whom  7 


/!' 


QUESTIONS. 


Queit 
SO. 
SI. 
S2. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
14. 


44.     19. 


46. 
47. 
49. 
49. 
50. 
51. 
62. 
53. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57. 
69. 
59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 
63. 
64. 
65. 
66. 
67. 
69. 
69. 


Page. 
15. 


16. 
17. 

18. 
19. 


SO. 
21. 

si. 


S4. 

sI 


CHAPTER  L 

By  what  company  was  Virgiiua  iettled  7 
How  many  penom were  sent  over? 
What  distuigiiished  man  waa  amooff  them  ? 
Relate  the  mrincipal<  eventi  of  hia^  7 
When  did  the  adventurers  land  7    At  what  place  7 
Who  waa  elected  {wesident  7     Who  was  exduded  7 
What  was  the  chiuracter  oi  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  7 
What  happened  to  captain  Smith  7 
By  whom  was  he  preserved  from  death  7 
While  absent,  to  what  number  had  the  settlers  been  reduced? 
How  many  cam^  mtli  Newport  7 
How  did  Smith  employ  hiiinself  7 
Was  be  ehosm  pfesidant?* 
Relate  what  afterwards  occurred  7 
IVhat  induced  Smith  to  return  to  England  7 
What  was  the  conseauence  7 
.  Who  were  successively  qipcnnted  goveraors? 
For  what  purpose  wa  Pocahontas  taken  7 
What  is  related  concerning  her? 
What  was  the  okjiect  of  Aigal's  expedition  in  1613  7 
What  did  he  aecimii^Ush  7 

What  instractions  were  given  by  Idng  James  7  , 

When  did  governor  Yearaly  arrive? 

What  did  he  do  which  tnive  joy  to  the  people  7  ^    . 

In  what  state  was  the  colony  at  this  pcinod  t 
What  misfortune  happened  to  it  ? 
How  much  was  the  number  of  settlers  reduced? 
Did  the  Virginians  depose  Harvey  7 
What  did  kSig  Charles  do? 
Who  soeoeeded  Harvey  ? 

Whom  did  the  Virginians  (kvon^,  the  Idng  or  parliament  ? 
What  did  the  parliament  do  7 
What  did  the  Virginians  do  on  the  death  of  Matthews  7 
Why  were  the  people  disafEected  7 
W^ho  was  the  leader  of  the  bsurgents  7 
Relate  the  incidcttts  of  the  rebelUoiu 
What  was  the  eondoet  of  BeriDelqr  towards  the  rebels? 
What  was  the  population  in  1688  7  , 
How  was  the  colony  governed  7 
What  course  did  the  representatives  pw*      in  relation  to  s!av?ry  7 


CHAPTlSR  n. 


\\ 


70. 
71. 
78. 

73. 
74. 


To  what  company  wis  Massachusetts  granted  7 


mpany 
the  fir 


—  When  were  the  Arst  men  sent  over  left  f 

—  Wheaandwhy  didtherretDnitoEnglaadT 

—  By  irtiom  waa  the  coast  of  Massachnsetts  sBrvyed  7 

—  In  that  ag«  iHiaf  was  the  nuudm  of  all  ecclesJaitiw  and  politi- 
cians? 

75.  S7.  What  causes  induced  Mr.  Robinson's  eongregatiaB  to  lemore  i» 

76.  —  To  what  ooippany  did  they  aoplr  Ibr  a  (yrant  of  land? 

77.  —  To  what  part  were  they  earned? 

78.  —  What  dia  they  do  before  leaving  the  ihip  7 

79.  —  When  did  they  land? 


=*mer^  i"  ■  -•^-= 


Inced? 


»t? 


torfaTiry? 


and  poUtf- 
vemore  t» 


qoMt. 

Ptge. 

80. 

17. 

81. 

S8. 

82. 

i.— 

S3. 

.. 

84. 

_ 

86. 

— 

86. 

.. 

87. 

.. 

88. 

i.^ 

89. 

-_ 

90. 

29. 

91. 

_ 

92. 

.1^ 

93. 

..m. 

94. 

30. 

95. 

_ 

96. 

..  / 

97. 

— 

98. 

-_ 

99. 

91. 

100. 

_ 

101. 

.. 

102. 

92. 

103. 

— 

104. 

i_ 

103. 

33. 

106. 

_ 

107. 

34. 

108. 

_ 

109. 

• 

110. 

— 

111. 

95. 

112. 

— 

lis. 

_ 

114. 

96. 

116. 

97. 

116. 

.. 

117. 

— 

119. 

98. 

!19. 

_ 

120. 

99. 

121. 

... 

m. 

40. 

129. 

~. 

124. 

— . 

125. 

m-. 

126. 

.-. 

127. 

41. 

128. 

_ 

129. 

.— 

190. 

— 

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42. 

193. 

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193. 

.. 

134. 

49. 

195. 

m^ 

196. 

m^ 

197. 

44. 

198. 

«. 

QUESTIONS.  $ 

How  many  perished  dnriag  the  winter  7 

What  was  the  settlemeiit  called  ? 

What  was  the  population  in  1630  7 

What  directed  the  attention  of  others  to  New-EagUuid? 

What  association  was  formed  in  1627  7 

Of  what  company  did  they  obtain  a  grant? 

Where  did  the  people  ttiey  sent  ont  land  7 

What  were  the  proriMmis  of  the  charier  they  obtained  7 

What  town  was  next  settled  ? 

What  was  che  first  object  of  their  attention  7 

What  number  perished  before  spring? 

At  what  time  was  Boston  founded  7 

What  aistinguiahed  lady  fell  a  rictim  7 

How  many  perished  before  December  ?  ^ 

What  was  one  great  ^bject  of  the  Puritans  7 

What  ordinance  was  passed  in  1631 7 

Were  the  Indians  numerous,  at  that  time,  in  New-EnglsMd  7 

When  were  representatives  first  chosen  ? 

Who  was  banisiied  from  Salem  7   For  what  cause  7 

What  diHtin?nished  emigrants  came  in  1635  7 

Relate  their  history. 

Who  were  detained  by  king  Charles  7 

What  was  the  cause  of  the  first  war  with  the  Indians  7 

With  what  ti'tbe  was  it  carried  on  ? 

Which  party  was  rictorious  7 

What  cause  put  a  stop  to  emigration? 

In  what  year  did  the  colonies  form  a  league? 

What  is  said  concerning  the  representatives  and  assistants? 

Which  did  New-England  ikvour,  the  king  or  parliament? 

What  propositions  did  Cromwell  make  to  the  colonists  7 

When  was  New-Hampshire  incorporated  with  MosaachnsetU? 

When  was  Maine  7 
What  law  was  made  a(^nst  Quakers  7 
What  distinguished  inuviduals  came  to  New-England  about  tltii 

time  7  , 

How  were  they  received  7   IVhere  did  they  reside  7 
What  law  was  enacted  by  England  in  16637 
What  measure  was  adopted  by  the  king  in  1664  ? 
What  was  the  conduct  of  the  commissioners  7 
How  many  towns  and  inhabitaBta  did  New-England  contain  at  the 

end  of  50  years  from  the  settlement  of  Plymouth  7 
W^hat  were  the  causes  of  Philip's  war? 
Where  were  the  first  act!  of  hostiUty  committed  7 
Did  the  colonists  snlfer  much  ii^nry  nrotn  the  savages  7 
In  what  manner  wns  the  war  carried  on  7 
What  was  the  result  of  the  great  battle  fought  December  18  T 
What  feelings  did  Philip  eKtubit  7 
What  was  his  Ate  7 

What  losses  were  sustabed  in  this  war?  < 

When  was  New  Hamnilure  made  a  separate  eolonr  ? 
For  what  piupose  was  Edward  Randolph  sent  over  r 
^Vhat  was  done  in  relation  to  the  charter? 
What  was  tiie  character  and  eondnct  of  Androst  7 
How  did  the  people  treat  Androst  and  his  adherents  f 
What  was  the  result  of  the  expedition  to  Canada? 
How  did  MassachuMtti  pay  h«r  troops  7 
What  were  die  provisions  of  the  new  charter  7 

chartar? 


—     Whatdl 


IS  tne  Brst  govi 
iiUngaithedtli 


the  commeneenent  of  his  admintltnltflnf 


.-     WhateansesDvodneadthadelwioB? 

44.    How  muxy  charged  with  witchcraft  wtn  necnted  7 

—     What  law  wu  passed  at  the  first  session  ? 


^ 


139. 

140. 

141. 

142. 

143. 

144. 

145. 

146. 

147. 

148. 

149, 

150. 

151. 

152. 

153. 

154. 

155. 

156. 

167. 

15S. 

159. 
160. 
161. 
16S. 
163. 
164. 
165. 
166. 
167. 
168. 
169. 
170. 
171. 
172. 
173. 
J  74. 
175. 
176. 
177. 
178. 


2» 


m. 


4t 


60. 
51. 


'  QUESTIONS 

What  war  existed  at  tliis  period  ?  , 

When  was  Deciiield  attacked  7 
How  many  were  killed  and  made  prisoncnos  7 
Who  were  among'  the  prisoners  ? 
How  were  they  treated  7 
What  was  the  Indian  mode  of  warfare  7 
What  expedition  was  fitted  out  in  1707  7 
What  in  1710?    What  was  accomplished  ? 
What  e^^dition  was  fitted  out  in  1711 7 
What  misfortmie  occurred  to  the  fleet  ? 
What  was  tiie  event  of  the  expedition? 
When  was  peace  concluded  ? 

What  was  the  effect  of  this  war  upon  New-England? 
Who  was  appointed  govemmr  ia  1716  ? 
What  question  agitated  the  people  when  he  arrived  ? 
What  act  of  his  displeased  the  assemhly  ? 
Whose  conduct  did  the  people  approve  7 
What  vote  was  passed  respecting  the  govemor^s  f  alaiy  ? 
What  instructions  did  the  long  give  ? 
Did  the  assembly  comply  ? 
What  steps  did  ttie  governor  take  7 
Who  was  the  next  governor  ? 
What  took  piace  between  him  and  the  assembly  7 
How  was  the  controversy  suspended? 
Who  succeeded  governor  Burnett  7  ^  ,  ^ 

How  was  the  long  eontroveny  termmated?  ' 
Who  was  appointed  fovenKK- in  1740?  ^ 

What  event  obcnrredui  1744 7 
From  what  port  were  privateers  fitted  out  ? 
What  expeoition  was  concerted  in  1745  ? 
Br  whom  was  it  proposed  7 
Did  the  General  Court  in  the  end  agree  to  it  7 
What  colonies  furnished  ilsiistance  7 
What  naval  force  co-operated  ? 
What  fortunate  events  occurred  7 
What  was  the  result  of  the  expedition  7 
What  measui-e  did  France  adopt  the  next  summer  ? 
At  what  time  was  peace  concluded  7 
What  were  the  terms  of  this  peace  7 
What  became  of  the  bills  of  credit  7      v 


CHAPTER  HI. 


1 79.  (2.  Which  was  the  parent  of  the  New-England  colonies  7 

180.  —  To  whom  were  the  first  grants  made  in  New-Hampshire  7 

181.  —  When  were  the  first  settlemeits  made  7    Where? 

182.  —  When  was  the  first  house  built  at  Portsmouth  ? 

183.  —  Of  whom  did  Wheebight  purchase  land  7 

184.  —  What  town  did  he  found  7 

185.  —  When  was  civil  govemnent  established  in  Dorer,  Portsmouth,  and 

Extter  7  V 

186.  —  What  steps  did  these  towns  take  u  1641  7 

1 87.  £3.  Of  Whmn  did  tiie  enugrants  purchase  lands . 

188.  —  What  settlements  snSered  in  PhMip*s  war  7 

189.  — >  When  was  New-  Hampshire  mad«  a  separate  province  7 

190.  —  What  law  was  passed  in  1680  7 

191.  —  What  disputes  atose  on  the  arrival  of  Maaon  7 

193v  -%-  Who  was  appointed  governor  after  Androsi  was  depoied  7 


OttMt 

299. 
194. 

195. 
196. 
197. 
198. 
199. 
200. 
201. 


ST 


A5. 


Did  tius  col(my  anfibr  much  irakii  Ilidian  wan  ? 

What  town  was  sorprued  in  1689  ? 

GKre  an  account  of  that  event 

In  what  year  was  Londonderrjr  setded  7  Ifywhom? 

What  m  they  intraduce  7 

Why  did  J.  T.  Maaon  claim  the  lands  of  his  amatitniT' 

To  whom  did  he  convey  tiiem  7 

What  did  they  do  to  tilence  oppositidn  7 

How  Wire  t))e  Masonian  la&ds  granted  7. 


I 


68. 


re? 


CHAPTER  IV. 

202.  56.    To  whom  was  Connecticut  first  granted  7 

203.  —     How  &r  weiAward  did  the  grant  extend  7 

204.  •*     By  whom  was  a  fort  erected  at  Hartford7 
By  vrtiom  was  a  trading  house  erected  at  Windsor? 
By  whom  was  Weatherfield  and  V^dsor  settled? 
For  vidiat  panose  did  Wiuthrop  c<»ie  from  Eikgland? 
Did  the  Dutch  attempt  to  molest  him  7 
What  piersons  laid  the  foundation  of  Hartford  7 
Whose  authwHy  did  the  fint  emigrants  at^owtedge  7 
When  did  the  freemen  fimn  a  constitutimi  7 
State  the  substance  of  this  constiti^im  7 
By  whom  was  Sayf)reok  settled  7   Whence  ^e  name? 
What  did  Fenwick  transfer  to  the  General  Court  ? 
By  what  perricns  ifto  Neidiaven  fioonded  7 
Was  it  a  distmct  colony  7 
By  what  laws  were  tbcy  first  governed  7 

—  With  whom  had  both  eokmies  dimutes  7 

—  How  was  partition  made  fai  16607 

—  Did  the  Dutch  continne  friendfy  7 

—  ,  What  did  Connecticut  prweae  to  the  confederacy  7 

—  What  was  the  conduct  of  Af  assaehusetts  7 » 
69.  What  d^  Cromwell  do  7 

—  Did  the  inhabitants  obtain  a  charter  7 

—  What  territory  did  it  comprehend  7 

—  Did  Newhaven  willingly  consent  to  a  union? 

227.  —  When  vrere  the  two  cronies  united  7 

228.  60.  What  circumstances  occurred  when  Andross  demanded  A 
I  ter?  ' 

229.  —  Did  Connecticut  retain  her  eharter  7 

280.  —  What  demand  did  Fletcher  make  of  Connecticut  7 

2S1.  61.  How  was  he  treated? 

232.  —  When  was  Yak  College  founded? 

233.  —  When  was  Saybrook  platform  adopted  7 

234.  ^  What  did  this  platform  relate  to  7 

235.  62.  What  cause  tended  to  preserve  the  peace  ef  C0niiertl;:ut  7 


206.  — 

207.  — 

208.  — 

209.  67. 

210.  — 

211.  — 

212.  — 

213.  — 

214.  -- 
215. 
216. 
217. 
218. 
219. 
2t0. 
221. 
222. 
228. 
324. 
225. 


^W» 


tsmouth«  and 

7 
kd? 


CHAPTER  V. 

S86.  62.  When  was  Rliode  Island  settled  7  By  whom  T 

237.  —  Why  was  he  banished  from  Massachusetts  7 

238.  —  What  did  he  call  the  place  where  he  settled  7 

239.  —  What  regulations  did  he  adopt? 

140.    ~     Who  repaired  fa  Rhode  Mand  in  1638  7 


« 


QUEfiTI017S. 


841,  61^  Did  Rhode  Istand  apply  to  be  odoiitted  into  the  leagm? 

242.  ~>  What  was  the  decittCMK^  the  cominisdoiien? 

245.  —  Did  Rhode  Island  consent  to  the  tenns  ? 
244.  — >  When  was  tile  first  general  assembly  held? 
S45.  ~  When  did  the  colony  obtain  a  charter  ? 

246.  —  What  were  the  provisions  of  this  charter?  ., 

247.  —  What  law  was  passed  relatke  to  the  quakers  ? 

248.  —  What  secured  the  col<niy  exemption  jfrom  Indian  bostilitf 

249.  ~  What  was  the  population  in  |730  7    In  1761 7 

250.  —  When  was  Brown  university  founded  ?  ^ 


251. 

M. 

262. 

... 

253. 

— 

S54. 

„^ 

256. 

.mm, 

266. 

^ 

267. 

mm. 

258. 

mmm 

269. 

... 

260. 

_ 

261. 

mmm 

2^. 

m^ 

263. 

_ 

264. 

65. 

266. 

.mm 

266. 

mm. 

267. 

_ 

S68. 

.i. 

269. 

... 

270. 

«. 

271. 

_ 

272. 

— 

273. 

66. 

274. 

.^ 

276. 

mm. 

276. 

mm. 

277. 

mm. 

278. 

mm. 

279. 

... 

280. 

_ 

281. 

67. 

282. 

m^ 

283. 

68. 

284. 

... 

286. 

_ 

286. 

.. 

287. 

69. 

288. 

.. 

289. 

.. 

290. 

... 

291. 

7a 

292. 

.. 

£93. 

_ 

C84. 

mm. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

By  whom  WAS  New-Tdik  discovered 7    When? 

In  what  service  did  Hudsim  sail  7 

By  ^om  and  vHiCn  was  a  fort  erected  near  AliMUiy,  end  tndue 

houses  at  N^w-York? 
What  was  Albany  then  called  7   What  was  New-Toik  7 
What  event  occiiraed  soon  after  7 
When  and  where  was  Fort  Amsterdam  erected? 
To  wnat  company  did  the  repablic  <rf'  Hollaad  make  a  gfant  ? 
How  far  did  tiie  grant  extend  7 
What  was  the  territory  called  7 
Where  did  the  Dutch  ereet  forte  in  163S  7 
With  whom  did  this  produce  quarrels  7 
When  did  war  break  out  between  the  Dnteh  aad  Indiaas? 
Who  commanded  the  Duteh  troops  7 
In  what  place  was  a  battle  fought  7 

Who  agieed  on  a  line  of  partition  between  the  Dutch  and  Eoglua  f 
.  To  whom  did  the  king  of^  England  granl-JNfew^Yoik  ? 
What  meajiare  was  tnerNnxm  taken  7 
Did  the  expedition  sent  01^  succeed  7 
What  names  were  changed  7 
Who  assumed thegovemment  (^  the  coantxy 7 
When  was  New- York  made  a  city  ? 
What  event  happened  in  1673  7  . 

How  lonff  did  the  Dutch  retam  possession  7 
Whom  did  the  Duke  of  Ymli  appoint  goveraor  ?• 
To  yihai  religious  sect  did  both  belong? 
When  was  the  first  assembly  held  7 
By  what  people  was  the  interior  of  New-York  inhabited? 
Of  whom  werethey  thiNdlics?  / 

Who  led  an  army  against  them  7 
What  was  he  obliged  to  do  7 
What  Indian  chief  addressed  the  French  governor  ? 
Recite  his  speech. 

What  effect  had  this  speech  on  the  French  govemw  7 
Why  was  the  Duke  of  York  disiUked  whai  ne  became  king  ? 
What  encouraged  the  disalbcted  7 
What  measures  did  Loisier  and  Milbone  undertake  7 
What  did  Bayard  and  Gouitlandt  do  7 
What  authority  did  Leisler  assume  7   Why? 
What  did  Milbome  effect?  .    ^^ 

What  parties  v/ere  despatched  against  the  Englisht 
Describe  the  attack  of  Schenectady. 
What  was  done  to  avenge  these  barbarities  7 
To  what  was  the  failure  <>f  the  expedition  attiiblitM  f 
Whom  did  kinjf  WJIlium  apnomt  ^vcmor? 


QU£STI0R8i 


liV 


I  and  tndni; 
At 

a  gnat? 


ms? 
MdEagbia^ 


i. 


Cedt 


9i5. 

'« 

296. 

71. 

297. 

» 

S98. 

... 

299. 

^m 

600. 

_ 

SOI. 

72. 

302. 

„^ 

3d3. 

.M 

304. 

m.m 

305. 

.^ 

306. 

.mm 

807. 

... 

808. 

73. 

soe. 

.» 

310. 

.. 

311. 

.^ 

312. 

«. 

313. 

... 

314. 

_ 

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316. 

74. 

317. 

~. 

318. 

— 

819. 

.^^ 

320. 

.m^ 

321. 

mmm 

322. 

75. 

323. 

j-m 

324. 

_ 

825. 

... 

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... 

327. 

— 

328. 

_ 

329. 

~m. 

330. 

76. 

331. 

~. 

332. 

.. 

333. 

77. 

334. 

... 

335. 

.i. 

336. 

... 

337. 

_ 

338. 

73. 

339. 

... 

What  was  the  character  of  thii  flovenor  ? 

What  Kiieenee  wai  MMed  tm  LoUtt  and  MillMXne? 

What  was  their  ftte? 

By  idiom  were  the  French  settlemnts  attacked  ? 

Who  was  qppobted  gnwernor  in  1692  7 

What  object  was  he  aeairoos  of  eflSBc^ag? 

What  took  place  in  cmuegaence  ot  his  recommendation  ? 

When  was  the  Eail  of  BeBamrat  ai^inted  go^nicnor? 

In  what  measure  did  be  engase  f 

Belate  the,  conduct  and  fate  of  captain  Kid.  n 

Into  What  parties  were  the  people  divided? 

Wlien  was  Lord  Combury  amK»nted  governor  t 

What  were  his  parentue  and  character? 

In  what  manner  did  he  oehave  ? 

What  followed  his  remoral  from  office  ? 

What  resolution  was  passed  ? 

In  ii^at  year  did  governor  Hunter  arrive  ?    / 

What  people  came  with  hfan  ? 

What  IS  the  character  of  their  deseendants  ? 

What  dispute  arose  between  the  house  and  council  ? 

What  enterprise  was  projiQcted  in  1709?    In  1711? 

What  was  the  result  of  the  latter? 

Did  the  people  justify  their  representatives  ? 

State  the  progress  and  termination  of  the  dnpnte  between  the  home 

and  council. 
Who  succeeded  governor  Hunter? 
What  projects  had  the  French  tiien  in  view  ? 
What  did  governor  Burnet  do  to  defeat  it  ? 
When  was  the  assembly,  elected  in  1716,  disstdved  ? 
What  fort  did  the  French  erect  idiile  V a»  Dam  was  goremor  ? 
Who  succeeded  Van  Dam? 
What  prosecution  was  bstigated  by  govemw  Cosby  ? 
What  honour  was  coitferred  on  one  of  his  defenders  ? 
When  was  Clark  appointed  lieutenant-governor  ? 
What  dispute  was  revived  between  Jum  and  the  Assembly  ? 
Which  par^  was  triumphant  at  the  next  election  ? 
Recite  the  address  of  the  house  to  the  governor  ? 
What  did  he  say  in  his  nest  speech? 
What  resolve  did  the  house  pass  ? 
What  plot  was  supposed  to  Be  concerted  about  this  tiiii<«  ? 
What  was  the  supposed  olyect  of  theplot  ? 
How  many  were  Dumed?   Hung?   Transported? 
What  did  Clark  allude  to  in  his  speech  ? 
When  was  George  Clinton  appointed  governor  ? 
What  happened  m  1745  ? 
When  did  peace  take  place  ? 


}king? 


CHAPTER  Vn* 

540.  78.  By  whott  was  New-Jersey  settled?  When?  WheMi 

541.  —  When  and  Whwe  did  the  Swedes  and  Finns  settle  7 
34^  79.  What  happened  in  1655? 

545.  —  What  tenitory  did  the  Dutch  possess  7 

844.  —  HowwasittsJcenfiromthem? 

845.  —  To  wheni  wus  it  conveyed  ? 

546.  —  To  wham  did  tiie  Duke  convey  New-JKnraey  7 
847.  .-  Why  was  it  so  called  ? 
849.  —  Wio  Tras  the  firs.t  governor  ? 


349. 
SfiO. 
351. 

SfiS. 
859. 

350. 
357. 
358. 
359. 
360. 
SBl. 
362. 


^tJEfiTIONEk' 


80. 


81. 


ibe 


tiie  4iipafies  that  aroieT 

WBO  iMfe  ippOUIIIHI  ^Ojlll^  to  WK  It  7 

What  parthiw  #«l«md -^7 
Wi»a  mew  paM  giiwtea  W  tte  Duke  t 

matdM-nedD? 

Reeite  tlie  addMis  to  dieeonmiiBsioiien. 

What  was  ib^ftBcisiaeli  f 

To whoftt fi^uEait  Jenejr traliiferred  in  1689 9 

Who  was  appoinled  gOT^iior  over  it  ? 

By  whom  were  the  Jersey s  reunited  7 

When  was  Princeton  Oollege  founded  ? 

What  was  then  the  nnmber  of  inhabitants  ? 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

864.  82.  By  whom  was  Delaware  first  settled  ? 

365.  -^  Whatdidtheycalltheeoontiy? 

366.  —  Where  did  they  seat  theaselves  ? 

367.  ^  Why  and  where  did  they  bund  forts  7 
868.  —  WheredidfheDutehbnildafot!t7 

369.  —  In  what  manner  did  the  Swedes  gain  possesuon  of  it? 

870.  —  What  eoorse  did  goremor  Stnyvesant  j^nnow  7 

371.  —  HjiwLlongdldblheDajtchTetain  possession? 

372.  —  What  purchases  did  William  P«im  ma^  7 

373.  —  What  naitie  was  given  to  iMm  tracts  iHirchased  7 

374.  83.  To  what  colony  were  they  united  7 

375.  —  When  did  a  separation  taktplaee  7 


CHAPTER  IX. 

876.  8S.  Who.wastheibonderof Pennsylrania? 

877.  —  To  what  r^igions  sect  did  he  belong  7 
378.  .—  Why  w»s  the  country  ffranted  to  him  7 
S79.  —  At  whatprice  was  tanof'sold  7 

880.  64.  At  what  rate  was  it  rented  ? 

881.  —  In  what  year  did  tlie  settlers  leave  England  ? 
382.  —  Wliat  position  did  they  sslect  for  a  settlement  7 

SSS.  — >  What  was  the  olnect  of  Penn's  frame  of  government  7 

SS4.  •—  What  people,  and  how  manr,  did  he  find  upon  the  *'  territories"  f 

385.  —  Where  was  the  first  assembly  held  7 

886.  —  WhatcitydidPcnnfoqnd? 

887.  85.  For  what  qualities  are  the  Pennsylvanians  distinguished  7 

388.  —  What  party  did  Peran  adhere  to  at  the  time  of  the  English  revolution  f 

389.  "  Hiyw  was  he  treated  7 

890.  86.  Did  he  reKaio  the  favour  of  the  king  7                  \ 

391..—  When  did  he  again  visit  Pennsylvania? 

892.  ...  Hhat  took  place  in  1701 7 

389.  -*  How  was  the  executive  auihority  afterwards  administered  7 

894.  •—  What  caused  the  most  irritation  7 

895.  —  Did  the  colony  prosper? 

896.  —  What  took  place  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolution  ? 

897.  —  WHtt  sum  Was  puid  iTi  dl<4Cliarge  of  qmt  rents  7 


4S6. 
437. 
488. 
4S9. 
440. 


QUESTIONAL 


WMm 

Vigt. 

388. 

87. 

989. 

tmm 

400. 

_ 

401. 

.... 

ma. 

... 

408. 

i-. 

404. 

_ 

40S. 

88. 

406. 

m^ 

407. 

» 

408. 

.. 

409. 

89. 

410. 

... 

411. 

... 

412. 

.. 

413. 

_ 

414. 

mm. 

416. 

90. 

416. 

... 

417. 

— 

C7f  AFTER  X. 

By  whom  wu  MaiyUnd  fooidfld  ? 

To  what  leligioaa  seet  did  he  belooff  ? 

After  whom  was  the  eoloay  nuned  Y 

lYho  was  arooiiited  the  fint  governor  7 

When  did  the  fintaettlers  arrive?  Where? 

What  land  did  they  pnrehaM  ? 

What  circnmitancea  ikyoored  the  rapid  poimlatioB  of  the  colony  ? 

When  and  how^wat  a  hone  of  aasemhly  formed  7 

What  alteratioB  was  made  in  1660  ? 

What  fhct  is  hononrahle  to  Lord  Baltimore  and  his  aiMciates? 

What  distnrhanCe  was  prodnccxl  ?   By  whom  ? 

What  was  the  result  or  the  disturbances  ? 

What  ordinance  was  passed  by  the  victorious  party  ? 

What  was  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  1660  7 

l/^^ien  did  lord  Baltimore  die  ? 

What  was  his  character  ? 

What  occurred  in  1689  ? 

What  directions  did  king  William  give  ? 

When  vras  the  proprietor  restored  to  his  rights  ? 

What  occurred  at  the  conuneneement  of  tte  reyoIutioA  ? 


.I--? 


erritories»t 


CHAPTER  XI. 

418.  90.  What teiritory  was  granted, in  1630,  to  Sir  Robert  Heath? 

419.  -—  By  what  persons  was  a  settlement  formed  north  of  Albemarltt 

sound? 

420.  —  What  settlement  was  made  in  1661  ?  By  whom? 

421.  —  What  grant  vras  made  in  166S? 

422.  •—  What  assurances  were  given  to  emigrants  ? 
^3.  II.  Who  prepared  a  constitotion^for  the  colony  ? 
424.  —  What  were  the  provisions  of  this  constitution  ? 
426.  —  Was  it  acceptable  to  the  inhabitants  7 

426.  —  What  settlement  was  made  in  1670  7 

4&7,  —  In  vriiilh  oC  the  Garolinas,  as  now  dirided,  was  it  made  t 

428.  92.  What  was  the  character  and  conduct  of  SethSothel  7  ' 

429.  —  When  was  the  constitution  of  Locke  abrogated  ? 

430.  —  How  were  the  two  provbces  afterwards  governed  7 

431.  —  What  emigrants  came  m!707  7   In  1710? 
4S2.  —  What  calami^  fell  upon  them  7 

4SS.  99.  Whither  did  the  Tuscaroras  emigrate  7 

434.  —  What  proceedings  took  place  in  1729  7 

435.  —  In  what  part  of  r^orth  Carolina  did  the  settlements  incroiiM  most 

rapidly! 


ih  revolution  I 


ered? 
ion? 


CHAPTER  XIL 

4S6.  94.  When  was  the  first  settlement  made  at  Port  Royal? 

437.  — .  When  was  old  Charlestown  founded  7 

438.  <^  When  did  the  freemen  elect  representatives  ? 
4S9.  — >  When  did  they  meet  to  elect  them  ? 

440.    .»    -Vinhence  did  emigrants  come  7 

2B 


ilJ^'i 


10 


4nwt 

PWtt. 

441. 

94. 

44«. 

— 

443. 

■M« 

444. 

95. 

445. 

.1. 

446. 

.m. 

447. 

.m^ 

448. 

.. 

449. 

96. 

450. 

_ 

451. 

._ 

453. 

97. 

45S. 

i_ 

454. 

_ 

455. 

_ 

456. 

._ 

457. 

98. 

458. 

m^ 

459. 

.^m 

460. 

«~ 

QUESTIONS. 

When  was  the  present  city  of  Charlestown  founded  7 

What  did  the  Proprieton  direct  in  regard  t6  die  French  dibCm* 

tante?  '^ 

Was  oppositicm  made ?   By  whom? 
What  did  these  protestants  do  ? 
Why  was  John  Archdale  sent  orer  ? 
What  did  he  effect? 

What  did  Granville  and  Moore  attempt  ? 
What  law  was  passed ' 

What  was  the  conduct  of  the  lords  and  the  queen  ? 
What  expeditions  were  undertaken  in  17(^  ? 
What  occurred  in  1706?   What  in  1715? 
What  sufferings  were  occasioned  by  the  war  with  tht  jnSMuu  t 
What  measure  did  the  assembly  adopt  ? 
What  emigrants  were  induced  to  come  ? 
What  was  their  fate  ? 
What  occurred  in  1719  ? 

How  was  the  government  afterwards  administered  ? 
What  occurred  in  1738  ? 
Was  the  insurrection  quelled  ? 
From  what  countries  aid  emigrants  come  ? 


CHAPTER  XIII.      ,  i 

461.  99.   Where  is  Georgia  situated? 

462.  —    What  project  was  concerted  in  1732  ? 

463.  — >    To  whom  was  Georna  granted  ? 

464.  —    What  regulations  did  the  Trustees  provide? 

465.  —     When  did  the  first  emigrants  embanc  ? 

466.  —     Who  was  placed  at  their  head  ? 

467.  —    What  was  the  conduct  of  the  Carolinians  ? 

468.  —     How  many  emicrrants  came  the  next  year  ? 

469.  —     MVhat  was  the  character  of  these  emigrants  ?. 

470.  100.  What  offer  was  made  to  induce  a  different  class  to  emigrate  1 

471.  —   When  did  the  Germans  settle  ?   When  the  Scotch  ? 

472.  —    Who  made  a  visit  to  Georgia  in  1736? 

473.  —    What  was  his  object  ?  ' 

474.  —    Who  came  two  years  afterwards?      ^  «f    * 

475.  ~->    In  1740,  how  many  emigrants  had  arrived  ? 

476.  —    What  was  the  amount  of  benefactions  ? 

477.  101.  What  expedition  did  General  Oglethorpe  undertake  ? 

478.  —    Was  it  successful  ?  ^ 

479.  —    What  afterwards  occurred  ? 

480.  102.  What  event  occurred  when  Oglethorpe  was  marching  fo  attack  the 

Spaniards  ? 

481.  —   What  expedient  did  he  devise  ? 

482.  —   How  did  the  invasion  end  ? 

483.  108.  What  occurred  in  1754? 

484.  —   What  products  were  cultivated? 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

486*    103.  Id  what  rear  was  the  treaty  between  France  and  England  conclud 
•d«  which  restored  tranquillity  to  America  ? 


QUESTIONS, 


11 


«iieBpntat» 


InSMast 


Digratel 


ig  to  attack  th« 


igland  conclud 


QnMt.   Page.  ' 

486.  lOS.  What  was  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  thirteen  colonies  at  that 

period? 

487.  * —    Where  were  the  English  settlements  ?  Where  tlie  French  ? 

488.  104.  What  desiffn  had  the  French  an  view  ? 

489.  —    What  did  tne  company  of  EnffUsh  traders  do  ? 

490.  —    What  was  the  conduct  of  the  French? 

491.  —   Whom  did  governor  Dinwiddie  send  as  messenger  to  the  French 

commander  ? 

492.  —   What  course  did  governor  Dinwiddie  take  on  receiving  the  answer  ? 

493.  —    What  was  the  result  of  Washington's  expedition  ? 

494.  —    When  was  the  Albany  plan  of  union  formed  ? 

495.  105.  What  did  this  plan  provide  ? 

496.  —   Why  was  it  rejected  in  England  ?   Why  in  America  ? 

497.  —    What  expeditions  were  resolved  upon  in  1755  ? 

498.  —    Relate  the  object  and  result  of  the  expedition  to  Nova  Scotia. 

499.  —    Who  commanded  the  expedition  against  fort  Du  Quesne  ? 
£00.     —    SVhat  was  the  result  of  the  expedition  ? 

601.  106.  Who  commanded  the  ^pedition  against  Niagara? 

£02.  —   Was  he  successful  ?  V 

£03.     —   Who  commanded  tiie  expedition  against  Crownpnnt  ? 

£04.  108.  Relate,  what  happened  to  this  expedition. 

£05.     —   Was  it  abandoned? 

£06.  109.  What  expeditions  were  proposed  the  next  year  ? 

£07.  •—    Why  was  Massachusetts  disgusted  ?    How  appeased  f 

£08.  —    Who  vns  appointed  to  succeed  Shirley  ? 

£09.  110.  Had  war  been  declared  between  France  and  England? 

610.  —    Who  was  appointed  commander  in  chief? 

£11.  —    Whatpost  did  General  Montcalm  take? 

£12.  —   What  had  been  accomplished  in  this  cam])aign '! 

£13.  111.  To  what  did  the  ministry  direct  the  attention  of  Lord  Loudon  t 

£14.  —   Did  he  effect  the  object? 

£15.  —   With  what  force  did  Montcalm  besiege  fort  William  Henry  ? 

£16.  —    Where  is  that  fort  situated  ? 

£17.  —    Who  was  sent  to  command  it  ? 

£18.  112.  Relate  the  circumstances  and  result  of  the  siejge? 

£19.  113.  What  effect  had  these  disasters  upon  the  British  nation? 

£20.  —    Whom  did  the  king  appoint  prime  minister  ? 

£21.  —    What  expeditions  were  determined  on  for  the  next  campaign  t 

522.  —    Who  commanded  that  against  Louisburg  ? 

£28.  — '    Who  served  under  him  ? 

£24.  —    How  did  the  siege  terminate  ? 

£25.  114.  What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga? 

£26.  —    What  fort  did  colonel  Bradstreet  capfture  ? 

£27.  —    Who  commanded  the  expedition  against  Dn  Quesne  ? 

£28.  —    What  disaster  occurred  to  it  ? 

£29.  —    Was  it  successful  ? 

£30.  —    Where  was  the  fort  situated  ? 

£31.  _    What  was  the  plan  of  the  next  campaign? 

£32.  115.  What  was  the  event  of  the  expedition  against  Niagara  ? 

£33.  _    What  success  did  general  Amherst  meet  with  ? 

£34.  —    Who  commanded  the  expedition  against  Quebec? 

£35.  —    What  was  the  condition  of  that  place  ? 

636.  —    When  and  where  did  Wolf  land  his  army?  ;v. 

£37.  116.  Where  does  Quebec  stand? 

638.  ^    When  did  a  battle  take  place  ?  What  the  event  ? 

£39.  —    What  plan  did  Wolf  then  form? 

640.  117.  In  what  manner  did  he  gain  the  heights  of  Abraham  ? 

641.  —   What  did  Montcalm  then  do? 

642.  _    What  was  the  fate  of  Wolf  ?   Of  Montcalm?  > 

643.  118.  What  was  the  consequence  of  the  battle  ? 

644.  —   "When  was  peace  concluded  ?  *» 
649.  —   What  did  nrance  cede  to  Great  Britain  ? 


/ 


13 


QUESTIONS. 


646. 
647. 
6i8. 

549. 

560. 

561. 

662. 

563. 

564. 

565. 

566. 

657. 

558. 

569. 

560. 

561. 

662. 

563. 

564. 

566. 

666. 

567. 

568. 

569. 

670. 

571. 

672. 

673. 
674. 
676. 
676. 
677, 
678. 
679. 
680. 
581. 
582. 
583. 
684. 
685. 
686. 
687. 
689. 
589 


CHAPTER  XV. 

118.  How  much  was  added  to  the  debt  of  England,  in  the  late 

—  Whence  did  her  legislators  seek  assistance  7 

119.  What  relation  was  suppoi.sd  to  exist  between  the  mother  country 

and  her  colonies  ? 
— >   What  restricticns  had  Great  Britain  imposed  7 

—  What  law  was  enacted  in  1764  ? 

—  What  resolution  was  proposed  ? 

'—    In  what  courts  were  penalties  to  be  recovered  ? 

120.  What  measures  did  the  colonies  adopt  ? 

—  Recite  the  8th  and  9th  sections. 

121.  When  was  the  stamp  act  j^roposed  ? 

—  What  language  was  used  in  supporting  it? 

—  Recite  Col.  Barrels  speech. 

122.  Did  the  bill  pass  ? 

—  What  took  place  in  Vii'ginia  when  the  newi  afrived? 

123.  What  resolve  was  passed  in  Massachnaetts  ? 

—  What  was  the  name  of  the  associations  formed  in  NeiP^Eo^lQIut  ? 
— ■    Wliat  occurred  in  Boston  ?   What  in  Newport? 

—  How  did  the  citizens  of  New- York  conduct  ? 

—  What  title  did  they  give  to  the  stamp  act  7 

124.  When  did  the  Congress  assemble  ? 

—  What  were  the  proceedings  of  this  Congress  7  \ 

—  What  agreements  were  adopted  ?        ^  *,J 

—  What  was  proposed  Li  the  British  parliament  ?  » - 

—  What  did  Mr.  Grcnville  say  7 

—  Recite  William  Pitt's  speecn  7 

126.  What  were  the  proceedings  of  parliament? 

—  Why  were  the  people  of  New-England  and  New-York  ftill  dilM* 

tisfied? 
— -    For  what  cause  was  the  assembly  of  "Nevr-Yotk  mspeBded  7 

—  What  measure  was  adopted  in  June,  1767  ? 

127.  What  course  did  the  General  Court  of  Masfaehnsetti  pursue  ? 

—  How  were  the>  punished  7 

—  What  measures  were  then  adopted  in  MalMchusetts  7 

—  What  step  was  taken  by  general  Gage  7 

128.  State  what  resolutions  had  been  adopted  in  Parlianent  ? 

—  What  resolutions  were  adopted  in  Virginia  7 

—  What  did  the  governor  do  i 

—  What  then  ensued  ? 

129.  State  what  occurred  in  State-street,  Boston. 

—  To  what  place  were  the  troops  remoted  7 

—  What  trials  took  place  7 

—  Who  defended  the  accused  7 

—  Were  they  convicted  ? 

130.  What  measure  did  parliament  adopt  7 
-^-^   What  alteration  was  made  in  the  non-impottation  igteementf  7 


..  * 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


690.  130.  What  causes  contributed  to  increaie  the  discontent  which  preriottsl; 

existed  in  Massachusetts  ? 

591.  131.  Bv  whom  were  committees  of  correspondence  recoffded  7 

692.  —    Wliat  wns  the  ohjcct  and  what  the  effect  of  them  7 

693.  —    What  UiUrs  did  Dr.  Franklin  obtain  and  send  over  7 

694.  —    What  cir<!(;t  did  these  letters  have  ?  -m 
595.  —   What  nicasiut;  did  the  East  India  Company  adopt  t 


643. 

644. 

646. 

646. 

647. 

^48. 

649. 

660. 

651. 

662. 

65S. 


latewir? 
iiother  couAtrf 


QUESTIONS. 


19 


r 


pendedT 
tupurrael 


igreemestf? 


which  preriottilf 


t 


Qnett  T»g*. 

^96.    ISI.  What  was  done  in  Philadelphia  and  New-York  ? 
1S2.  What  was  the  state  of  public  feeling  in  Boston  ? 

—  What  Kt>!M)lution  was  adopted  by  tiie  citizens  ? 

—  What  proceedings  followed  ? 
~    Recite  Josiah  Quincy's  speech. 

133.  What  was  done  wth  the  tea  ?  \ 
•—   What' acts  were  passed  by  parliament  ? 

—  How  wSfe  the  first  day  of  June  observed  in  Virginia  ? 

134.  What  spirit  was  displayed  by  the  citizens  of  Salem  ? 

—  What  was  recotomended  by  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  ? 
-*    When  did  the  delegates  meet  ? 

135.  Whatresolationsdid  they  adopt? 

—  What  effect  had  their  proceeoings  on  public  sentiment  abroad  ? 
— >    Recite  Mr.  Pitt's  speech. 

136.  Br  what  names  were  the  Americans  distinguished  ? 

—  What  measures  did  governor  Gage  adopt  ? 

—  When  did  a  provincial  Congress  meet  ? 
^137.  What  conciliatory  proposition  was  adopted  m  parliament? 

—  Did  the  Americans  accept  it  ? 

—  When  did  tlie  battle  of  Lexington  take  place  ? 

—  What  was  the  result?   What  the  effect  ? 

139.  What  expedition  was  projected  in  Connecticut  ? 

—  By  whom  was  it  executed  ? 
.—    What  posts  were  taken  ? 

140.  What  British  generals  arrived  in  June  ? 

—  What  proclamation  was  issued? 

—  Why  did  the  provincials  resolve  to  occnpy  Bunker  hill  ? 

—  Who  commanded  the  provincial  ti-oops  / 

—  On  what  day  was  tlie  battle  fought  ? 

141.  Relate  the  principal  events  of  the  battle  7 

142.  How  many  Americans  were  killed  and  wounded  ? 

—  How  many  British  ? 

—  Did  the  result  dispirit  the  Americans  ? 

—  What  eminent  man  was  killed  ? 

—  What  measures  were  adopted  by  the  c<mtincntal  CongreH  7 

—  Who  was  chosen  commander  in  chief? 

143.  What  other  officers  were  chosen  ? 

—  What  mode  was  adopted  to  defray  expenses  7 

—  What  declaration  %va8  issued  ? 

—  Recite  the  extracts  inserted. 

144.  To  what  place  did  Washington  repair  7 

—  How  numerous  did  he  find  the  army  ? 

—  What  occurred  in  Virginia  ?  ^ 
146.  What  in  North  Carolina  ?  ^ 

—  What  in  South  Carolina?  What  in  Georgia ? 

—  What  in  New- York  ?   Who  was  made  governor  there  ? 

—  What  resolution,  referring  to  him,  was  passed  by  C«Dgren  f 

146.  What  was  done  and  projected  in  1776  7 

—  What  was  done  in  New-Hampshire  7 

147.  What  transactions  occurred  in  October  7 
How  was  the  new  army  to  be  raised  ? 
How  many  enlisted  ? 
W^hat  works  were  erected  in  March  7. 

—  What  did  general  Howe  attempt  7 
~    Failing  in  this,  what  did  he  then  determine  T 
— •   When  was  Boston  evacuated  7 

—  To  what  place  did  the  American  army  procoed  7 
149.  Whither  did  the  British  fleet  steer  ) 

3Be 


697. 

608. 

699. 

«00. 

601. 

602. 

60S. 

604. 

€05. 

606. 

607. 

608. 

609. 

610. 

611. 

612. 

613. 

614. 

616. 

616. 

€17. 

618. 

619. 

€20. 

€21. 

622. 

€23. 

€24. 

€26. 

€26. 

€27. 

€28. 

629. 

630. 

631. 

632. 

633. 

634. 

635. 

636. 

637. 

638. 

639. 

640. 

641. 

642. 

643. 

644. 

645. 

646. 

647. 

^8. 

649. 

660. 

651. 

652. 

653. 


I 


148. 


14 


QUESTIONS. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

654.  149.  How  many  expeditions  were  despatched  against  Canada? 
656.     —    What  did  governor  Garleton  do  7 

666.  —    Who  proceeded  in  advance  ?   Why  7 

667.  —    On  wnom  did  the  chief  cotnmond  devolve? 

668.  160.  What  did  colonels  Allen  and  Brown  attempt? 
359.     _    What  was  the  fate  of  Allen  ? 

660.  —    What, fortunate  event  occurred  in  October  ? 

661.  —    What t)ther victory  was  achieved? 

662.  161.  When  was  St  John's  sarrendered  ? 

663.  —    To  what  place  did  Montgomery  then  repair  ? 

664.  —    With  how  many  men  did  he  begin  his  march  to  Quebec  ? 
666.  —    Who  commanded  the  other  expedition  ? 

666.  —    How  many  did  it  consist  of  ? 

667.  —    Describe  their  route  ?  , 

668.  162.  Were  their  sufferings  great? 

669.  —    When  did  they  arrive  at  the  French  settlements  ? 

670.  —    When  did  he  cross  the  river  ? 

671.  —    Where  did  he  encamp  ? 

672.  —    When  did  Montgomery  arrive  ? 

673.  163.  To  what  did  their  imited  force  amount  ? 

674.  —    How  strong  were  the  enemy  ? 

675.  —    What  did  the  general  first  determine  ? 

676.  —    What  disease  broke  out  in  the  camp  ?  -  - 

677.  —    What  was  proposed,  and  resolved  upon  ? 
673.  164.  When  was  the  city  assaulted  ? 

679.  —    What  disastrous  event  occurred  ? 

680.  —    What  happened  to  Arnold? 

681.  —    Who  assumed  the  command  ? 

682.  166.  How  did  the  attack  terminate  ? 

683.  —   What  was  the  amoimt  of  the  American  loss  ? 

684.  —   Where  was  Montgomery's  monument  placed  ? 

685.  —    How  far  from  the  city  did  Arnold  encamp  ? 

686.  156.  When  did  general  Thomas  arrive  from  Roxbuxy  ? 

687.  —    What  was  then  done  ? 

688.  _    To  what  place  did  the  Americans  retreat  ? 
639.  —    What  occurred  at  the  Cedars  ? 

690.  167.  Who  succeeded  general  Thomas  ? 

691.  — .    Of  how  many  did  his  army  consist  ? 

692.  —    How  strona  was  the  enemy  ? 
-693.  —    Where  did  Sullivan  halt? 


694. 

157. 

695. 

158. 

696. 

_ 

697. 

.1. 

698. 

.. 

699. 

_ 

700. 

159. 

701. 

160. 

702. 

_ 

70S. 

.i.. 

704. 

_ 

706. 

.. 

706. 

.. 

W7. 

161. 

CHAPTER  XVni. 

What  reply  was  made  when  the  last  petition  was  presented  to  the  ku)|? 

What  treaties  were  made  with  German  princes  ? 

What  expedition  was  despatched  in  1776  ? 

Who  was  appointed  commander  of  the  British  naval  forces  ? 

What  preparations  were  made  at  Charleston  ? 

Relate  what  occurred  m  the  attack  on  Sullivan^s  island  ? 

What  was  the  effect  of  this  battle  ? 

What  able  pamj^hlet  was  published  at  this  time  ? 

^Vho  proposed,  in  Congress,  a  declaration  of  independedee  7 

Who  seconded  the  motion  ? 

Who  were  the  committee  appointed  to  prepaie  it  7 

On  what  day  was  it  adopted  ? 

Recite  the  1 7th  section.  v 

What  wns  done  nt  Nfw- Vnrk  ? 


atla? 


ibec? 


QlMlt 

F«Ct. 

708. 

162. 

709. 

.. 

710. 

.. 

711. 

_ 

712. 

.^ 

713. 

163. 

714. 

_ 

715. 

.. 

71«. 

... 

717. 

mm. 

718. 

.. 

719. 

.. 

720. 

164. 

721. 

^ 

722. 

.^ 

723. 

_ 

724. 

_ 

725. 

165. 

726. 

« 

727. 

_ 

728. 

... 

729. 

_ 

730. 

166. 

731. 

_ 

732. 

... 

733. 

-^ 

QUESTIONS* 

How  was  the  American  army  poaled  ? 

Where  did  the  British  trooiM  first  land  7 

How  were  the  two  armies  posted  on  Long  Island? 

Describe  the  battle  which  took  place  ? 

Which  jr   tfid  the  victory  ?  ^ 

Whitl<e      i  Washington  retreat?  * 

Where  c  i.  he  take  post  in  September  ? 

What  did  the  enemy  then  do  ? 

What  ealamity  happened  to  the  city  ? 

What  plan«f  warfare  did  Washington  adopt  ? 

To  what  place  did  he  next  repair  7 

What  was  the  restdt  of  the  batUe  there  fongfat  ? 

What  fort  was  attacked  7 

Where  was  it  situated  7 

Which  gained  the  victory  7 

What  then  followed  7 

What  proclamation  was  issued  7 

To  what  place  did  Gonness  remove  7 

With  what  power  did  wey  invest  Washington? 

What  happened  to  general  Lee  i 

What  was  the  behaviour  of  the  British  7 

What  brilliant  victory  was  achieved  7 

What  other  exploit  was  performed  7 

Who  was  among  the  wounded  ? 

What  followed? 

What  effect  had  these  victories  7 


15 


IsentedtothekiDii 

^val  forces  7 
island? 

spendeiiee  * 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

734.  16T.  What  spirit  did  Gonness  exhibit  7 

735.  —   What  measures  did  uiey  take  7 

736.  —    Who  were  sent  commissioners  to  France  7 

737.  —   What  did  the  French  ministry  permit  7 

738.  —    Of  what  value  were  the  prizes  made  by  American  privateers? 

739.  168.  What  distinguished  Frenchman  joined  the  Americans  7 

740.  —    \^ihat  appointment  did  he  receive  7 

741.  _-    How  were  the  American  prinoners  treated  7 

742.  169.  To  what  place  did  Howe  transport  his  troops  7 

743.  —    Whither  did  Washington  march  7 

744.  —    Whichgamcdthe  victory  at  Brandywine  creek? 

745.  _    What  <micer  was  wounded  7 

746.  —    To  what  place  did  Washington  eventually  retreat  7 

747.  —    When  did  Howe  enter  Philadelphia? 

748.  170.  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  on  lake  Champlain  7 

749.  -_    What  expedition  was  concerted  in  the  wmtar  7 

750.  —    Bv  whom  was  it  to  be  commanded  7 

751.  _    What  American  commanded  the  northern  department  I 

752.  —    To  what  place  did  Burgoyne  despatch  St.  Leger  ? 

753.  —   When  did  he  appear  before  Ticonderoga  ? 

754.  —   What  was  the  number  of  his  army  7 

755.  —   When  was  Ticonderoga  evacuated  7 

756.  171.  To  what  place  did  the  Americans  eventually  retreat? 

757.  —    What  mtclligence  was  received  flrom  St.  Leger  7 

758.  —    What  was  the  effect  of  the  American  proclamation  7 

759.  —    Whither  did  Burgovne  despatch  Baum? 

760.  —    Wliocommamlod  the  American  militia? 

761.  172.  Which  gabed  the  victory  on  the  16th  of  August  7 

762.  —    What  occurred  anerwards  ? 

7«3.  —    What  was  the  effect  of  ih«  virtorv  at  Bennington  7 


A 


764. 
766. 
766. 
767. 
768. 
768. 
770. 
771. 
772. 
773. 


QUESTIONS. 

Fafe.   ^^^ 

172.  What  was  the  fate  of  St.  Leger's  expedition  1, 

—  Who  were  appointed  to  command  the  American  army  7 

173.  Deicribe  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater. 
•—   Describe  the  second. 

—  What  was  done  by  seneral  Vai^han  ? 

—  V  To  what  place  did  Burgoyne  retreat  ? 

—  When  did  he  surrender  ? 

174.  Describe  the  battleW  Germantown.       < 

—  State  the  result  of  the  assault  upon  Red  bank  and  upon  Fort  Mifflin. 
176.  Where  did  Washington's  army  pass  the  winter? 


774. 

176. 

775. 

_ 

776. 

.. 

777. 

177. 

778. 

mm. 

779. 

_ 

780. 

.. 

781. 

_ 

782. 

178. 

783. 

m^ 

784. 

.^ 

786. 

m.m 

786. 

.. 

787. 

_ 

788. 

_ 

789. 

179. 

790. 

-. 

791. 

.i. 

792. 

_ 

798. 

180. 

794. 

~. 

796. 

.•« 

CHAPTER  XX 

When  was  the  Confederation  adopted  ? 

What  powers  did  it  confer  on  Congress  ? 

What  r^ht  did  the  states  reserve  7 

Who  was  appointed  inspector  general  ? 

What  treaties  were  made  with  France  ? 

What  act  was  passed  by  the  British  parliament? 

State  what  took  place  between  the  comminioners  and  Joseph  ReedC 

What  course  did  Great  Britain  pursue  ? 

When  did  the  British  army  quit  Philadelphia  ? 

Did  a  battle  take  place  soon  after  7  Where  ? 

Who  commanded  the  Americans?  ' 

What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  ?  v 

What  charses  were  made  against  Lee  ? 

What  was  his  sentence  7 

What  assistance  arrived  from  France  7 

What  enterprise  was  then  projected  ? 

Who  commanded  the  American  troops  7 

What  occurred  at  sea? 

What  was  Sullivan  compelled  to  do? 

What  towns  were  attacked  and  ravaged  7 

Relate  what  occurred  at  Tappan. 

How  and  where  did  Washiiigtcii's  army  pass  the  renter 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

796.  181.  By  what  was  the  campaign  of  1779  distingnished  7 

797.  —   What  expedition  saileil  from  New-York  7  ^ 

798.  —    What  cUd  the  enemy  elliBct  in  Georgia  7 

799.  —   Who  took  command  in  the  southern  department  7 

800.  —   What  occuned  at  Savannah  7 

801.  —   What  other  expedition  sailed  from  New-York  7 

802.  —   What  did  it  accomplish  7 

803.  182.  What  expedition  did  Clark  undertake  7 

804.  —   What  was  his  success  ? 

904.  —   What  were  the  purpose  and  success  of  Sullivan^s  expedition  7 

806.  —   What  towns  were  burnt  in  Connecticut  ? 

806.  183.  What  exploit  was  performed  by  general  Wayne  7 

807.  —   What  naval  battiewaa  fought  u  September  7         ^ 

808.  —   Where  did  the  northern  army  pass  tiM  winter  7 

809.  •—   Were  their  snflbrings  great  ? 

810.  184.  How  mtich  paper  money  had  been  issued  7 

811.  ^-    How  much  had  it  depreciated  7 

812.  *^   What  new  mode  was  adopted  to  supply  the  army  7 


846. 
846. 

847. 

848. 

B49. 

?50. 

861. 

862. 

853. 

864. 

856. 

856. 

857. 

858. 

859. 

860. 

861. 

862. 

863. 

864. 

866. 

866. 

S67. 


QUESTIONS. 


17 


rtMiffin* 


sephReed*' 


^a«tt. 

Page. 

814. 

185. 

815. 

-_ 

816. 

_ 

817. 

_ 

818. 

186. 

819. 

_ 

820. 

_ 

821. 

^ 

822. 

_ 

823. 

187. 

824. 

_ 

826. 

^. 

826. 

188. 

827. 

i_ 

828. 

i.. 

829. 

.1. 

830. 

.» 

831. 

_ 

832. 

_ 

833. 

189. 

834. 

— 

836. 

.. 

836. 

— 

837. 

190. 

838. 

_ 

839. 

191. 

840. 

..^ 

841. 

... 

•42. 

— . 

CHAPTER  XXIL 

What  place  did  the  enemy  besiese  in  the  iinring  ? 

Who  were  the  opposing  commanaers  7 

What  was  the  event  of  the  siege  ? 

What  exploit  did  colonel  Tarleton  perform  ? 

What  conduct  of  general  Clinton  excited  iadigiiatioii  r 

What  service  did  Sumpter  render  ? 

Who  led  an  army  from  the  north  ? 

Describe  the  battle  near  Camden. 

What  occtirred  at  the  Catawba  ford  ? 

What  conduct  did  Comwallis  adopt? 

Who  was  a  successful  leader  of  the  patriots  ? 

Who  was  app<Hnted  commander  of  the  cories  1 

Where  was  tic  posted  ? 

By  whom  was  he  attacked,  and  what  was  the  resnlt  ? 

Who  was  appointed  to  succeed  Gates  ? 

Where  was  the  northern  army  posted? 

What  were  their  sufferings  and  conduct  ? 

What  squadron  and  troops  arrived  in  July  ? 

What  project  was  disconcerted  ?   How  ? 

What  disaffected  Arnold  ? 

What  plot  did  he  meditate  ? 

With  whom  had  he  an  mterview  ? 

Relate  the  circumstances  of  Andre't  capture  ? 

What  was  his  conduct?  What  his  fate? 

How  much  did  Arnold  receive  ? 

What  occurred  at  Morristown? 

What  were  the  complaints  of  the  soldiers? 

How  was  the  mutiny  appeased  ? 

What  did  the  states  do? 


lition? 


CHAPTER  XXIIL 

843.  192.  What  project  was  resumed  in  the  spring  of  1781  ? 

844.  —    What  delayed  its  accomplishment ) 

845.  — >    What  commander  fought  the  battle  of  the  Cowpevi  7 

846.  —    What  was  the  residt  ? 

847.  193.  What  did  Comwallis  attempt?  . 

848.  —    What  occurred  on  the  retreat  ? 

R49.  194.  Describe  the  engaficement  between  Lee  and  the  torieOi 

950.  —    Give  an  accoimt  of  the  battle  at  Guilford  court  house  < 

851.  —   Where  did  Greene  halt? 

852.  —    Whither  did  Comwallis  proceed  ? 

853.  195.  Which  was  victorious  at  Hobkirk's  hill  7 

854.  —    What  posts  were  captured  in  South  Garolma  7 

855.  —   "(Vhatwastheeventof  the  siege  of  Ninety-Six? 

856.  196.  Describe  the  battle  of  Eutaw. 

857.  •—   To  what  place  did  Comwallis  repair? 

858.  197.  Why  was  he  recalled  to  the  sea-board  7 

859.  «    What  posts  did  he  fortify  7 

860.  —   What  did  Washington  determine  to  do  7 

861.  —   What  expedition  did  Clinton  despatch  7 

862.  198.  What  did  it  accomplish  ? 

863.  —   What  news  did  Washington  receive  at  Chester? 

864.  —   Of  how  many  troops  did  the  allied  forces  eonsiit  I 

865.  —   When  was  the  cannonade  begun  ? 

866.  199.  What  occurred  during  the  siege  ? 
S67.  —   When  did  Comwallis  surrender? 


/ 


18 


9uett 

VmS0. 

868. 

199. 

869. 

_ 

870. 

200. 

871. 

m^ 

872. 

.. 

873. 

... 

874. 

__ 

875. 

_ 

876. 

201. 

877. 

— . 

878. 

.i_ 

879. 

202. 

880. 

__ 

881. 

.i_ 

882. 

_ 

883. 

.^ 

Questions. 

What  was  the  number  of  prisoners  ? 

What  emotions  did  this  victory  produce  in  America? 

What  were  the  fieelings  of  the  British  nation  7 

What  of  the  king? 

What  opinion  did  the  house  of  commons  express  ? 

When  were  pacific  overtures  made  ? 

When  did  hostilities  cease  7 

Who  were  the  American  ministers  7 

Who  was  the  British  minister  7 

When  was  the  definitive  treaty  si^ed  7 

Why  were  the  American  troops  dissatisfied  7 

What  occurred  at  Newburgh  7 

When  was  the  army  disbanded  7 

When  was  New- York  evacuated  7  ^ 

When  did  Washington  resign  his  commission  7 

To  what  place  did  Tie  retire  7 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

884.  203.  What  wais  the  state  of  the  country  at  the  close  of  the  war  ? 

885.  —    How  much  had  national  securities  depreciated  ? 

886.  •— i    What  prevented  the  prosperity  of  commerce  7 

887.  204.  What  occurred  in  Massachusetts  ? 

888.  —   Wliat  was  the  result  of  the  meeting  at  Annapolis  7 

889.  —    What  resolution  did  Congress  adopt  7 

890.  —   When  did  the  convention  meet  7 

891.  —    Who  was  chosen  president  of  it  7 

892.  —    Did  they  agree  upon  a  constitution? 

893.  205.  In  what  does  this  constitution  ditfer  from  the  articles  of  C0Dfiy> 

deration  7 

894.  —   What  is  said  of  the  members  of  the  house  7 

895.  --    What  of  the  senators  ?  | 

896.  ~    What  of  the  President  ? 

897.  —    What  of  the  Vice-President  / 
899.     —    What  is  required  in  passing  a  law  ? 

899.  206.  What  powers  are  conferred  on  Congress  7 

900.  —    What  IS  said  of  tiie  judicial  department  ? 

901.  —    What  objections  wei'e  made  to  the  Constitution  ? 

902.  —    By  what  names  were  its  friends  and  opposers  styled  7 
803.  —    By  how  many  states  was  it  ratified  ? 

904.  —    Who  was  elected  first  President?   Who  Vice-President? 

905.  —    When  was  the  President  inaugurated  ? 

906.  207.  What  duties  were  laid  ? 

907.  —    What  departments  were  established  ? 

908.  —    Who  were  appointed  secretaries  ? 

909.  — .    What  tour  did  the  President  moke  7 

910.  208.  What  did  Hamilton  recommend  ? 

911.  —    For  what  reasons  was  his  recommendation  oppr  sed  ? 

912.  209.  Was  it  adopted  ?    What  was  thr  amount  of  debt  funded  ? 

915.  —    Why  were  the  duties  on  distilled  spirits  proposed  ? 
914.  —    When  were  they  laid  ? 

916.  —    When  was  the  bank  incorporated  7 

916.  —    When  did  North  Carolina  adopt  Ihe  constitution? 

917.  —    When  did  Rhode  Island? 

918.  ~    Where  is  Vermont  situated  ? 

919.  —    By  what  states  had  the  territory  been  claimed  7 
990.  —    What  did  the  inhabitants  do  in  1777  ? 
i9tl.  filO.  In  what  year  was  Vermont  admitted  into  the  Union  7 
922.  —   When  was  Kfyttucky  admitted  ? 


9j64. 

965. 

966. 

967. 

968. 

969. 

970. 

971. 

972. 

&73. 

974. 

975. 

976. 

977. 


war 


tides  of  conft^ 


<lUMt 

P«ge. 

923. 

210. 

934. 

_ 

025. 

_ 

926. 

_ 

927. 

_ 

928. 

-~ 

9-29. 

— > 

930. 

— 

931. 

211. 

932. 

— 

933. 

212. 

934. 

_ 

935. 

— 

936. 

_ 

937. 

213. 

933. 

~^ 

939. 

mm, 

940. 

214. 

941. 

— . 

942. 

— i 

943. 

-i. 

944. 

215. 

945. 

— . 

946. 

— 

947. 

._ 

948. 

216. 

949. 

_ 

950. 

_ 

951. 

_ 

952. 

_ 

953. 

217. 

954. 

_ 

955. 

218. 

956. 

_ 

957. 

— 

958. 

•-. 

959. 

219. 

960. 

_ 

961. 

_ 

962. 

m^ 

963. 

i-. 

QUESTIONS 

When  was  the  first  cenios  completed  ? 

What  was  the  number  of  inhabitants  ? 

How  many  were  slaves  7 

State  the  amoont  of  the  lerenue,  import^  and  exports. 

When  was  the  war  with  the  Creeks  terminated  ? 

With  what  tribes  did  war  still  exist  ? 

Who  commanded  (he  troops  sent  against  them  ? 

State  the  circumstances  and  result  of  the  battle. 

Who  were  next  elected  President  and  Vice-President  ? 

What  occurred  in  France,  at  this  period  7 

What  were  the  feelings  of  the  Americans  and  French  ? 

Who  was  appointed  nunister  to  the  United  States  7 

What  authority  did  he  assume  7 

What  course  did  the  President  take  ? 

Who  was  appointed  to  succeed  St.  Clair  7 

Was  he  successful  7 

When  and  where  did  he  conclude  a  treaty  ? 

What  produced  discontent  in  Pennsylvama  7 

What  meeting  was  held  at  Pittsburgh  7 

What  measure  did  the  President  adopt  7 

Was  the  insurrection  suppressed  7 

Wliat  difficulties  existed  witli  England  7  t 

"When  did  Mr.  Jay  conclude  a  treaty  7 

What  appeared  to  be  public  sentiment  in  relation  to  it  7 

Did  the  President  ratify  it  7 

What  had  been  the  conduct  of  Spain  ? 

What  did  she  deny  to  the  western  people  7 

When  was  a  treaty  with  her  concluded  7 

What  privilege  did  it  secure  7 

When  was  a  treaty  concluded  with  Algiers  ? 

When  did  Mr.  Jefferson  resign  7 

When  did  Hamilton  7    When  did  Knox  7 

What  was  the  conduct  of  Fauchet  7 

Who  was  appointed  minister  to  France  7 

What  did  France  wish  7 

What  measures  did  she  adopt  7  ^ 

Who  was  appointed  minister  to  France  in  1796  7 

What  determination  did  Washington  form  7 

State  the  substance  of  his  farewell  address  7 

Who  were  brought  forward  as  candidates  for  the  presidency  7 

Who  were  chosen  President  and  Vice-President  7 


1 


lent? 


nded? 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

964.  220.  Waat  wtw  the  purport  of  the  despatches  received  from  Franr"  "> 

966.  —    What  laws  were  passed  7 

966.  —    Who  were  appointed  envoys  to  France  ? 

967.  —    What  was  the  conduct  of  the  Dhrectory  7 

968.  221.  What  was  done  by  Congress  ? 

969.  —    'U^o  was  appointed  to  commaud  the  army  ? 

970.  —    What  naval  battles  were  fought  7 

971.  •—    When  was  peace  concluded  7 

972.  —    When  did  Washington  die  7 

973.  222.  What  were  the  proceedings  of  the  house  ? 

974.  —    What  of  the  senate  ? 

975.  —    When  did  Congress  first  meet  at  Washington  ? 

976.  —   Who  were  the  candidates  for  President  and  Vice-President.  1 

977.  —    How  v/as  the  choice  made  ? 
QTR.  .^    Who  wpfR  HectPd  ? 

?  r. 


I 


V' 


'WpilMl'V 


mi, 

1003. 

1004. 

1005. 

1006. 

1007. 

1008. 

1009. 

1010. 

1011. 

1018. 

1013. 

1014. 

lOIft. 

1016. 

101». 

1018. 

1019. 

1080. 

1081. 

1082. 

1083. 

1034. 

1086. 

1026. 

1087. 

1088. 

1929. 

\m, 

1081. 

im. 

1083. 
1084. 

ion. 
i5t. 

1088. 


NMf -Qrieaas  piohil»idl  ? 

luinana? 

diicofeted?    « 


:e^' 


,285. 


TripoUr 

ebatnrpeifanu? 

undert^? 


■^1^ 


«7.f 


828. 


in  1804 

■  "f  :.-■■■■■-. 


r 


184  WhcmifW  1^  leMnd 
■—   l^n^ilfrluyhe  ftntaiber  <^ 

—  How  Jineh  Mcl  the  ex.  .^ 

M^lNiMtk  the  revenoe  T 

was  the  right 
'^fropontion  ~^ 
eoime  was 
What  was  the  piloe. 
By  vrhaok  and  wheii'f 
When  cededtp  Spun?     ,^^ 
When  retioeettd  iaVnaeH 
What  wef».t)M  inhabitaiil 
What  flpMbedfii  the  harl 
^   W1iat<#pfcd|dlieateiiL 
286.  Whltmdeet  dU  senefM 
f->  Pesernie  hii  reitte? 

—  Wtendidheadiye.^ 
W%it  ensued  at  that  dtjr  1 
What  afri 

Kelate  iJi^aTodeottl}  in  Ne 
Who  weie  ebpMft  Fierident 
or  what  was  iBurr  sQipe^ted 
Was  he  uppidiended  7 
When  and  where  was  he  tried  ? 

—  What  was  the  vevdict  of  the  iury  ? 

—  What  was  the  state  of  Europe  at  this  period? 
-^   What  adrantage  did  America  derive  7 

—  What  right  did  Great  Britain  claim  7 

829. '  What  aggressions  were  committed  by  British  cmizeni  7 
-.   State  the  purport  of  the  British  o)rdets»  dated  b  1806. 

—  WliaLddcree  was  issued  at  Ber*«iii? 

•—  What  WM  the  effect  of  these  measures  7 
What  event  o^cnrred  mJime  1807  7  ' 
What  aseaaiatts  did  the  Fresideet  ftddpt  7 
Igiat  mmQ  did  the  British  goremment  take? 
Whtt  ipnK>ftant  law  wm.  enacted  7 
Whatmtiisinies  were  adiqfpted  by  Great  Britain  7 
What  by  Bonaparte  7 

What  dfcct  had'the  embarffo  upon  the  people  of  New-EB}|^a|td  7 
Mr.  Jefferson  declining,  who  was  elected  President  7 

—  Who  Vice-President  7 

— •   What  law  was  substituted  for  the  embargo  7 
— >   What  arrangement  was  made  with  Erslune  7 

—  Was  it  ratifod  by  Great  BrKain  ? 

832.  DiA  Great  Britidn  persist  in  her  unfriendly  condaet7 

—  l^liat  occurred  on  the  coasts  of  Virginia  7 

—  H^at  did  Mr.  Foster  propose  7 

^289.  How  many  vessels  had  been  captured  tince  180^  by  Bridili 

c?BUBers7 
•^  T^t  did  tiie  President  reeommead  7 

—  Whatlaws  were  enacted? 

—  Bidate  what  o^Mfed at  Tippecanoe? 

884.  What  was  the obftet  of  John  Henry*s  nuisioo? 

—  DidhemMtiMithaatysHecess? 
— •  Whenwaswtrdedared? 
•^   For  what  re&sbtes  was  it  condenuied  ? 


830. 


831. 


I 


^v^^ 


ohibU^? 


yy-^i. 


4ft  ■     'f-- 


.1^         • 


.^ 


s:' 


t? 


t? 


808,  by  Britiib 


o. 


